Background. The COVID Stress Scales (CSS) assess COVID-related stress experienced in the past week related to danger and contamination fears, socioeconomic consequences, xenophobia, compulsive checking, and reassurance seeking, and traumatic stress symptoms. Our objective was to provide a translation into Italian, replication, and psychometric validation of the CSS in the general population. Moreover, we aimed to test the convergent and discriminant validity of the Italian CSS (CSS-I) with respect to anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms in the general Italian population. Method. Adult participants (n = 935) over the age of 18 years were recruited from the general population in Italy. Psychological status was assessed using multiple validated measures, including the CSS, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), and the Prejudice Against Immigrants Scale (PAIS). Results. Our confirmatory factor analysis supported a 6-factor model, including danger fears (DAN), socioeconomic consequences (SEC), xenophobia (XEN), compulsive checking and reassurance seeking (CHE), contamination fears (CON), and traumatic stress symptoms (TSS). Strong reliability of the CSS-I (Cronbach's α = 0.863-0.936) and convergent validity with the DASS-21 and PAI were established with positive correlations between total and scale scores across measures. Conclusions. The CSS-I is a valid and reliable instrument to measure COVID-19-related distress in the Italian population.

Nowadays, adolescents have extensive access to Information and Communication Technologies, which allow them to engage in social networking activities that may expose them to Online Hate Speech (OHS). While there are few cross-sectional studies about the effects of OHS Exposure on attitudes and aggressive behavior, no study aims to analyze the tendency to Speak Up when exposed to certain content (e.g., reporting, etc.). In addition, no instruments have yet been validated to assess these constructs. The aim of the present study, focused on Online ethnic Hate Speech (OeHS), is double: (a) develop a scale to measure OeHS Exposure and the tendency to Speak Up and analyze its psychometric properties; (b) analyze the longitudinal association between Xenophobia (XEN), OeHS Exposure, and Speaking Up against OeHS, while taking into account gender differences and the nested nature of the data. Six hundred sixty-six Italian high school students (52.7 percent male; MAge = 15[0.64]), nested in 36 ninth grade classes (10 schools), took part in the longitudinal study. The first wave of data collection occurred in early 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic. The second and third waves took place 12 and 15 months later, respectively. Findings suggest that the OeHS Scale has good psychometric properties. Moreover, according to the findings, while the three variables of interest are always cross-sectionally correlated, a longitudinal negative association have been found between XEN and both Exposure and Speaking Up. Regarding the impact of OeHS Exposure, the good news is related to the absence of a longitudinal association with both XEN and Speaking Up.

Leader opening and closing behaviors are assumed to foster high levels of employee exploration and exploitation behaviors, enhancing Project Success (PS) parameters by reducing the impact of Xenophobia (XP). Besides, previous studies relating to ambidextrous leadership (AL), and xenophobia, among CPEC projects in Pakistan and its implication for project success are inadequate. Hence, this study examines the mediating role of Xenophobia on the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and project success. The Study framework is established on ambidextrous theory. Data was collected from persons holding various key positions in the construction projects under CPEC – China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Total questionnaires of 570 were distributed, and 424 were returned. A convenient sampling technique was used. Hypotheses tests were performed via Smart PLS 3.0. Results show that the closing behavior of a leader positively affects the construction project’s success. In contrast, the opening behavior of the leader fails to establish with construction project’s success. Besides, Opening and closing leadership behavior have a negative relationship with Xenophobia. While Xenophobia has a negative effect on the construction project's success. Xenophobia mediated the relationship between Opening & closing leadership and a construction project’s success. Findings provide essential insights to owner-managers, policy-makers, and researchers for further understanding this research.

Book Review: Migration and xenophobia: A three country exploration

Victimological Features of Xenophobia Among Students

Teniendo siempre en mente la intemporalidad de los textos clásicos, en este trabajo se ha analizado, a partir de la lectura de traducciones de los textos griegos y del estudio de grabaciones de tres montajes andaluces, la relación con problemas de actualidad que tendríantres tragedias griegas: Prometeo encadenado , Antígona y Medea . De este modo, atendiendo a la escenografía, el vestuario y la música, se observa que en Prometeo (2014), Antígona o la felicidad (2006) y Medea, la extranjera (2004) se reflejan temas intemporales como lacorrupción, el poder, la felicidad, la hipocresía, la xenofobia o la condición de la mujer, a través de recursos escénicos, dramáticos y artísticos que remiten a la significación contemporánea de esos temas, acercándolos, por tanto, al público y demostrando su plena relación con la actualidad. Always considering the timelessness of classical texts, the connection between three Greek tragedies, Prometheus Bound , Antigone and Medea , and current issues has been analysed in this work basing on the reading of Greek texts translations and the study of three videorecorded Andalusian performances. This way, focusing on scenography, costumes and music, it is observed that in Prometeo (Prometheus , 2014), Antígona o la felicidad (Antigone or Happiness , 2006) and Medea, la extranjera (Medea the Foreigner, 2004), timeless topics such as corruption, power, happiness, hypocrisy, xenophobia or the status of women are reflected through scenic, dramatic and artistic resources that refer to the contemporary significance of those topics, bringing them closer to the audience and proving their full relationship to contemporary issues.

A Question of Taste?: Food, Xenophobia, and the Coronavirus

Book review

From wet markets to Wal-Marts: tracing alimentary xenophobia in the time of COVID-19.

Religious Xenophobia as a Factor in Cause of Extremism and Terrorism

Вторая половина XIX в. – 1945 г. время радикальных перемен в японском обществе, эпоха создания общенационального государства и японской империи, основанной на единении всех обитателей Японии. Политические реформы и идеология этого периода достаточно подробно изучены в историографии. Исследований, посвященных тому, как изменились сами японцы и их мировосприятие, гораздо меньше. Статья посвящена изучению эмоциональных трансформаций японцев, произошедших в этот период. Материалом исследования послужили официальные исторические документы, публицистика, поэзия и проза. Изменения оказались настолько быстрыми, что японская психика не выдерживала, в период Мэйдзи резко увеличилось количество душевных заболеваний и самоубийств. Общая экзальтация была характерной чертой эпохи, важнейшие государственные решения принимались под влиянием эмоций. Литература (в особенности новая поэзия синтай) играла важную роль в возбуждении народных чувств, в ней открыто транслировалась ксенофобия. Вера в то, что японский дух сильнее материи, диктовала безумные с военно-практической точки зрения решения. В 1941 г. Япония напала на главную военно-морскую базу США на Тихом океане – Пёрл-Харбор. Решение, которое привело к краху империи.

The analysis of the first Polish sports organizations indicate their multi-faceted contexts of social prevention. The most important of them can include: preventing factors that threaten health, the fight against illiteracy, social deviated prevention, prevention of violence and xenophobia stadiums and initiating preventive measures in defence of Poland. Preventive actions taken were aimed at not only securing proper psychophysical development of members of associations, but also expressed concern for the common good. Implemented by sports organizations preventive actions have a profound pedagogical dimension. Their main imperative was to take responsibility for the future of the young generations of Poles.

Why Xenophobia?

Зигмунт Бауман – знаковая фигура в социологии. Но едва ли не наиболее важная часть его трудов посвящена осмыслению вопросов морали. Основная мысль Баумана о морали заключалась в утверждении невозможности редуцирования морального поступка к чему-то вне морали, включая этику, понимаемую как универсальный кодекс нормативных правил или свод знаний о морали. Этика при таком подходе оценивается как то, что ограничивает неограниченное, рационализирует нерационализируемое. Этика теснейшим образом связана с общественными институтами, где выполняется схожая функцию, но направленная уже не на теоретическое руководство, а на практическое действие. Это не означает, что Бауман отвергает этику и общество, наоборот, он признает их важнейшее значение, как того, что способно как создать условия для морального поступка, так и искалечить его. То, что делает Бауман в своих работах – это отстаивание первичности морали перед познанием, обществом и онтологией. Критика универсализма и связана у Баумана с защитой идеи автономии морали перед склонным к тоталитаризму обществом модерна. В то же время он формулирует черты универсальной морали, также называя ее солидарностью и отстаивая ее необходимость перед опасностями и соблазнами «текучей» версии модерна. Бауман призывает не просто отбросить ксенофобию и согласиться жить с Другим, а выстраивать свою жизнь в ответственности за Другого или бытии для Другого. Осмысление положения мигранта и беженца в современном мире и призыв к ответственности за них тесно связывают мысль Баумана с повседневной жизнью и насущными темами современности.

En este trabajo argumentaré primero que para entender las relaciones entre el populismo la democratización y el autoritarismo hay que partir de las experiencias latinoamericanas donde los populismos han retado al poder y han gobernado desde los años 40. Los científicos sociales latinoamericanos teorizaron y debatieron sobre el populismo desde que Gino Germani escribió en los años 50 sobre el peronismo y los investigadores europeos y norteamericanos deberían tomar en serio la larga y compleja bibliografía latinoamericana sobre el tema. Además, Latinoamérica es la región en la que se han dado los populismos más benignos e incluyentes, mientras que las caras más autoritarias del populismo de derecha se han manifestado en los Estados Unidos y en algunos países de Europa. Mi segundo argumento es que hay que diferenciar las críticas populistas al poder constituido que señalan los déficits de participación y representación de las democracias de sus soluciones que reducen la complejidad de la democracia, la sociedad civil y la esfera pública a la lucha entre dos campos antagónicos. Mi tercer argumento es que hay que diferenciar entre inclusión y democratización. Los populismos latinoamericanos, desde el peronismo hasta el chavismo, han incluido políticamente, étnicamente y socio-económicamente a los sectores marginados. Sin embargo a su vez han atentado en contra del pluralismo, han manufacturado enemigos y han cerrado espacios a la oposición. Mi cuarto argumento es que si bien los populismos comparten una lógica política no todos son iguales. Algunos politizan las exclusiones alrededor del eje mercado-estado, otros alrededor de temas culturales como la identidad del pueblo y la nación. Unos usan criterios étnicos para construir al pueblo, mientras que otros politizan las exclusiones socioeconómicas.

La Segunda Guerra Mundial coincidió en México con el inicio del proceso de consolidación del régimen producto de la Revolución Mexicana, cuando el proyecto de nación pasaba a un sui generis capitalismo dependiente, bajo la égida de un sistema de partido único con un discurso nacionalista incendiario y una práctica de sometimiento a la política estadounidense. Centralizador de las decisiones hasta en las zonas más alejadas, ese sistema recurrió al patrioterismo y a la xenofobia, y el contenido del quincenario en marcha es una muestra de tales expresiones en la vida cotidiana de Quintana Roo, en el sureste y Caribe mexicanos.

Con base etnográfica, el presente artículo aborda la transformación social y espacial que el Barrio del Puerto de Tarragona ha vivido en las últimas décadas y el resultado con el que se enfrenta al futuro. Parte de un análisis de corte lefebvriano, pues atiende el plano vecinal cotidiano, el plano de la práctica consciente del espacio y el plano proyectual en sentido político y urbanístico. La realidad de la unidad de observación ha llevado al análisis de fenómenos como la decadencia urbanística, la gentrificación, la xenofobia y la construcción de identidades. El caso refleja los conflictos de los procesos globales en lo particular de un barrio donde los agentes urbanos chocan y confluyen ante la pregunta de qué fueron, qué son y qué quieren ser.

Hearing the Difference: Sexuality, Xenophobia, and South African Melodrama

The impediments to the creation of Pan-Africanism or African unity since Africa’s so-called independence from the 1960s onwards, are interrogated in this article, by drawing parallels with Fanon’s famous chapter, ‘The Pitfalls of National Consciousness’ in his The Wretched of the Earth. It is argued that a myriad of pitfalls continue to undermine the Pan-African Movement (PAM). Among them are: patriarchal attitudes; conflict over the question, ‘Who is an African?’; generational cleavages; xenophobia and ethnic conflict; neo-Garveyite vs neo-Marxist perspectives; criticisms of the African Union and the commitment of African governments to African unity; exclusion of ‘Afro-Latinos’; anti-LBGTI and cultural nationalist positions; whether Pan-Africanism as a concept has been supplanted in the last two decades by the terms Afrocentrism; Global Africans and African Renaissance. Ultimately, a precondition for forging Pan-Africanism is the political education of the African people – both on the continent and in the Diaspora, regarding the meaning of Pan-Africanism and an understanding of the African past.

The Complexities of understanding Xenophobia at the University of KwaZulu-Natal