The article is devoted to the modern historiography of the problem of the relationship between the prince and the Veche in Vladimir-Suzdal Russia. The subject of the research is the process of forming modern scientific ideas about the features of the political model that has developed in the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. The object of the research is the complex of historical publications on the history of Ancient Russia in general and the history of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, which developed in the second half of the 1980s – 2000s. The relationship between the prince and the veche in the Vladimir-Suzdal land of the rising period (the second half of the XII – early XIII centuries) is not ignored by any of the modern historians studying the nature of power in Ancient Russia. The purpose of this work is to identify the main problematic aspects and directions in the study of the topic, evaluate the results achieved and identify areas for further development. Methodologically, the author relies on the principle of objectivity, recognizes the diversity of approaches to the study of historical reality, and uses general historical and special historiographical methods. The novelty of the research lies in the identification, systematization and analysis of publications by modern researchers on the relationship between the prince and the Veche in the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in the second half of the XII – early XIII centuries. The author comes to the conclusion that three main approaches coexist and polemize in the post-Soviet Russian historical science: the "community-based" school (I.Ya. Froyanov, A.Yu. Dvornichenko), the elite (corporate) concept (A.A. Gorsky, P.V. Lukin) and the "contractual" model (P.S. Stefanovich). The discussion shifted from the question of who held the leading positions, the prince or the Veche, to an analysis of the mechanisms of their interaction: the procedure for calling the prince, the essence of the "row", the competence and composition of the Veche. The political model of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality was multidimensional, characterized by a balance between the authority of the prince and the sovereignty of the urban community, based on a "number" and mutual oath. Further research is likely to deepen our understanding of the regional features of this model and its transformation during the Mongol rule.

In this article historical and medical analysis of the evolution of the treatment methods Hallux valgus. The main stages are traced: from early references in works of the XIII century, when treatment was reduced to radical exostoectomy and resection of the head of the metatarsal bone, until the establishment of principles of reconstructive surgery in the XX century. Special attention is given to the key turning points: introduction of X-ray for operations planning, development and improvement of various types of osteomyelitis (first chevron and SCARF, then proximal and circular), as well as transition to the concept of correction of all components of deformation. The current trend towards low-invasive percutaneous techniques has been noted. It was concluded that the history of HV treatment reflects the general evolution of surgery – from the gross elimination of consequences to the subtle restoration of anatomy and function.

In the article, the author, proceeding from the fact that the Galician-Volyn land (previously the south-western region of the land of the former Kievan Rus was an integral part of the all-Russian space, shows the multivector character of its foreign policy. One of the sources for the study of the topic is the Galician-Volyn chronicle in the Ipatiev list of the XV century. and in the Khlebnikov code of the XVI century as well as the research of A. A. Shakhmatov, D. S. Likhachev, M. D. Priselkov. The works by the historians of the XIX century and those of the period of 1939–1960 are also taken into account. The object of the study is the history of the Galician- Volyn principality while its subject is the characteristics of the foreign policy relations of Galician-Volyn Rus in the XIII century. An attempt is made to complete the following tasks: to study the role of the Galician-Volyn princes in the Russian strife, to characterize their relations with Europe, to identify the character of their relations with the Horde. The methodological basis of the research is the historical-chronological, historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, which allowed us to reveal some peculiarities of the relations of the southwestern lands with the neighboring principalities as well as some features of the social and political development of the Galician-Volyn land. From the point of view of identification, the issues of the relationship of the studied territory with the West and the East have not lost their relevance at the present time.

The paper deals with the study of two flints with a figured pommel from the Kokpomyag burial ground of the Vym culture, dating back to the second half of the XIII century. The flints were studied using morphological and technological analysis. They consisted of a trapezoidal working part, slightly elongated at the edges, and an openwork pommel. The latter was composed of several components: small loops along the edges, three rings inside, separated by two spike inserts with a point and loops at different ends. Using metallographic analysis, one ruined figured flint was studied. It turned out that an object of composite (bimetallic) production was hidden under the layers of iron corrosion. The blade was forged from low-carbon raw steel, the components of the openwork pommel were fastened together and to the blade, apparently by soldering. Similar flints are known from Old Russian and ancient Korela sites, where they are dated to the XV-XVI centuries. The flint from the ancient Korela settlement, dated to the XV century, was made more roughly and from iron, the pommel and the working part were connected by soldering. The most geographically close find comes from the Volga Bulgaria, from the Zolotarevskoye settlement in the upper reaches of the Sura River, dating back to no later than the XIII century.

Lorca town (southeast Spain) is on the trace of the southwest-northeast Alhama de Murcia fault. This fault splits into several branches in Lorca, which are hidden under the urban area. Most of the branches were identified in excavation sites and deformed houses at the surface. The formerly hypothesized Alburquerque branch is here confirmed, with the discovery of two closely spaced faults in the 6 Selgas street excavation site. This branch, coated with fibrous gypsum, cut and verticalized middle Miocene lutites during the Plio-Quaternary, creating a breccia and fracture cleavage. It also produced surface rupture, disturbing both Late Antiquity burials and a XIII century red gravel unit, most probably accompanied by earthquakes in the town between the 5th century and the house construction date (1775 AD). The preserved southwest Aguado alley facade of that house appears nowadays bent, with the vertical edge of the dihedral angle located directly above the Alburquerque fault. This implied both 2.5° of rotation and 0.2 m of horizontal displacement in the southeast corner of the facade, along the last 250 years. Series disruption, breccia, fracture cleavage, surface rupture, and recent rotation, all features together suggest left-lateral oblique-slip action of the Alburquerque fault.

Before the Kazakh Khanate was formed in the Great Steppe, several state structures succeeded each other and were of a continuous nature. But the indigenous Kipchak and Oguz tribes remained the people of these states. The Golden Horde, famous in history under the name Fang Ulus, managed to establish close political and cultural relations with distant and close states of its time. Traces of these cultural relations have reached our days through the language of written monuments. Language is a precious foundation of culture and has not been fully studied as a manifestation of national culture andintercultural communication. In domestic Turkology and medieval studies, significant work has been done on the development of dictionaries, differentiation of texts and study of the language of written monuments of the Middle Ages. Today there is an important question about studying the language of written monuments of the Middle Ages as a cultural and spiritual value. The purpose of the study is to differentiate borrowed words that were included under the influence of intercultural communication, to study the components of stable phrases and each linguistic unit in the language of monuments. The path of the nation and the processes of its formation can be clearly traced in the intercultural relations that manifest themselves through language. In the XIII century, the Middle Turkic language, mixed with Oghuz-Kipchak properties, was heard in all corners of the Eurasian space. The state of the Golden Horde, which was considered the homeland of the Kipchaks, was located on the great caravan roads and established close cultural ties with the states under its control, and also adopted Islam. During this period there was a huge influence of Arabic and Persian languages on the development of science, education and literature. Of course, the cultural relationships of that period were reflected in the language of written monuments. Research work is of great practical importance in identifying traces of intercultural communication in the historical formation of the Kazakh nation andlanguage.

The parallel coexistence on the large territory of the Golden Horde of the world of numerous, developed, comfortable by the standards of its time cities and the world of the steppe with nomadic tribes for almost two centuries requires theoretical comprehension. In the paper the concept of urban development on the territory of the Golden Horde, based on the results of the new archaeological investigations, conducted over the last twenty years on the ancient settlements of the European part of this State, is considered on the materials of the cities of the Crimean peninsula. In the development of of the Golden Horde State cities seven different chronological periods are determined, which cover the time from the 40s of the XIII century to the 20s of the XV century. In the XII century the historical situation in the Northern Black Sea region changed fundamentally. The lands formerly under the rule of the Byzantine Empire come under the protectorate of the Mongol Empire (later the Golden Horde). At the same time in the region appears another state formation - Genoese Gazaria, founded by colonists from Northern Italy. As a result, three different urban traditions coexist on the territory of the Crimean peninsula in the XIII–XV centuries. The first of them is Byzantine. The second urban planning tradition is Golden Horde (Eastern). The third one is Northern Italian (Genoese). The processes of urban formation on the Crimean peninsula in the XII–XV centuries took place within the Golden Horde urbanism, despite the fact that three different urban traditions were neighboring in the region.

The Jurchen fortifications of the Eastern Xia state (1215–1233) are a complex system of fortification. Preparing for defense against the Mongols, the Jurchens began to build a new type of mountain settlements, which turned into fortress cities with a complex defense system. Each settlement had its own functions, on which their location, size and internal topography depended. Applying the rich experience of their predecessors, they create their own tradition in urban planning, rationally using natural and geographical conditions. Walled cities are erected on the mountain spurs that controlled the adjacent valley, providing the most advantageous position for defense. Inside the spur there was a glen, which made it possible to follow the movement of the enemies, while the enemies were deprived of the possibility to observe the actions of the fortress defenders . The walls of the fortress were built taking into account the steepness of the rocks, which eliminated the need to erect fosses. The gates were reinforced with additional structures in the form of a barbican. The ramparts were mainly made of earth, with additional fortifications such as towers, roundels, barbettes. Additional fortifications had characteristic features of the XIII century cities and performed defensive functions combined with guard and observation. The introduction of new technical solutions by the Jurchens in the urban planning of mountain hillforts was a contribution to the evolution of medieval fortification of the peoples of East Asia

This article lists the main interpretations of figures in long robes (so-called “boots”) engraved on the planes of the Oshkolskaya Pisanitsa and other neighboring rock carvings of Northern Khakassia. S.V. Pankova’s arguments in favor of their interpretation as Manichaean or Nestorian priests and attribution to the time of Tashtyk culture are considered. The author presents alternative interpretation and dating of figures in long robes. A Chinese painting of the XIII century “Nomads”, depicting two women in boqtag – traditional headdress of Mongol nobles, is proposed as an iconographic close analogy to Khakas rock art “boots”. The author suggests that the Chinese medieval scroll “Nomads” depicts a Mongolian wedding procession and rock engravings of figures in long robes in Khakassia reflected matrimonial contacts of Yenisei Kyrgyz leadership with Mongol nobles.

The purpose of the article is to examine the peculiarities of the development of jewellery art in Kyivan Rus on the example of the unique findings of 1971 and 1975 of the Torhovytsia and Dorohobuzh treasures of X–XIII centuries in the Rivne region. The research methodology is based on the application of historical and cultural, systematic, chronological, classification, terminological, comparative, and analytical methods, which allows the author to reveal the peculiarities of the development of jewellery art of Kyivan Rus on the example of the findings of the Torhovytsia and Dorohobuzh treasures of X–XIII centuries from the Rivne region. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the generalisation and systematisation of the research of cultural monuments of jewellery art of Rus using the historical and cultural method, which combines the analysis of the development of jewellery art on the example of the archaeological artefacts of the Torhovytsia and Dorohobuzh treasures of X–XIII centuries in the Rivne region. Conclusions. The development of jewellery art in Kyivan Rus is largely illustrated by the discovery of treasures that included women's and men's jewellery – products made of precious metals. Among the unique monuments of this type discovered over the past forty years in Ukraine on the lands of Southwestern Rus (the modern territory of the western regions of Ukraine), two treasures of ancient Rus objects from the Rivne region stand out: accidentally found by students of the Torhovytsia secondary school in the Mlyniv district on 25 March 1971 and transferred to the Rivne Museum of Local Lore; discovered in 1975 in a dwelling 3–A of XIII century during an archaeological study of the ancient settlement of the chronicle city of Dorohobuzh in Dorohobuzh village, Hoshcha district, by an archaeological expedition of the Rivne Museum of Local Lore. It can be argued that in the times of Kyivan Rus, jewellery art using art metal reached high skill and sophistication, which were continued in various forms of traditional and contemporary Ukrainian decorative and applied art.

The paper proposes and implements an approach to determining the secular dynamics of population growth in the Ancient Russian state from the late IX to the early XIII century. The basis for constructing the dy namics are separate population estimates obtained in previous years by a number of domestic and foreign researchers. An analysis of these estimates and the assumptions used to obtain them made it possible to adjust the available results and obtain missing data for periods of time for which such estimates were not available. In particular, for the first time an attempt was made to determine the population size at the end of the IX - beginning of the X century. The results show that from the first century of its existence until the period preceding the Mongol invasion, the population of the Ancient Russian state increased (taking into account the increase in territory) by 3.1-3.8 times. The average growth rate over the centuries was: in the XII century - about 50%, in the XI century - about 30% and in the X century - about 70%. In the X century, the main population growth was due to the annexation of new territories. Directly, the demographic growth of the population in comparable territories during this period was 10-15%.

During the 13th century and the early 14th century, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Catholic Church expanded their influence across the Carpathian Mountains, historians placing the core of the Bishopric of Cumania inside Moldavia. The process of the founding of Moldavia has been heavily debated in historiography and was often linked with the consolidation of claimed Romanian petty states from Moldavia, some dating back as far as the XIII century, during the existence of the Bishopric.

Введение. В статье обоснована актуальность исследования возможностей арт-педагогики в контексте формирования гендерной культуры на материалах зарубежной литературной классики XIII в. Цель статьи заключается в выявлении арт-педагогических идей в содержании сочинения, относящегося к французской литературе Средневековья, в котором отражены взаимоотношения полов с учетом нравов и культуры этикета этой эпохи. Проводится анализ особенностей гендерных ролей мужчины и женщины во Франции в период Средних веков, влияние танцевального искусства на овладение манерами, соответствующими культуре того времени. Материалы и методы.Выбранные методы исследования связаны с изучением и анализом научной, исторической и художественной литературы с целью выявления особенностей формирования гендерной культуры в эпоху Средневековья средствами бытовых танцев, манер и этикета, а также исследованииартпедагогических идей. Методологическую основу исследования составили исторический, источниковедческий, историко-педагогический, арт-педагогический, психолого-педагогический, гендерологический, культурологический, литературоведческий и историко-литературоведческий подходы. Результаты. Изучение и анализ материалов по теории и истории арт-педагогики в контексте формирования гендерной культуры на основе культурного наследия Средневековья позволили сделать следующие выводы: – в «Романе о розе» показаны возможности танца как арт-педагогической технологии формирования гендерных стереотипов позитивнойи негативной направленности, выработке навыков куртуазности у рыцарей и Прекрасных дам.; – вопросы формирования гендерной культуры личности были актуальной темой системы образования и воспитания того времени. Различные виды искусства становились неотъемлемой частью процесса обучения и развития человека с целью успешной социализации в обществе, несмотря на негативное отношение церкви, которое со временем менялось на нейтральное. Обсуждение. В период Средних веков отношение к танцам и обучению им постепенно менялось от отрицательного на нейтральное и положительное. В Позднее Средневековье Кристина Пизанская опровергла взгляды Ж. де Мёна и его продолжателей о социальном вреде, который могут принести женщины. Современные исследователи солидарны в том, что «Роман о розе» представляет собой не только поэтический шедевр, но и содержит значительный объем информации, отражающий специфику куртуазного мировоззрения. Авторы статьи полагают, что в романе убедительно раскрыты особенности куртуазного поведения и педагогические условия (включая обучение танцам), ориентированные на формирование гендерных ролей в эпоху Средневековья. Заключение. Литературное произведение «Роман о розе» Г. де Лорриса и Ж. де Мёна является важным источником по истории средневековой французской педагогики. Использование комплекса методологических подходов к анализу текста позволяет выявить в содержании художественного сочинения арт-педагогические идеи. Доказано, что подготовка юношей к рыцарскому званию предусматривала обязательное обучение танцам. Установлено, что в соответствии с куртуазным кодексом рыцарь и Прекрасная дама должны уметь танцевать, что, в конечном итоге, способствовало «смягчению» нравов и повышению уровня гендерной культуры определенной части средневекового общества. Ключевые слова: история педагогики, артпедагогика, Средневековье; «Роман о розе»; источниковедение, куртуазность, танец; гендерная культура. Основные положения: – выявлен важный литературный источник по истории средневековой французской педагогики; – литературное произведение «Роман о розе» Г. де Лорриса и Ж. де Мёна содержит ряд арт-педагогических идей; – анализ текста произведения с использованием комплекса методологических (историко-педагогического, артпедагогического, историко-литературоведческого и др.) подходов позволяет утверждать, что в эпоху Средневековья танец использовался как важный компонент образования, воспитания и развития личности, а также как инструмент социализации в обществе. Introduction. The article substantiates the relevance of the study of the possibilities of art pedagogy in the context of the formation and development of gender culture based on the materials of foreign literary classics of the XIII century. The purpose of the article is to identify art pedagogical ideas in the content of an essay related to French literature of the Middle Ages, which reflects the relationship of the sexes, taking into account the mores and culture of etiquette of this era. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the gender roles of men and women in France during the Middle Ages, the influence of dance art on the mastery of manners corresponding to the culture of that time. Materials and methods. The chosen research methods are related to the study and analysis of scientific, historical and fiction literature in order to identify the features of the formation of gender culture in the Middle Ages by means of household dances, manners and etiquette, as well as the study of art pedagogical ideas. The methodological basis of the research was made up of historical, source studies, historical-pedagogical, artpedagogic, psychological-pedagogical, gender, cultural, literary and historical-literary approaches. Results. The study and analysis of materials on the theory and history of art pedagogy in the context of the formation and development of gender culture based on the cultural heritage of the Middle Ages allowed us to draw the following conclusions: The Novel about the Rose shows the possibilities of dance as an art-pedagogical technology in the formation of gender stereotypes of positive and negative orientation, the development of courtly skills among knights and Beautiful ladies. The issues of formation and development of a gender culture of personality were an urgent topic of the education and upbringing system of that time. Various types of art became an integral part of the process of human learning and development in order to successfully socialize in society, despite the negative attitude of the church, which changed over time to a neutral one. Discussion. During the Middle Ages, the attitude towards dancing and learning it gradually changed from negative to neutral and positive. In the Late Middle Ages, Christina of Pisa refuted the views of J. de Mena and his followers talk about the social harm that women can bring. Modern researchers agree that the "Novel about the Rose" is not only a poetic masterpiece, but also contains a significant amount of information reflecting the specifics of the courtly worldview. The authors of the article believe that the novel artistically convincingly reveals the features of courtly behavior and pedagogical conditions (including dance training) focused on the formation and development of gender roles in the Middle Ages. Conclusion. The literary work "The Novel of the Rose" by G. de Lorris and J. de Men is an important source on the history of medieval French pedagogy. The use of a set of methodological approaches to the analysis of the text makes it possible to identify art pedagogical ideas in the content of a literary work. It is proved that the preparation of young men for knighthood provided for compulsory dance training. It was established that in accordance with the courtly code, a knight and a Beautiful Lady had to be able to dance, which ultimately contributed to the "softening" of morals and raising the level of gender culture of a certain part of medieval society. Keywords: History of pedagogy; Art pedagogy; The Middle Ages; “The Novel of the Rose”; Source studies; Courtliness; Dance; Gender culture. Highlights: An important literary source on the history of medieval French pedagogy has been identified; The literary work "The Novel about the Rose" by G. de Lorris and J. de Men contains a number of art-pedagogical ideas; The analysis of the text of the work using a set of methodological (historical-pedagogical, art-pedagogical, historical-literary, etc.) approaches allows us to assert that in the Middle Ages dance was used as an important component of education, upbringing and personal development, as well as as an instrument of socialization in society.

Like many other Eurasian countries, Japan also became an object of Mongol aggression in XIII century. The founder of the Mongol Yuan dynasty Qubilai (1215-1294, ruled 1260-1294) tried both diplomatically and militarily to achieve its subjugation, but neither he nor his descendants were able to do so. Apparently, at first Qubilai sought only recognition of his seniority, which he needed to raise his prestige in the eyes of both the Mongols and the already conquered peoples, but later he intended to include Japan in his empire. The article discusses ideological aspects of this confrontation, during which claims of the Mongol ruler to hegemony in East Asia were manifested, modeled on the Chinese foreign policy doctrine and preserving certain elements of the steppe imperial tradition. Despite that Qubilai’s letters written in “world-building” rhetoric, have been preserved in Japanese sources, and he is actually positioned as “Son of Heaven”, for the Japanese, the Mongols and their allies were not carriers of high political ideas, but pirates and robbers. Therefore, the Japanese literature is devoid of any hints that it is necessary to submit to the Mongols world order. On the contrary, the Japanese military government managed to repel both attacks, and the widely-known typhoons were actually of secondary importance. However, a myth of kamikaze was beneficial to both sides: it justified defeat of Yuan warlords and strengthened fighting spirit of Japanese, who even more strongly believed in the divine protection of their country. In Japanese assessment of the conflict Buddhist and Shinto ideas intertwined.

This paper examines the development of the Tsukanovka River floodplain in its deltaic zone during the Little Ice Age. The chronological reference of natural events was made on the basis of correlation with the published data. The paleoclimatic events were estimated by the sum of broad-leaved pollen. There were three periods of warming (XIII, XVI, and XVIII centuries), a cool period (XIV century), and three periods of cooling (XV, XVII, and XIX centuries) during the Little Ice Age in southwestern Primorye. Warming played a major role in vegetation changes, while moisture availability played a major role in the development of floodplain landscapes. Deposition of floodplain sediments in the deltaic zone of the Tsukanovka River began at the end of the Medieval Warm Period-beginning of the Little Ice Age. Floods of varying magnitude and duration played a major role in sedimentation. Summer floods were driven by typhoons, tropical and extratropical cyclones. The magnitude of spring floods depended on the amount of winter precipitation. The frequency of summer precipitation increased mainly during cold phases of the Little Ice Age, when the East Asian summer monsoon was active. During warming, winter precipitation increased due to weakening of the winter phase of the East Asian monsoon. The frequency of summer storm precipitation was the highest in the XIV-XV centuries, XVII century and in the late XVIII century - early XIX century. The floodplain experienced significant spring floods in the late XIII century, in the XVI century and in the middle of the XVIII century. Abundant and prolonged floods and freshets were the leading factor in the formation of the lithogenic base of floodplain landscapes.

The “History of the Rubenids” by Archimandrite Vahram, or Vahram Rabun, Secretary of the Royal Court, is a concise historical work, presented in a rhymed form and entirely dedicated to the history of the Cilician Armenian State from its origin (1080) to the 80s of the XIII century. It was created as a continuation of Nerses Shnorhali’s “Vipasanutyun”, as far as its structure and rhyme are concerned. This is a historical work, ordered by the king, which was often included in manuscripts along with texts by other authors (Nerses Shnorhali, Nerses of Lambron and others). In the XIX century, this work was published several times: from 1804 (Madras) to 1869 (Paris). All these editions can be divided into three groups: a) “Madras-1804” b) “Paris-1859” and c) “Madras-1810-Calcutta-1832-Paris-1869”, which were certainly based on manuscript copies that differ from each other.

In the middle of the XIII century there were no cities on the territory of the Golden Horde steppe Volga region. They began to form gradually from settlements that served the economic needs of the nomadic elite. The settlement and then the city of Ukek (Uvek ancient settlement) belongs to such settlements. Similar reasons are for the formation of the settlement, and then the city of Beldjamen (Vodyansk settlement). The city that existed on the site of the Tsarev settlement arises not only as an economic, but also as an administrative center. The final decline of the steppe cities of the Volga region falls on the period of the Great Troubles (the Golden Horde Dynastic War). After it, at the end of the XIV century, we see a short-term attempt to restore them, which had no results.

This study is about the manâqib of Abdulqâdir Gaylânî, which was written in Persian in Turkestan in the XVIIIth century and translated into Chagatai by a person named Molla Yusuf in the XIXth century. The source of the study is the Menâqib-i Ghavsiyya of Muhammad Sâdiq Shihâbî Sa’dî Qâdirî, which was transcribed and translated by Mullah Yusuf b. Mullah Rahman/Rahim, and the scope of the study is limited to this work. Prof. Dr. Abdullah Gündoğdu took the copy in his personal collection as a basis for the study. Menâqib-i Ghavsiyya is a translation of the work written in Persian by Muhammad Sâdık Shihâbî Sa’dî Qâdirî. As Abdülqâdir Gaylânî, his science, preaching, lineage and activities spread to a very wide geography, especially his menâqib was also written or translated in Turkistan. Considering the high number and widespread use of the Menâqibnamas of Abdulqâdir Gaylânî, it is understood that Qâdirîyya was influential in Turkestan. Qâdirîyya, which is divided into approximately fifty branches, still exists in India, Turkestan, Anatolia and the Balkans, Africa, the Middle East, the whole of Asia, Europe, America, Australia: it is still active and widespread everywhere. The silsilas of the Qâdirî branches spreading in Turkistan are based on Abdurrazzâk Gaylânî. Considering that Abdurrazzâq Gaylânî lived in the XIIth and XIIIth centuries (v. 1207), it is understood that Qâdirîyya reached Turkestan at an early date and continued its existence for many years. Menâqib-i Ghavsiyya, translated by Molla Yusuf, indicates that the Qâdirî Order continued its activities and existence in Turkestan in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and has reached to the present day.

Статья посвящена одной из базовых категорий русской духовно-политической мысли – “тишина”. “Тишина” определялась как некоторое духовное состояние, так и социально-политический идеал, которым должны руководствоваться правители в своей деятельности. Однако на протяжении долгого времени значения этого понятия изменялись, в зависимости от контекста на первый план выходили отдельные его смысловые аспекты. В связи с этим важно проследить смысловое содержание понятия “тишина”, зарождение этого понятия в русской мысли и его развитие на раннем этапе. Для этого был проведен контент-анализ сохранившихся русских текстов домонгольского периода, выделена специфика словоупотребления, предложена авторская схема содержания и развития понятия. Выяснено, что на данном этапе тишина означала состояние мира, невмешательства извне во внутренние дела Руси, время созидательного труда и мирного бытия под защитой Бога, что приобрело особую важность после установления ордынского ига. The article is devotedto one of the basic categories of Russian spiritualand political thought - silence. Silence defined both a certain spiritual state anda socio-political ideal that rulers should be guidedby in their activities. However, over time, the meanings of this concept have changed, depending on the context, someof its semantic aspectshave come to the fore. Inthis regard, it is importantto trace the semantic contentof silence, the origin of this concept in Russian thought and its development at an early stage. For thispurpose, a content analysis of the preserved Russian texts of the pre-Mongol period was carriedout, the specifics of word usage were highlighted, and the author's scheme of the content and development of the concept was proposed.It was found out that at this stage silence meant a stateof peace, non-interference from outside inthe internal affairs of Russia,a time of creative work and peaceful existence under the protectionof God, which became especially important afterthe establishment of the Horde yoke.

The preposition de ( lat. de) is being used in early medieval Latin documents in order to compile the complementary denomination, marking mainly the provenance of the denominate (for the first centuries of the documentary use, at least). De prepositional structures occur always after the personal name (i.e. first name) with the same functionality in the medieval documents from the whole Roman space. But the vernacular way of name composition, involving the use of the preposition de with the parentage meaning (inherited in the Western Romance languages, but not in the Eastern Romance ones) are also being registered in the Romance documents (from the XIIth century in the aragonese official documents, and from the XIVth century in the Occitan ones). These prepositional phrases always involve an anthroponym (as selected Noun Phrase), indicating thus the parentage relation, instead of the provenance indication, as seen before, in the official acts drafted in the chancellery Latin. When these two different ways of composition of the complementary denomination are being used in the official acts in the same historical stage, one can expect the complete elimination of the preposition: few members of the same occitan family bear the same name, but linked differently: Ramun de la Pena, Miquel de Pena, but Bernat Pena. On the other hand, Romanian inherited the preposition de but only with the provenance use (e.g. Stan de Câne, in which Câne is the name of the personal estate); for the parentage meaning, the Old Romanian specialized some genitival proclitic markers (al, lui), used mainly in the popular anthroponymy that one can encounter in the Latin Medieval documents: Ioan al popae; Dumitru al Myrkey, Zawa fychor allu Mayne.