Xylitol Solution Research Articles

Concentration and crystallization of Microbial Xylitol from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) using submerged direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)

Xylitol possess high solubility in water and increase viscosity at high temperature, making the concentration process become challenging. This study demonstrated the applicability of Membrane Distillation (MD) in concentrating xylitol solutions and evaluates its performance at different conditions and feed compositions. MD was capable of concentrating pure xylitol solution to reach the supersaturated condition. However, when Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) hydrolysate fermentation broth was used, fouling was observed due to the presence of impurities, despite the application of feed agitation. The batch crystallization of xylitol were conducted at 5 °C with a seed addition of 0.5–0.8%-wt. Higher seed concentrations were required to induce crystallization in OPEFB hydrolysate due to lower xylitol concentrations and impurity presence. Furthermore, impurities influenced the quality of the crystals, resulting in crystal purities of 98.98% and 94.56% in the synthetic solution and OPEFB hydrolysate, respectively. These findings indicated notable impact of crystallization temperature, seed addition, and impurity on xylitol crystallization.

Alternative therapy of menopausal vegetative disorders in women taking the metabolic status into account

Research objectives: to study the clinical effectiveness of alternative complex therapy of vegetative syndrome in menopausal patients using L-arginine and xylitol drugs. Materials and methods. The clinical prospective study included 50 patients in the early postmenopausal period with natural menopause, neurovegetative and psychoemotional manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. According to the Life extension strategy, patients received intravenous L-arginine (Tivortin drug) and xylitol solution with electrolytes (Xylat drug) for endothelial protection and correction of insulin resistance in order to treat climacteric syndrome. Modified Kupperman menopausal index, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein levels were determined in all women. Examinations were performed before the start of therapy and 3 months after the end of treatment.Results. The Life extension therapeutic strategy as an alternative comprehensive therapy of the vegetative syndrome in menopausal patients contributed to a reliable reduction of the manifestations of the climacteric syndrome. The advantage of combined therapy involving L-arginine and xylitol was manifested in a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.043); reduction of the Kupperman index (p = 0.002) and the average score of vasomotor symptoms (p = 0.02). There was also a significant decrease in the serum level of insulin (p = 0.00007), HOMA index (p = 0.01), low-density lipoproteins (p = 0.04), and triglycerides (p = 0.03). The selected therapy was well tolerated during the observation period.Conclusions. The combined therapy involving L-arginine and xylitol in the early postmenopausal period with neurovegetative and psychoemotional manifestations of the climacteric syndrome had a pronounced clinical effect, which consisted in a significant reduction of vegetative disorders and stabilization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The given therapeutic strategy can be considered as an alternative therapy in patients with climacteric disorders when phytotherapy is ineffective and when there are contraindications or limitations to menopausal hormone therapy. The results of this study showed the safety of the Life extension strategy.

Molecular details of ovalbumin solvation by an aqueous solution of xylitol in different pH environment:Ultrasonic and molecular simulation studies

Artificial sweetener-protein interactions are playing a major role in enhancing the functional properties of protein-based food and pharmaceutical products. This article discusses the molecular details of ovalbumin (OA) solvation in an aqueous solution of xylitol (XY) in different pH environments. This task can be accomplished by both Ultrasonic and Molecular Simulation studies. In ultrasonic studies, density, ultrasound velocity, viscosity, and surface tension have been measured for OA in various pH of phosphate buffer with and without XY. Further, some of the calculated parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, free volume, etc have been worked out. From ultrasonic results, pH dependent preferential hydration of OA was noticed in the presence of XY in an aqueous environment. In Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) studies, water and XY accumulation to OA surface for different pH models were analyzed. The different states of protonation of the OA surface promote two distinct effects on the solvent and cosolvent orientation.

PENGARUH BERKUMUR KLORHEKSIDIN 0,1% DAN XYLITOL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN PLAK PADA PENGGUNA ORTODONTI CEKAT

Background: Fixed orthodontic is one of the orthodontic treatments that cannot be removed by the patient because they are attached directly to the teeth using an adhesive material. The complex shape of fixed orthodontic components makes it difficult to clean so that bacteria will multiply and form plaque. In addition to brushing teeth, Plaque control in fixed orthodontic users needs to be supplemented with mouthwash. Gargling 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and xylitol solution is one of the many ways to achieve good plaque control. Research purpose: To determine the difference in the effect of gargling with 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and xylitol solution on plaque growth in fixed orthodontic users. Method: The type of this study is clinical experimental research with one group pretest posttest design approach. The number of participants are 30 people, treated with gargling 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and xylitol solution. The plaque index was examined before and after gargling with 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and xylitol solution for fixed orthodontic patient.Result: there was a significant decrease in plaque index before and after gargling with 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and xylitol solution. Independent-t test (p<0.05) showed that there was no significant difference between the difference in plaque index reduction in the group that gargled with 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and the group that gargled with xylitol solution.Conclusion: Gargling with 0.1% chlorhexidine solution is more effective in reducing plaque index than gargling with xylitol solution although there was no significant difference.

Batch Crystallization of Xylitol by Cooling, Evaporative, and Antisolvent Crystallization.

Four different techniques for xylitol crystallization, namely cooling, evaporative, antisolvent, and combined antisolvent and cooling crystallization, were investigated regarding their influence on the product crystal properties. Various batch times and mixing intensities were studied, and the antisolvent used was ethanol. Real-time monitoring of the count rates of various chord length fractions and distributions using focused beam reflectance measurement was conducted. Several solid characterization methods were used for studying the crystal size and shape, such as scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction-based crystal size distribution analysis. Crystals ranging in size from 200 to 700 μm were obtained based on the analysis results by laser diffraction. The dynamic viscosity of saturated and undersaturated xylitol solution samples was measured; the density and refraction index were measured to determine the xylitol concentration in the mother liquor. Saturated xylitol solutions were found to have relatively high viscosities up to 129 mPa s in the studied temperature range. Viscosity can have a key role in crystallization kinetics, especially in cooling and evaporative crystallization. Mixing speed had a great influence, mainly on the secondary nucleation mechanism. The addition of ethanol decreased the viscosity, resulting in more uniform crystal shape and better filterability.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of sucrose versus xylitol application in minimizing pain related to dental injection in 5-7-year-old children - A randomized controlled pilot study.

Oral application of sweet-tasting solutions has found to be effective in minimizing pain on dental injection in children. Xylitol has never been tested in this regard. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of prior application of sucrose versus xylitol solution in minimizing pain on dental injection in 5-7-year-old children. This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Informed consent was taken. A total of 30 children who required maxillary buccal infiltration injection were selected. The children were randomly allocated into the sucrose group, xylitol group, or control group by lottery method. In the sucrose and xylitol groups, 30% sucrose or 30% xylitol solution was applied on the lateral surface of the tongue for 2 min. In the control group, distilled water was applied. In all the groups, the topical anesthetic was applied at the site of injection followed by buccal infiltration. A video was taken during injection, and the sound eye-motor (SEM) scale was recorded by a blinded examiner. Patients were asked to self-evaluate using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS). Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the data. There was a statistically significant difference in the WBFPS and the SEM score between the sucrose and the control group (P < 0.05) and the xylitol and control group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the sucrose and xylitol group. The application of xylitol solution before dental injection was as effective as sucrose solution in minimizing pain during the injection.

The pathogenic pathways of cardiovascular disease in perimenopausal women.

Menopause is associated with disturbed cardiovascular health. The objective of the study was to compare the effect of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and its combination with diet, L-arginine, and xylitol solutions on metabolic processes and cardiovascular health in perimenopausal women. In total 106 women were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. The 36 patients of Group II received HRT. 35 women who had been prescribed additionally to HRT a diet, L-arginine, and also xylitol were included in Group III. 35 healthy reproductive-aged women were included in Group I (control). The variables body mass index (BMI), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and C-reactive protein, and menopausal Cooperman's score were determined before and after the 3-month program. The obtained results showed the homogeneity of average age, BMI, HR, BP, and Cooperman's score in Group II and Group III before inclusion in the study. But several variables changed significantly after a 3-month period. The study showed the effect of the 3-month program on BMI and Cooperman's score. We also found the restoration of the lipid profiles in Group III. The patients of perimenopausal age featured elevated levels of insulin and C-RP (C-reactive protein). The restoration of levels of insulin and CRP occurred in the process of the 3-month program. The use of a 3-month program including diet, xylitol, and L-arginine solutions contributed to the reduction of Cooperman's score, chronic inflammation, and restoration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.

ASSESSMENT OF NASAL IRRIGATION WITH XYLITOL IN THE POSTOPERATIVE ENDOSCOPIC SURGERIES OF PARANASAL SINUSES

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a condition of nasal inflammation that requires multifactorial treatment, including surgery, with indication of nasal irrigation to reduce nasal symptoms. Xylitol can be associated with nasal irrigation due to its therapeutic effect. Our study aims to assess the relationship between the effects of nasal irrigation with saline solution compared to xylitol through clinical questionnaires (visual analogue scale, NOSE and SNOT-22). Fifty-two patients, divided into two groups (26 in the “Xylitol” group and 26 in the “Saline” group) answered validated questionnaires in Portuguese about their nasal symptoms (nasal obstruction, runny nose, need to blow out sneezes, among others), and general symptoms, before and after endoscopic endonasal surgery, after a period of 30 days of nasal irrigation. The “Xylitol” group showed significant improvement in pain symptoms and nasal symptoms after surgery and irrigation using a xylitol solution. The “Saline” group also showed improvement in symptoms, but to a lesser extent. Our study suggests that xylitol solutions can be used in the postoperative period of endoscopic endonasal surgery, as it leads to a greater reduction in nasal symptoms without incurring higher costs to patients.

Impact of hydration with beverages containing free sugars or xylitol on metabolic and acute kidney injury markers after physical exercise.

The proper fluid and carbohydrates intake is essential before and during physical exercise, and for this reason most athletes drink beverages containing a high amount of free sugars. Sweetened soft drinks are also commonly consumed by those not doing any sport, and this habit seems to be both unhealthy and also the cause of metabolic problems. Recently, several sweeteners have been proposed to replace sugars in popular beverages. To examine the impact of free sugars and the popular sweetener xylitol on metabolic profile and the markers of kidney function and injury after exercise the present study was conducted with semi-professional football players. All participants were healthy, with a mean age of 21.91years. Their sports skills were on the level of the 4th-5th division of the league. The subjects took part in four football training sessions. During each session they drank a 7% solution of sugar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) or xylitol. The tolerability of these beverages and well-being during exercise was monitored. Before and after each training session, blood and urine were collected. The markers of kidney function and injury, uric acid, electrolytes, complete blood count, CRP, serum albumin, serum glucose and the lipid profile were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that the xylitol beverage is the least tolerated during exercise and 38.89% of participants experienced diarrhea after training and xylitol intake. Xylitol also led to unfavorable metabolic changes and a large increase in uric acid and creatinine levels. A mean increase of 1.8mg/dl in the uric acid level was observed after xylitol intake. Increases in acute kidney injury markers were observed after all experiments, but changes in urine albumin and cystatin C were highest after xylitol. The other three beverages (containing "free sugars" - glucose, fructose and sucrose) had a similar impact on the variables studied, although the glucose solution seems to have some advantages over other beverages. The conclusion is that sweeteners are not a good alternative to sugars, especially during exercise. Pure water without sweeteners should be drunk by those who need to limit their calorie consumption. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT04310514).

Impact of xylitol solution use after septoplasty associated with inferior turbinectomy

Impact of xylitol solution use after septoplasty associated with inferior turbinectomy

Effectiveness of pediatric nasal irrigation solution with or without xylitol

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and outcome of daily hypertonic saline irrigation versus saline/xylitol for treating pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Study designThis was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded study. MethodsOne hundred and twenty-five children diagnosed with CRS were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomized to twice-daily hypertonic irrigations with saline or saline/xylitol for 6 weeks. The treatment outcomes were measured using: Sinonasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) completed at baseline and after 6 weeks of irrigation. ResultsThere were statistically significant improvements in the hypertonic nasal saline group's (reduction in SN-5 domain scores) four domains and an increase in the overall QoL score within each group after 6 weeks of treatment compared to baseline; however, there were no differences in the activity limitation (p = 0.1803). The xylitol solution groups had no differences between the two groups in the SN-5 scores in any of the domains or the overall score at baseline, and post irrigation treatment. ConclusionsDue to low tolerance, compliance, and the side effects, xylitol irrigation is not recommended as a first-line treatment for pediatric CRS. The use of a large volume of low pressure, twice-daily intranasal hypertonic irrigation for 6 weeks is safe and effective in the treatment of pediatric CRS; therefore, it can be used as a baseline treatment for pediatric CRS before considering surgical interventions.

Fetal programming in diabetes: an emphasis on prevention consequences of ketoacidosis

The article is devoted to the analysis of scientific publications about the negative impact of ketoacidosis in pregnant women with diabetes on the development of the fetal nervous system from the standpoint of fetal programming and finding ways to prevent its negative effects on the fetus. It was found that the index of intellectual development of children 2 years old had a negative correlation with the level of β-hydroxybutyrate in maternal serum in the third trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, there is a need to avoid ketoacidosis and maternal starvation in order to prevent intellectual disabilities.It is known that the control of metabolic processes in mothers with diabetes can affect the autonomic nervous regulation and motor activity of the fetus. To date, there are no studies that have examined the possible relationship between maternal ketone bodies and fetal heart rate variability. Moreover, the routine monitoring of quantitative indicators of ketone bodies is not currently implemented during pregnancy. All existing treatment strategies for diabetes are performed to detect carbohydrate tolerance disorders and correct blood glucose levels with insulin or metformin.Among all the pharmacological methods of preventing the effects of ketosis, of course, the most reasonable and promising is the use of xylitol solutions. Numerous studies have presented that xylitol is an insulin-independent energy source which has a positive effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, helps to correct oxidative stress. Therefore, the study of the state of the fetal autonomic nervous regulation and indicators of intellectual development of the child under the influence of preventing the synthesis of ketone bodies by xylitol infusion may be the basis for improving the management of pregnant women with diabetes.

State of metabolic processes and ways to improve them in premenopausal women due to the life extension strategy

Increasing the duration and improving the quality of life of older women is a significant problem of current medicine. Metabolic disorders in the form of type II diabetes mellitus and atherogenic dyslipidemia lead to a significant level of cardiovascular complications. It is known that hormone replacement therapy cannot normalize age-related metabolic disorders. Therefore, the search for new methods of cardiovascular health is extremely relevant. Research objective: to study the state of autonomic nervous regulation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in perimenopausal women using the life extension approach.Materials and methods. Group I (control) consisted of 35 apparently healthy women of reproductive age. Group II (main) consisted of 71 patients whom was administered a solution of xylitol with electrolytes (Xylate) by infusion from the first days of the reduction diet for 5 days, and also L-arginine (Tivortin) was injected intravenously for 5 days, 200 ml once a day, followed by taking a drinking solution of this drug for another three weeks. All patients followed a 28-day diet, and also performed daily aerobic morning exercises for 3 months.Results. A significant decrease in body mass index in patients of the main group due to the proposed treatment and prevention program was found. At the same time, Kupperman index declined significantly. Decreased body mass index in patients of the main group was the basis for improved autonomic nervous regulation and metabolic processes. Xylate-Tivortin complex has allowed emphasizing the overcoming of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation.Conclusions. The developed 3-month program allowed to significantly improving the metabolic processes and hemodynamic parameters in women of perimenopausal age. This is the basis for the introduction of Xylate-Tivortin complex life extension into the practice of family physicians, obstetricians and gynecologists and specialists in the field of aesthetic medicine.

Fluoride and calcium release from peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish containing dicalcium-phosphate-dihydrate coated with xylitol

Bakground: Fluoride varnish with high initial fluoride and calcium release can help patients with high-risk caries. Ample quantities of free fluoride and calcium ions in the oral cavity can enhance enamel remineralization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate coated with xylitol (DCPD-xylitol), in fluoride varnish, on the release of fluoride and calcium ions in the oral cavity. Materials and methodsDCPD powder with xylitol was synthesized by preparing a 60% xylitol solution and mixed it with DCPD solution. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and dried at 80 °C for 18 h to reduce the water content. Then, the powder was used in the formulation of peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish as an active agent. The amounts of fluoride and calcium ion released in deionized water at 37 °C for 6 h were assessed with an ion-selective electrode. The cumulative fluoride and calcium ion release data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey test with α = 0.05. ResultsThe results showed that the addition of DCPD coated with xylitol provided better bioavailability of the ions than DCPD without coating. Peppermint-flavored fluoride varnish (PFFV) with DCPD-xylitol 1% gave the highest fluoride ion release (296.90 mg/L) compared to the varnishes with other xylitol concentrations and the positive control. In contrast, PFFV DCPD-xylitol 5% afforded the highest calcium ion release at 111.20 mg/L. ConclusionsThis study concluded that xylitol affects the bioavailability of free fluoride and calcium ions in varnishes. However, the efficacy of fluoride and calcium uptake in enamel and under different in vitro media conditions requires further investigation.

Osmotic dehydration kinetics of fresh and frozen blueberries considering volume shrinkage in a novel ternary solution

Osmotic dehydration is a nonthermal processing technology, that is limited in blueberries because of the osmotic agent, temperature and efficiency. This study was to prepare a novel ternary solution considering low-sugar, low-salt and low-viscosity requirements and to dehydrate blueberries at 20 °C. The mass transfer kinetics of fresh and frozen blueberries were explored in ternary solution considering the volume shrinkage of blueberries. The results showed that the 40%/50% xylitol solution had the lowest viscosity in polyols at 20 °C. The addition of 5%/10% CaCl2 had no significant effect on the viscosity of the ternary solution. Frozen blueberries had higher OD efficiency and less equilibrium time than fresh blueberries at 600 rpm vibration speed and 50%xylitol/10%CaCl2 concentration. There was competition between xylitol and CaCl2 transfer at shorter dehydration times for fresh blueberries, which was not significant in frozen blueberries and with longer times. Considering volume shrinkage of the blueberries, the effective diffusion coefficient of water and solute was calculated. The vibration speed had a significant effect on the effective diffusion coefficient, which governed the mass transfer efficiencies of the blueberries in the ternary solution.

Diets of erythritol, xylitol, and sucrose affect the digestive activity and gut bacterial community in adult house flies

AbstractPolyol sweeteners, including erythritol and xylitol, have been investigated for their potential in insect control against a number of pests including mosquitoes, fruit flies, ants, and filth flies. Several insecticidal modes of action for the polyols have been proposed in non‐biting flies and include: (1) dehydration from excessive regurgitation, (2) arrestment of physiological processes due to abnormally high hemolymph osmolality or osmotic diarrhea, and (3) alteration of the gut microbiome. Here, we explored the proposed modes of action in the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), a non‐biting fly of medical and veterinary importance. House flies fed erythritol or xylitol regurgitated at a significantly higher rate when compared to flies that ingested sucrose. Flies that ingested sucrose solutions had higher hemolymph osmolality than erythritol but not xylitol, and deposited significantly more fecal spots than flies fed polyol solutions. Cultivable bacteria were least abundant in flies fed solutions of either sucrose or xylitol and most abundant in control flies provided water only. Of the potential modes of action tested, physiological stress from excessive post‐feeding regurgitation seems the likeliest cause of death related to polyol consumption. However, we cannot rule out a classical toxicological or biochemical mode of action from these results. Although the efficacy of polyols as active ingredients is still under debate, their use as other components in fly control products may be beneficial. Due to widespread resistance to a limited number of insecticidal chemicals registered for house fly control, it is important that new control chemicals be thoroughly assessed for usefulness.

Hydration and aggregation in aqueous xylitol solutions in the wide temperature range

An extensive dielectric relaxation study of aqueous xylitol solutions for solute concentration c< 3.4 M at 5, 25, 45, and 65 °C is presented. The spectra of solutions recorded in the wide frequency range of 0.05 ⩽ν/GHz ⩽ 89 can be interpreted in terms of a 5D model. Detailed analysis of the cooperative dynamics and hydration indicates that xylitol hydration is weak and all dynamically retarded H2O molecules bind to the inner OH groups of xylitol. Activation parameters for the bulk-water relaxation time, τ3(T), and slow-water relaxation time, τ2(T), were determined as well as the equilibrium constant of the self-association of xylitol molecules. Approximately four OH groups per xylitol molecule are involved in aggregate formation in aqueous xylitol solutions. The xylitol aggregation is very week and strongly perturbed by rising temperature. It is driven by the lack of separating bulk water and apparently rather larger fluctuating entities are formed.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in critical conditions

Objective. To characterize the features of the occurrence and treatment of disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in critical conditions.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The search of publications was conducted using the engines PubMed and Google Scholar and analyzed the available domestic literature sources on the topics: carbohydrate metabolism disorders and critical conditions.&#x0D; Results and discussion. In critical conditions, the following disorders of carbohydrate metabolism develop: diabetic and non-diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar syndrome, hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis. Carbohydrate disorders in critical conditions develop against the background of the underlying disease, masked by it and worsen the patient’s condition. To diagnose these conditions, a nitroprusside ketonuria test is often used, which does not reflect the actual level of ketonuria (β-oxybutyric acid) and responds to their level in a delayed manner, so most ketosis is diagnosed late – in a decompensated state. Therefore, it is necessary to be guided first of all by a condition of the patient and clinical signs of existence of ketoacidosis. Xylitol (Xylat) solutions are used to treat these conditions. It is believed that xylitol has the greatest antiketogenic effect among all known substances. In particular, Xylat reduces the amount of free fatty acids; increasing of the formation of pyruvic acid, which promotes the oxidation of acetyl-coenzyme A in the Krebs cycle; enhances glycogen production in the liver; stimulates insulin secretion. Do not wait for the appearance of “4+” acetone in the urine analysis. If the patient has nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry skin and dry mouth, deep noisy breathing and frequent urination on the background of hyperglycemia (&gt;13.9 mmol/l) – should use xylitol-containing drug (Xylat) at a dose of 6-10 ml/kg intravenously.&#x0D; Clinical case. Patient M., 67 years old, was admitted to the trauma department with a hip fracture. He was treated conservatively (skeletal traction) for 3 weeks. Sudden deterioration of state of health is registered: periodically non-contact, loses consciousness. Blood pressure is not determined, heart rate cannot be calculated due to high frequency. On ECG – ventricular tachycardia. Bolus administration of amiodarone had no effect. Carefully analyzed history (diabetes does not get sick, but 3 weeks did not eat enough, almost starved). The level of glycemia is 5.2 mmol/l, ketonemia is 8.4 mmol/l (N=1.7 mmol/l). Diagnosed with non-diabetic ketoacidosis. Xylat infusion (7.5 ml/kg) was performed and amiodarone was reintroduced. As a result, sinus rhythm was restored, the patient regained consciousness.&#x0D; Conclusions. With the development of critical conditions, patients often have disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, which are often stopped by the introduction of xylitol (Xylat).

Thermodynamic Parameters of the Viscous Flow in the Aqueous Solutions of Polyols

Data experimentally obtained for the kinematic viscosity are used to calculate the thermodynamic characteristics of viscous flows in some polyols and their aqueous solutions. The solutions of glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, adonite, sorbitol, mannitol, and dulcite are studied, as well as the melts of erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol. The entropy, enthalpy, and free energy of the viscous flow are calculated in the framework of the theory of reaction rate constants. A linear dependence between the true entropy and the enthalpy of the viscous flow in the researched systems is found, which allowed us to determine the isokinetic temperature, calculate the transmission coefficient, draw a conclusion about the mechanisms of bond formation in the reaction centers of active complexes, and estimate the vibration energy of those bonds.

Physicochemical Properties of Xylitol Crystals from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Hydrolysate

Xylitol, a low-calorie sugar made up of five carbon atoms, had the valuable characteristics suitably applied for pharmaceutical and food industries. This sugar can be produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) through hydrolysis and followed by fermentation. The xylitol in the fermentation broth requires the downstream process to obtain the final product with high purity and yield. Among a series of xylitol downstream process, crystallization becomes a critical step since this process determines the properties of final products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of evaporation temperature (55°C and 70°C) and seeding addition (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1 %) in the crystallization step on the physicochemical properties of xylitol crystals obtained from the OPEFB hydrolysate. The main evaluation criteria were crystal contents, purity, melting point, water content, hygroscopicity, solubility, caloric content, and crystal xylitol yield. The result showed that the crystal form obtained was relatively sticky and had lower purity than commercial ones because the concentration of xylitol solution increased after evaporation. The differences of physicochemical properties of the crystals such as the purity, porosity, yield and crystal form were influenced by evaporation temperature. The crystals formed by 70°C evaporation temperature produced the crystals with higher caloric value and purity, but it had lower hygroscopicity and moisture content than crystals formed by 55°C. However, the percentage of seeding gave an insignificant impact on xylitol crystal properties.