Generating hints for learners who are engaged in hands-on cybersecurity exercises is the goal of our research. Learners sometimes get stuck or frustrated, they head in the wrong direction or are missing information that is necessary for solving an exercise. While using large language models (LLMs) is an option, LLMs typically require the sharing of student data with third-party AI providers. In order to improve privacy and minimize cost and computational overhead, previous research has explored using locally deployed small language models (SLMs) with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). However while RAG has been shown to enhance SLM capabilities without the need to fine tune, it falls short when answering open-ended or multi-step questions that require reasoning across interconnected concepts. This limitation is particularly evident in cybersecurity education, where students often need help understanding how threats, tools, and strategies relate to one another. The cybersecurity hint system EDUHints (Wolff et al, 2025) currently relies on a standard RAG pipeline. In classroom testing, students were unsure whether generated hints meaningfully answered their questions. To address this challenge, we present a custom GraphRAG approach that builds on a proposed cybersecurity education focused ontology and knowledge graph called AISecKG. We extend the ontology to let us incorporate natural language-to-bash command mappings, a valuable feature as students tend to ask questions regarding command-line use. Graph data is extracted using multiple methods and semantically scored to prioritize only the most relevant results. Our pipeline currently employs Microsoft’s Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct SLM, integrates LangChain for modular orchestration, and uses Neo4j as the graph database. We survey cybersecurity instructors to rate responses generated by the EDUHints and our GraphRAG system. Results show that hints generated using a GraphRAG are preferred almost three times more by cybersecurity instructors. This suggests that an SLM’s educational hint generation abilities can be improved through our GraphRAG architecture.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine the effect of kualitas kehidupan kerja on organizational commitment, also testing the effect of quality of worklife on competence and the effect of kualitas kehidupan kerja on competence with the effect of kualitas kehidupan kerja on organizational commitment organizational commitment as mediating. The population and sample in this study were all vocational high school teachers about 208 teachers in Kendal Indonesia using Proportionate Random Sampling. The data analysis in this study is Stuctural Equation Modelling (SEM) using software AMOS 26.0 with the result kualitas kehidupan kerja spirituality have a significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. These results indicate that good kualitas kehidupan kerja teachers as theirs commitment and kualitas kehidupan kerja can encourege teachers to good performance. It is necessary to improve teacher performance by periodically assessing teaching performance through evaluation indicators in accordance with Indonesian Law No. 14 of 2005, so that teachers, in carrying out the learning programs, do not go in the wrong direction, always base their work on the basic competence syllabus, and provide learning facilities/media so that teachers can use learning media as support for classroom teaching and learning activities to enhance students' motivation and academic achievement. Key words: kualitas kehidupan kerja, Commitment, Competence

This paper explores Piero Ignazi’s thesis that today there is a crisis of political parties rooted in a disjuncture between what parties do today (how they behave) and public expectations, which are rooted in nostalgia for a past ‘golden era’. Exploring the two actors essential to this thesis (voters and parties) reveals weaknesses in the argument. Regarding voters, the thesis is insufficiently sustained empirically, with further work needed both on a generational issue and the core issue of the nature of the public dissatisfaction with parties. Regarding parties, the thesis largely overlooks a particular family party (populist parties) which, it could be argued, have done and are doing precisely what Ignazi has said is needed. In that respect, Ignazi’s thesis seems to be directed not at parties per se but at one specific set of parties: mainstream parties. Yet, the final paradox is that the mainstream parties of yesteryear, to a large extent, no longer exist, so Ignazi is looking in the wrong direction.

If things are heading in the wrong direction in a nonprofit's boardroom, there's likely to be some clear signs indicating as much. After all, board dysfunction usually develops over a period of months or even years, and sometimes it is so incremental that board members don't recognize it for what it is.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks are decentralized in nature, and nodes that do not depend on any infrastructure to connect to one another. MANETs are exposed to many security attacks, which include route hijacking, black hole attacks, and Sybil attacks, that threaten confidentiality, data integrity, and communication path availability. Multipath routing involves taking multiple paths to transmit data among nodes, which helps in improving or making the MANETs reliable and tolerant to the faults. Multipath routing guarantees continuous communication since there is redundancy in the routes. But in the absence of an effective route authentication and validation mechanism, the routing information can be manipulated or hand-formed by malicious nodes, which may result in directing the traffic in the wrong direction, or dropping the packets, or even tampering with the data. Blockchain technology featuring decentralization, immutability, and transparency, proposes a decent solution that could provide security to routing in MANETs. With its authentication of routes via a distributed, tamper-proof ledger, blockchain also keeps out invalid routes through which data may be transmitted. Blockchain is decentralized, whereby the nodes could verify the authenticity of routes themselves, thus decreasing the chances of attacks such as route spoofing and malicious route injections. Purposed a Secure Multipath Routing Framework (SMRF) that combines blockchain and multipath routing in MANETs in this paper. The main objective of the framework is increased security, dependability, and efficacy by investing in the blockchain to complete route authentication. SMRF makes sure that routing information is recorded in a transparent ledger to avoid it being manipulated by malicious actors. It dynamically maintains the blockchain when the topology of the network changes, gives real-time information on routes, and makes sure that only valid routes are traversed. SMRF further improves fault tolerance and data transmission efficiency through addition of multipath routing. SMRF guarantees that data gets transmitted on the most reliable paths by choosing secure paths according to such criteria as the node reliability, energy consumption as well and link quality. Not only does this increase security, but it also enhances the performance of the network because some of the heavy traffic is spread to other paths. To analyze how effective our framework can be, we do the simulation process by implementing the simulation via the NS-3 network simulator, which largely considers the most relevant performance parameters in the framework, namely security, packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end, and energy consumption. The results indicate that SMRF offers immense gain in security by eliminating malicious attacks i.e. attacks like black hole, Sybil attack ,with high packet throughput and delivery ratio. It is resilient when using colors to code multipath routing and reliable since colors can be used at multiple levels of security and authentication of the blockchain technology in routing paths, ensures integrity of the path.

Letter in reply: ''Dosing trends for buprenorphine buccal film: a step in the wrong direction''.

Dosing trends for buprenorphine buccal film: a step in the wrong direction.

BackgroundThe right to health requires that healthcare systems be available, accessible, acceptable, and of good quality for all, regardless of legal or migration status. While South Africa’s Constitution and international commitments uphold this right, recent policy developments—such as the 2023 National Health Insurance (NHI) Act and the 2024 White Paper on Citizenship, Immigration, and Refugee Protection—mark a shift toward institutionalised exclusion. Discriminatory practices that were once informal are increasingly codified in law, aligning healthcare policy with a broader securitisation agenda and undermining progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC).MethodsThis paper draws on a multi-method research design combining a structured policy review of South African, regional and global frameworks, with semi-structured interviews (n = 25) conducted with healthcare providers, civil society actors, and government stakeholders between 2022 and 2025. Data was analysed using thematic analysis to explore how formal policy and informal practice interact to produce exclusion.ResultsFindings reveal that legal and policy shifts are systematically narrowing healthcare access for asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants. Four intersecting themes emerged: (1) legal regression and policy securitisation; (2) policy by practice: informal exclusion and administrative discretion; (3) legal liminality and mental health and; (4) civil society as an unsustainable safety net. Despite constitutional protections, migrants are routinely denied care, misclassified, or subjected to unlawful fees. Mental health needs, in particular, remain severely neglected. The study highlights the limits of rights-based advocacy in a hostile policy environment and calls attention to the need for structural reform.ConclusionSouth Africa is not merely failing to meet its UHC goals—it is actively retreating from them. Exclusionary practices, once informal, are now guiding policy. Ensuring healthcare is truly accessible, acceptable, and sustainable for all requires urgent policy, legal, and institutional reforms to protect healthcare access for all, irrespective of status. Without these actions, the most vulnerable will continue to be excluded from essential services, undermining both constitutional values and global health goals.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-24751-4.

ABSTRACT In the 80th year of the nuclear age, with just 89 seconds left on the Doomsday Clock, every nuclear challenge is trending in the wrong direction. Yet discourse about the threat of nuclear war is at best caustic and at worst separated from reality itself. It is past time to ask the serious questions about nonproliferation, disarmament, deterrence, and arms control that will need to be answered if the world is to seriously pursue a reduction of the nuclear threat and, ultimately, the elimination of nuclear weapons.

Liability is key to society’s self-correction. In recent years, we may now say decades, and especially recently, numerous reports, research and forecasts have warned that humanity is heading in the wrong direction and that urgent change is needed. Companies have a particularly significant impact on the achievement of sustainability, with influence extending to the environmental, economic and social pillars. The paper touches on the issue of corporatecriminal liability, focusing in particular on how the current legal framework can be strengthened to achieve sustainability goals, for example through the regulation of supply chains. The aim of the paper is to provide food for thought to further consider the legal and moral aspects of corporate liability in the context of sustainability.

This commentary addresses the findings of the study “Housing Construction Needs (More) Land: New Land Take and Infill Development Under Scrutiny”, published by Institute for Housing, Real Estate, Urban and Regional Development (InWIS) at the Ruhr University Bochum und der EBZ Business School Bochum on June 18, 2025. The study concludes that due to barriers to infill development, new land is required for housing construction, and that the 30-hectare land-saving target should be questioned. In our view, this blanket demand is misleading and steers the debate in the wrong direction. Our micro-level empirical evidence shows that housing demand is highly concentrated in growth centres and transport corridors, while other areas are stagnating. A blanket release of land would therefore fuel uncontrolled urban sprawl. Instead of short-sighted instruments, we call for a sustainable housing policy based on a valid, small-scale database. The challenges are local, but the solutions must be conceived regionally and organized cooperatively. We advocate for a planning culture that strengthens regional responsibility and manages development according to actual needs, instead of abandoning land conservation across the board.

Abstract You’re on the train home after a long day. You exit at your station, still thinking about work. A few minutes later, you stop; something is off. It takes you a moment to realize that you missed a turn and obliviously walked several blocks in the wrong direction. This paper does three things. First, I identify and provide an account of a familiar phenomenon that I term obliviousness. On this account, obliviousness occurs when an agent non-deliberately fails to take a rational route to some belief p that is immediately available to them at t that they ought to have taken. I propose that an agent ought to take such a rational route to belief when this is directly relevant to pursuing an aim that S is or should be actively pursuing at t . Second, I argue that, despite the reference to aims in the account, obliviousness centrally involves an epistemic failure, thereby indicating that we have positive epistemic duties. As part of making this case, I sketch a non-ideal picture of epistemic normativity on which, in light of our human limitations, practical (including moral) factors help determine the scope of our epistemic duties—without thereby instrumentalizing epistemic rationality. Third, I show that obliviousness can function as oppressive ignorance. I highlight how social conditions shape key cognitive dispositions such as to cultivate patterns of ignorance in ways that often escape our deliberate control and awareness. This suggests that we have epistemic as well as moral reasons to ameliorate unjust social conditions.

Safety evaluation of protected bike Lane treatments at Intersections: A causal framework.

When first impressions lead in a wrong direction: a spectacular presentation of facial erysipelas.

Avalanche transceiver search times during avalanche companion rescue – A prospective randomized single-blinded cross-over simulation study

The Planning and Infrastructure Bill aims to speed up the planning process and associated decision-making. Part 1 of the Bill introduces changes in the context of Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) that warrant attention. First, the Bill removes the legal duty to consult at the pre-application stage of the NSIP development consent process. In particular it removes the public's legal right to participate at this stage. Second, it makes changes to the judicial review process which raise questions over the balance between the swift administration of justice and access to justice. This commentary argues that combined the proposed reforms reflect a move that supports a rhetoric of ‘challenge culture’. 1 This rhetoric positions procedural and administrative law as an obstacle to infrastructure development and is something we should not ignore.

Epidemiological studies in different populations, in different countries, and in different epochs consistently showed that high intelligence is positively correlated with longevity. The link between high intelligence and longevity has remained unknown, only to be assumed as a consequence of the socioeconomic difference associated with intelligence in human population. Here, we report that genome stability contributes both to lifespan and intelligence in Drosophila melanogaster. The intelligence of the genetically heterogenous flies was determined by T-maze olfactory memory assay, and the flies moving to the right direction defined as intelligent flies (INT) were separated from the flies moving to the wrong direction defined as non-intelligent flies (NINT). INT male and female lived 26.40% and 21.35% longer than NINT male and female, respectively, suggesting a possible genetic linkage between intelligence and longevity. The bidirectional selective breeding based on intelligence extended lifespans gradually generation by generation in INT breeding contrast to the reversed pattern in NINT breeding. INT of F12 generation lived longer than NINT of F12 generation, 63.91% for male and 67.88% for female, as a result from slower aging. The whole-genome transcriptome analysis showed the activation of the genes in ribosome and autophagy in INT and the pathways of genome stability and immune reaction in NINT. Especially, the genetic pathway associated with genome stability was most noticeable, indicating that genome stability contributes both to lifespan and intelligence in D. melanogaster.

In this paper, a kinetic model for bidirectional pedestrian flow is proposed and inspired in a one-dimensional evacuation scenario. Walkers exiting the building are assumed mostly passive while the ones moving in the wrong direction are considered aggressive. A two-Boltzmann-moment approach is considered, where densities and mean velocities of each species are the state variables. The corresponding system of transport equations is studied in a linear approximation in two cases: first considering the exiting crowd as being completely passive (intended to simulate a drill) and second, allowing for a disparate aggressiveness in both species (proposed as a real evacuation situation). Stability is found in the first case whereas the second scenario is always unstable. The characteristic time for the onset of instabilities in the second case is established which could be interpreted as the time-frame in which complete evacuation needs to be achieved in order to avoid a congestion in the context of this particular model.

The diffusion of green energy technological innovation based on international green energy cooperation is a critical pathway to achieving global low-carbon emission reductions. However, few studies have considered the innovation diffusion pathways of green energy technologies under bilateral policy uncertainties. This paper constructs an evolutionary game model for the diffusion of green energy technological innovation in a complex network environment, with a focus on analyzing the impacts of key parameters such as policy spillover effects, technological heterogeneity, technical leakage risks, and free-riding risks on the equilibrium outcomes of evolutionary strategies. The results of the study are as follows: (1) Technological synergy and technological heterogeneity have a significant role in promoting the diffusion of green energy technological innovation, but when technological heterogeneity is too high, it is difficult for the two parties to find more common interests and areas of technological interaction, and the cooperative innovation will be turned into an empty shell that has a name but no reality. (2) Policy uncertainty has a significant impact on the diffusion of green energy technology innovation, and the specific impact depends on the type of policy, policy intensity, policy spillover effects, and other key parameters. (3) The risk of technological obsolescence has prompted countries to deeply participate in green energy international cooperation to realize the “curved road overtaking” of green energy technology based on technological locking and latecomer advantages; due to the existence of the phenomenon of “free-riding”, the logic of value creation based on win–win cooperation is replaced by the opportunism of “enjoying the benefits”, and cooperative innovation may be turned into a one-time “handshake agreement”. The existence of the risk of technology leakage can turn collaborative innovation into a “witch hunt” by the underdog against the overdog, and the diffusion process of green energy technology innovation is led in the wrong direction.

Abstract Does Africa need Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EE) thinking? This paper argues that EE thinking is not a priority for Africa. The data is clear that Africa already has too many entrepreneurs. Further boosting the number of entrepreneurs in Africa seems like a step in the wrong direction. Instead, Africa should support the “right” kind of entrepreneurs, while reducing the total number of entrepreneurs. Two theories suggest that EE theory is the opposite of what African development needs: first, lessons from the technological catch-up that worked well for the development of South East Asia; and second, Schumpeterian growth theory which makes policy recommendations conditional on a country’s distance-to-frontier.