X-ray Diffractometry Results Research Articles

Utilizing Silica from Rice Hull for the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite Y

Rice hull, a known agricultural waste product, with 21% silica (SiO2) content based on elemental analysis, is a promising starting material for zeolite Y synthesis. In this work, silica derived from rice hull samples were extracted via alkaline treatment using 4M NaOH at 130 °C - 150 °C. Further introduction of NaOH and inclusion of aluminium hydroxide were done before subjecting the materials to subsequent ageing and heating at 95 °C to form the zeolite Y crystals. The samples were then analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Zeolite Y from commercial silica was also synthesized as negative control and together with commercially available zeolite Y, FT-IR and XRD results showed that they possess similar structures with the rice-hull derived material.

Effects of Nb doping on the performance of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries

The Nb-doped Li[Li0.2Mn0.54-x/3Ni0.13-x/3Co0.13-x/3Nbx]O2 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) materials are synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), charge–discharge measurements, AC impedance spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. XRD results indicate that Nb-doped Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 materials exhibit similar XRD patterns to the pristine sample. The results of EDS mapping confirm the homogenous distribution of Nb element in the materials. The Nb substituted for transition metal ions with x = 0.02 is found to be the most effective in improving the cycling properties and in lowering the voltage fade. Particularly, it exhibits remarkably improved cycling performance with the capacity retention ratio of 83% compared with 54% for pristine one after 100 cycles at 1C. Besides, it shows much lower discharge midpoint voltage decay (0.1913 V) than that of pristine sample (0.6951 V) after 100 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the better structure stability and decreased charge transfer resistance caused by dopant of Nb. These results reveal that Nb-doping can be a promising method for improving the performance of Li-rich material.

Nutrient recovery from anaerobically digested chicken slurry via struvite: Performance optimization and interactions with heavy metals and pathogens

The aim of this study was to assess the potential of struvite precipitation to recover nutrients from anaerobically-processed poultry slurry and struvite's interactions with heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and pathogens (total coliforms and Escherichia coli). The impacts of pH, Mg, N, and P molar proportion, reaction time, and mixing rate and duration were explored to determine the optimal conditions for nutrient recovery through struvite precipitation. A pH range of 9.5 to 10.5, was ideal for P and N removal and recovery, with a molar ratio of 1:1:1 for Mg:N:P. A mixing rate of 150rpm for 10min could allow nutrient recovery with little loss (3.32%) of NH₃ through volatilization, and also achieve an optimal struvite crystal size (50–60μm). The results of X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the precipitates generated at pH9 and 10 were orthorhombic struvite. Moreover, along with the recovery of nutrients, 40, 45, 66, 30, and 20% of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Ni, respectively, and 70% total coliforms and E. coli were removed by struvite precipitation from poultry slurry. This was observed despite that the levels of contaminants (heavy metals) detected in struvite were well below the permissible limits and free of pathogens. Consequently, it was inferred that the struvite quality was reasonable by virtue of its heavy metal and pathogen content, and therefore appropriate for application in the field. Similarly, struvite precipitation has multiple benefits as it can effectively recover nutrients as well as reducing pathogenic populations.

Preparation and Investigation of the Properties of W/CeB6/W Heterostructure as a Sensitive Element of Single-Photon Thermoelectric Detector

The possibility of W/CeB6/W heterostructure preparation on Al2O3, AlN, Si, and W substrates by electron-beam evaporation method was investigated. The conditions for preparation of W thin films on dielectric substrates and CeB6 films, as well as of stoichiometric CeB6 films on W films, dielectric and tungsten substrates are determined. The reflection spectra of W films, the results of X-ray diffractometry, X-ray microanalysis, and electron microscopy of W and CeB6 films are presented. W/CeB6/W heterostructures of various configurations and sizes are produced. It was shown by means of computer simulation that at the detection of 6–50 eV photons, a detector with W/CeB6/W heterostructure-based sensitive element may provide microvolt level signal at terahertz count rate. The obtained results serve as the basis for creation of a prototype of a sensitive element of single-photon thermoelectric detector.

Preparation and characterization of pyrimethamine solid dispersions and an evaluation of the physical nature of pyrimethamine in solid dispersions

The objective of this investigation was to prepare, characterize pyrimethamine solid dispersions formulated with different carriers and to evaluate the physical nature of pyrimethamine in solid dispersion. Pyrimethamine solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using a rotary evaporator and characterized using intrinsic dissolution studies, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dissolution studies, and stability studies of selected solid dispersion. To further investigate the nature of drug, nuclear magnetic resonance was also performed. Intrinsic dissolution studies demonstrate that the dissolution rate of pyrimethamine could be markedly improved via solid dispersion technique. DSC studies show that PEG 6000 and poloxamer 188 could dissolve pyrimethamine up to 50% (w/w) in molten state. Results of XRD and FTIR suggest the presence of a different polymorphic form of pyrimethamine which might be due to the disruption of the supramolecular ribbon (synthon) formation of the original pyrimethamine polymorph. Significant improvement in dissolution rate from pyrimethamine solid dispersion using poloxamer 188 was achieved and pyrimethamine/poloxamer 188 ratio at 1:3 showing maximum dissolution rate enhancement of pyrimethamine. Furthermore, stability studies indicate no significant change in the physical nature of pyrimethamine in selected solid dispersion up to 5-month.

Preparation and Characterization of Raw and Chemically Modified Sponge-Gourd Fiber Reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites

This research work has been undertaken to fabricate environmentally friendly biocomposites for biomedical and household applications. Sponge-gourd fibers (SGF) obtained from Luffa cylindrica plant were chemically treated separately using 5 and 10 wt% NaOH, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride solutions. SGF reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were fabricated using melt compounding technique. Surface morphological, structural, mechanical and thermal properties, as well as antibacterial activities of raw and chemically modified SGF reinforced PLA (SGF-PLA) composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, universal testing method, thermogravimetry, and Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method, respectively. Surface morphology indicates that after treatment of fibers, the interfacial adhesion between PLA and fibers is improved. X-ray diffractometry result shows that chemical treatment of fibers improves the crystallinity and exhibits new chemical bond formation in the composites. After chemical treatment, compressive strength of the composites is found to increase by 10% - 35%. The thermal stability of the treated fiber reinforced composites is also found to increase significantly. The composites have no antibacterial activities and no cytotoxic effect on non-cancer cell line. Soil burial test has confirmed that the composites are biodegradable. Benzoyl chloride treatment of fibers shows superior mechanical properties and enhances thermal stability among the composites.

Influence of pearlescent pigments on mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid

Polylactic acid (PLA)/pearlescent pigments (PEPs) composites were fabricated by melt blending method and their properties were studied using a rotational rheometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Because PEP could disperse uniformly in PLA matrix and would form PEP networks, there were improvements made in the flexural strength, tensile strength and impact strength of PLA composites. Interestingly, the viscosity of PLA composites reduced significantly as compared with neat PLA, indicating an improvement in processing properties. The rheological tests confirmed that the storage modulus of PLA composites decreased as PEP content increased at a given frequency. Also, there was a plateau at low frequency range, which was a sign of PEP networks formation. The DMA tests showed that the storage modulus of PLA composite increased with PEP content, suggesting the enhancement of rigidity. According to the XRD results, no change was observed in the crystal structure of PLA in the presence of PEP. The addition of PEP did not change melting temperature, but the glass transition temperature increased a little, and the cold crystallization temperature of PLA decreased largely. The DSC results also showed that nucleation ability of PLA was enhanced by addition of PEP at low cooling rates, but the whole crystallization process of PLA in composite was inhibited at higher cooling rates. This conclusion was also confirmed by the results of crystallization kinetics.

Electrodeposited ZnO morphology transformations under the influence of SeO2 additive: Rods, disks, nanosheets network

In this study various morphologies of ZnO including rods, disks, and nanosheets network were synthesised by electrodeposition method. The influence of the SeO2 additive concentration on morphological, structural, and optical properties of ZnO was studied by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), optical (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy methods. The formation of the disk-like ZnO structure with a diameter of ca. 300–500nm and thickness ca. 80–100nm was observed when 0.03mmol/L of SeO2 was added to the solution. Further increase of dopant concentration up to 0.2mmol/L in the solution yielded a highly-porous network structure composed of thin nanosheets with a wall thickness of ca. 20nm. According to the XRD results, all structures were composed of ZnO, rod-like crystals were strongly c-axis oriented, whereas disks and nanosheets network structures were a-axis oriented. EDX analysis revealed that Se was present in the disks and nanosheets structures. PL study of the rod sample showed UV emission at ~370nm, whereas the disks and nanosheets network showed intense deep-level emission band centred at ~540nm. The disks and nanosheets exhibited total transmittance of ∼80–90% in the region of 380–780nm, whereas transmittance of the rods was increasing from 5% to 50% in this region. According to haze factor calculations, samples possessed scattering ability of 20% for disks, 45% for sheets and ca. 50% for rods. The probable mechanism for the formation of ZnO structures was discussed in detail.

Synthesis of core–shell structured FAU/SBA-15 composite molecular sieves and their performance in catalytic cracking of polystyrene

Composite molecular sieves, FAU/SBA-15, having core-shell structure were synthesized. The synthesized composite sieves were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), pyrolysis fourier transform infrared (Py-FTIR) spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption spectra (NH3-TPD), UV Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other techniques. XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, mass spectrometry, NMR and EDS results showed that the composite molecular sieve contained two pore channels. Py-FTIR results showed that the addition of HY molecular sieves improved the acidity of the composite zeolite. The crystallization mechanism during the growth of FAU/SBA-15 shell was deduced from the influence of crystallization time on the synthesis of FAU/SBA-15 core-shell structured composite molecular sieve. HY dissociated partially in H2SO4 solution, and consisted of secondary structural units. This framework structure was more stable than its presence in the isolated form on the same ring or in the absence of Al. Thus it played a guiding role and connected with SBA-15 closely through the Si-O bond. This resulted in the gradual covering of the exterior surface of FAU phase by SBA-15 molecular sieves. The presence of SBA-15 restricted the formation of the other high mass components and increased the selectivity towards ethylbenzene.

Novel metronidazole-loaded hydrogel as a gastroretentive drug delivery system

A metronidazole-loaded hydrogel was synthesized by free radical polymerization using dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) monomer and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDA) and methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as cross-linkers. The DMAEMA hydrogels were cross-linked with 5 and 10% MBA or with 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 4% TEGDA as cross-linking agents. Ammonium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylene diamine were used as initiator and catalyst, respectively. The prepared hydrogels were characterized, and the effect of cross-linking agent content on the swelling behavior and in vitro drug release of hydrogels was investigated. The results of X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies indicated that the prepared hydrogels possessed an amorphous morphology and there was not any interaction between the hydrogel polymers and metronidazole as drug, which resulted in the dependence of drug release on the physicochemical characteristics of hydrogel such as swelling, polymer erosion, and surface morphology. According to the results, the hydrogel containing 0.5% TEGDA which was prepared by freeze-drying method exhibited a porous structure with a high swelling ratio and displayed a sustained and complete drug release. It could be concluded that the hydrogel developed by this facile method is a good candidate with a potential for use in gastroretentive drug delivery systems.

Magnetic nanohydrogel obtained by miniemulsion polymerization of poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto derivatized dextran

This study describes the synthesis of magnetic nanohydrogels by miniemulsion polymerization technique. Dextran was derivatized by the glycidyl methacrylate to anchor vinyl groups on polysaccharides backbone, allowing its use as a macromonomer for miniemulsion polymerization, as confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR). Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by coprecipitation, followed by air oxidation to maghemite. The results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that maghemite nanoparticles were obtained with a diameter of 5.27nm. The entrapment of iron oxide nanoparticles in a dextran nanohydrogel matrix was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and Zeta potential data. The magnetic nanohydrogels presented superparamagnetic behavior and were colloidal stable in physiological during 30days. Our findings suggest that the synthesized magnetic nanohydrogel are potential candidates for use in drug delivery systems due to its physicochemical and magnetic properties.

Host-guest complexes of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/β-cyclodextrin and nifedipine: 1H NMR, molecular modeling, and dissolution studies

Nifedipine (NIF) is a hydrophobic drug widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases. This calcium channel blocker can present a higher apparent solubility by its inclusion into different cyclodextrins (CDs) as host-guest complexes. This paper focused on the structural investigation and dissolution behavior of inclusion complexes prepared with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) or β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and NIF. Drug amorphization was observed for HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF inclusion complexes by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The sharp endothermic peak of NIF was not observed for these both host-guest complexes by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These results of XRD and DSC provide evidences of complexation between drug and the investigated CDs. 1H and saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed the enhancement in the signal at 2.27 ppm for HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF inclusion complexes that corresponded to the methyl groups of NIF from the non-aromatic ring. This result suggested that non-aromatic ring of NIF was inserted into HPβCD and βCD cavities. Considering the mathematical simulations, it was observed that the inclusion process can occur in the both NH-in or NH-out forms. However, since it was used aqueous medium, it is possible to indicate that the obtained host-guest complexes HPβCD/NIF and βCD/NIF are in NH-in form which corresponded to the previous results obtained by 1H NMR experiments. Dissolution assays demonstrated that NIF inclusion complexes improved the drug release nevertheless without changing its biexponential release behavior. These host-guest complexes can be further used as feasible NIF carriers in solid dosage forms.

In-situ synthesis of novel plate-like Co(OH)2 co-catalyst decorated TiO2 nanosheets with efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution activity

Efficient separation of photo-generated electrons and holes is a crucial aspect for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, novel plate-like Co(OH)2 decorated TiO2 nanosheets for photocatalytic water splitting were synthesized by a facile in-situ synthetic method. The results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV–Vis diffusion reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate the successfully incorporation of Co(OH)2 co-catalysts onto the surface of TiO2 nanosheet photocatalysts. Further photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiments illustrate that all Co(OH)2 decorated TiO2 samples show higher rate of hydrogen production performance than pure TiO2 sample and the composite sample with Co(OH)2 loading amount of 0.5mol% presents the highest photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of 746.93 μmol g−1·h−1. It is indicated that plate-like Co(OH)2 particle act as an electron collector, which leads to photo-generated electrons transfer from TiO2 to Co(OH)2, and therefore enhance the photocatalytic activity. Based on above results, a possible mechanism is proposed and further verified by surface photovoltage spectra (SPV).

Relation between the structural parameters of metallic glasses at the onset crystallization temperatures and threshold values of the effective diffusion coefficients

Using the results of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry, an analysis has been carried out of the initial stages of the eutectic and primary mechanisms of crystallization of a series of metallic glasses based on Fe and Al with the established temperature dependences of the effective diffusion coefficients. Analytical relationships, which relate the volume density of crystallites formed in the glasses at the temperatures of the onset of crystallization with the values of the effective diffusion coefficients at these temperatures have been proposed. It has been established that, in the glasses, the crystallization of which begins at the lower boundary of the threshold values of the effective diffusion coefficients (~10–20 m2/s), structures are formed with the volume density of crystallites on the order of 1023–1024 m–3 and, at the upper boundary (10–18 m2/s), of the order of 1018 and 1020 m–3 in the glasses that are crystallized via the eutectic and primary mechanisms, respectively. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental estimates indicates that the threshold values of the effective diffusion coefficients are the main factors that determine the structure of glasses at the initial stages of crystallization.

Electrospun PVDF/MWCNT/OMMT hybrid nanocomposites: preparation and characterization

Electrospinning technique was employed to prepare neat PVDF, nanoclay-PVDF and carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-PVDF nanocomposites, and nanoclay-carbon nanotube-PVDF hybrid nanocomposites. A mixture of dimethyl formamide/acetone (60/40) was used to fluidize the polymer and nanofillers. Electrospinning process was conducted under optimized conditions. Maximum modification was achieved at 0.15 wt% nanofiller. Rheological measurements on the prepared solutions revealed decreased material functions in the presence of nanoclay, whereas the rheological properties of MWCNT-PVDF solution did not show any significant reduction compared with those of neat PVDF solution. The behaviors of the hybrid nanocomposite solutions, though dependent on their composition and their material functions, increased with MWCNT concentration. These differences, together with variations in electrical properties of nanoclay and MWCNT, led to changes in morphology of the fiber during electrospinning process. Under electrospinning conditions designed for neat PVDF solution, mats with beads and with the highest fiber diameter were produced. Meanwhile, incorporation of both nanoclay and MWCNT into the solutions resulted in bead-free fibers with thinner diameter. Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to measure the β-phase crystalline content in electrospun mats. Complete agreement was found between the FTIR and XRD results. The lowest and highest β-phase contents were obtained for neat PVDF mat and hybrid nanocomposite mat containing 0.1 wt% clay, respectively. The mixing procedure of nanofillers and the PVDF solution was also found to be important. In case of hybrid nanocomposites, more β-crystals were formed when the nanoclay was first mixed in the absence of MWCNT.

Processing and properties of CuAl2 intermetallic coatings

CuAl2 intermetallic powders were consolidated using an atmospheric plasma spraying process. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, no phase change occurred during thermal spraying. The investigation of optical micrographs showed that about 7% porosity was present in the microstructure of the coatings. The coatings showed hardness value up to 575 HV(50 g). The polarisation tests and electrochemical spectroscopy measurements were utilised for electrochemical investigation of the coatings in 1 M H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl media. In H2SO4 environment, the coated and uncoated samples showed similar corrosion rates. However, the coating showed a lower corrosion rate than the substrate in NaCl solution by an order of magnitude. Corrosion of the steel substrate occurred in the NaCl solution, no corrosion was observed in the H2SO4.

Modification of solid-state property of sulfasalazine by using the supercritical antisolvent process

In this study, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was used to recrystallize an active pharmaceutical ingredient, sulfasalazine, to modify the solid-state properties including particle size, crystal habit and polymorphic form. Supercritical CO2 and tetrahydrofuran were used as the antisolvent and solvent, respectively. SAS results obtained from different operating temperatures (35, 45, 55 and 65°C) were compared and discussed. The results indicate that at 55°C, spherical sulfasalazine crystals were produced and that their mean particle size was micronized to approximately 1µm. In addition, according to the analytical results of powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), a novel polymorphic form of sulfasalazine was obtained after SAS. Furthermore, the spectroscopic and thermal behavior of produced sulfasalazine crystals were also studied by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, SAS results obtained from different operating temperature was discussed on the basis of the mixture critical point (MCP) of CO2 and tetrahydrofuran. Operation at slightly higher than the MCP is favorable for recrystallization of sulfasalazine through SAS. These results demonstrate that the SAS process is an efficient tool for controlling and modifying the solid-state property of sulfasalazine.

Influence of ignition process on mineral phase transformation in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash: Implications for estimating loss-on-ignition (LOI)

This research focused on the mineral phase transformation under varied ignition conditions with the objective of estimating loss-on-ignition (LOI) parameter in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash residues. LOI is commonly used to measure the volatile species, unburned carbon and moisture in the solid materials. There are criteria for LOI measurement in some research fields, while there is no standard protocol for LOI measurement in MSWI fly ash. Using thermogravimetry technique, the ignition condition candidates were proposed at 440/700/900°C for 1 and 2h. Based on X-ray diffractometry results, obvious mineral phase transformation occurred as a function of ignition temperature variation rather than ignition time. Until 440°C, only some minor phases disappeared comparing with the original state. Significant mineral phase transformations of major phases (Ca- and Cl-based minerals) occurred between 440 and 700°C. The mineral phase transformation and the occurrence of newly-formed phases were determined not only by the ignition condition but also by the content of the co-existing components. Mineral phase components rarely changed when ignition temperature rose from 700 to 900°C. Consequently, in order to prevent critical damages to the original mineralogical composition of fly ash, the lowest ignition temperature (440°C) for 2h was suggested as an ideal measurement condition of LOI in MSWI fly ash.

Rapid disintegrating tablets of simvastatin dispersions in polyoxyethylene-polypropylene block copolymer for maximized disintegration and dissolution.

The objective of this research was to improve the dissolution of simvastatin and to incorporate it in rapid disintegrating tablets (RDTs) with an optimized disintegration and dissolution characteristics. Polyoxyethylene–polypropylene block copolymer (poloxamer 188) was employed as a hydrophilic carrier to prepare simvastatin solid dispersions (SDs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry were employed to understand the interaction between the drug and the carrier in the solid state. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed absence of any chemical interaction between the drug and poloxamer. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry confirmed the conversion of simvastatin to distorted crystalline state. The SD of 1:2 w/w drug to carrier ratio showed the highest dissolution; hence, it was incorporated in RDT formulations using a 32 full factorial design and response surface methodology. The initial assessments of RDTs demonstrated an acceptable flow, hardness, and friability to indicate good mechanical strength. The interaction and Pareto charts indicated that percentage of croscarmellose sodium incorporated was the most important factor affecting the disintegration time and dissolution parameter followed by the hardness value and their interaction effect. Compression force showed a superior influence to increase RDT’s porosity and to fasten disintegration rather than swelling action by croscarmellose sodium. On the other hand, croscarmellose sodium was most important for the initial simvastatin release. The results suggest the potential use of poloxamer 188-based SD in RDT for the oral delivery of poor water-soluble antihyperlipidemic drug, simvastatin.

Compatibility study between 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide and some high explosives by thermal and nonthermal techniques

This project evaluated the compatibility of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) with some common high explosives, for the development of LLM-105-based composite explosives or propellants. Both thermal techniques [differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vacuum stability test (VST)], and supplementary nonthermal techniques [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD)] were used to evaluate the possible interactions between LLM-105 and selected high explosives including cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) and hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). DSC results suggested that LLM-105/HMX and LLM-105/DNTF mixtures had a degree of incompatibility. The results of VST trials revealed that HMX and CL-20 were compatible with LLM-105. Both supplementary FTIR and XRD results confirmed the DSC results of LLM-105/HMX and LLM-105/DNTF. Analyses with all used methods have demonstrated the incompatibility for LLM-105/DNTF.