Worldwide Scale Research Articles

Demand-side frameworks for patented inventions: analysing the licences of right system and the FRAND licensing system

Abstract This paper examines the licences of right system in English law and the ETSI FRAND licensing system to explore underlying reasons and approaches informing the establishment and design of these voluntary licensing schemes. It is argued that both these systems were established to advance specific demand-side objectives. At the national level, the licences of rights system functions as a demand-side framework within the patent system to promote local working of inventions, complementing the supply-side oriented structure for patent grant. At the international level, the FRAND licensing system serves as a global demand-side framework to promote the working of inventions on a worldwide scale. The institutional arrangement of these frameworks closely aligns with the commons management strategy applied to traditional infrastructural resources, characterised by public access to inventions on non-discriminatory terms. This alignment facilitates public access to inventions for productive activities. However, their institutional arrangements are further qualified by the underlying demand-side objectives that initially motivated their creation. The development of such a demand-side framework must devise mechanisms to mitigate the barriers to public access created by patent rights, while simultaneously preserving incentives for patentees to contribute their inventions to demand-side frameworks.

Supporting Global Communications of 6G Networks Using AI, Digital Twin, Hybrid and Integrated Networks, and Cloud: Features, Challenges, and Recommendations

The commercial deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication networks has begun, bringing with it novel offerings, improved user activities, and a variety of opportunities for different types of organizations. However, there still exist several challenges to implementing 5G technology. Sixth generation (6G) wireless communication technology development has begun on a worldwide scale in response to these challenges. Even though there have been many discussions on this topic in the past, many questions remain unanswered in the present literature. The article provides a comprehensive overview of 6G, including the common understanding of the concept, as well as its technical requirements and potential applications. A comprehensive analysis of the 6G network design, potential uses, and key elements are covered. This research article delineates future study topics and unresolved challenges to stimulate an ongoing global discourse. This analysis and content of this study supports the use of different applications and services that will benefit the community in the near future using the 6G technology. Subsequently, recommendations for each problem are provided, offering solutions to unresolved difficulties where functionalities are anticipated to improve, hence enhancing the overall user experience.

Role of microRNAs in lung oncogenesis: Diagnostic implications, resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies.

Role of microRNAs in lung oncogenesis: Diagnostic implications, resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies.

Enhancing Route Optimization in Road Transport Systems Through Machine Learning: A Case Study of the Dakhla-Paris Corridor

Road transport systems (RTS) play an essential role in global supply chains, facilitating the efficient transport of goods and services over long distances and thus supporting economic activity on a worldwide scale. However, these systems face numerous challenges, particularly regarding safety, cost, and route optimization, requiring innovative and practical solutions to improve their overall performance. This paper proposes an in-depth analysis of RTS features forming a detailed dataset collected on the route between Dakhla (Morocco) and Paris (France). The study relies on applying advanced mathematical modeling techniques and analyzing several datasets to train various machine learning algorithms. The main objective is to identify optimized routes, combining high safety standards, reduced costs, and shorter transport times. The results show that the adopted approach results in safer and more efficient routes and complies with operational and regulatory constraints. Furthermore, this analysis highlights the importance of data quality and the integration of advanced technologies to deliver an intelligent route optimization system with significant reductions in cost and time. Finally, our results reveal that neural networks outperform other algorithms in this field, proving their superior effectiveness for this specific application.

Exploration of 4D Printing and its Applications in the Biomedical Sciences.

The potential for 3D printing to completely transform future advanced manufacturing systems has been widely acknowledged. Recent developments in 3D printing technology, particularly in the areas of materials, printers, and procedures, have the potential to revolutionize numerous industries and improve our quality of life on a worldwide scale. 4D printed structures evolve and display intelligent behavior based on specific stimulus-smart material interaction mechanisms and the right design of multi-material structures from mathematical modelling. Time, printer, and shape/property/functionality evolution are the goals of 4D printing, which differs from 3D printing in that it is predictable and not dependent on any one factor. These features enable the product to be self-assembled, multi-functional, and self-repairing. The idea behind fourdimensional printing is the creation of sophisticated three-dimensional structures that can change form in response to various external stimuli. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the smart materials, activation mechanisms, and shape-changing processes used in 4D printing. 4D printing items can be engineered for diverse biomedical purposes, including cell scaffolds, vascular stents, bone scaffolds, tracheal stents, and cardiac stents, through various 3D printing methodologies, influenced by diverse challenges. Additionally, the article explores the potential of shape-changing structures and their present uses in several scientific and biomedical areas.

Detection of Non‐Native Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Swedish Rivers Using eDNA

ABSTRACTBiological invasions are increasing on a worldwide scale and can have severe ecological and economic consequences. Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) have a native range in the Pacific Ocean but have been introduced and are now spreading in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, including Sweden. A comprehensive eDNA sampling scheme was conducted in 27 river systems in south‐western Sweden in 2023, with the aim to detect adult spawning pink salmon. We applied qPCR and dPCR analysis on aquatic eDNA samples. Results indicated the presence of pink salmon at 24 sites across 11 river systems. Pink salmon were not detected in any of the sampled rivers that drain into the Baltic Sea. However, pink salmon were present in a river only 35 km from the entrance to the Baltic Sea, which means there is a high risk pink salmon will spread into the Baltic Sea in the coming years. Catch reporting is generally low and camera fish counters are few across these systems; therefore, the strength of incorporating eDNA methods is beneficial for the development of pink salmon monitoring programs and aquatic invasive species management.

Food Safety Distribution Systems Using Private Blockchain: Ensuring Traceability and Data Integrity Verification.

The complexity of contemporary supply chains and the rise in foodborne illness cases have made ensuring food safety and traceability a top responsibility on a worldwide scale. Traditional traceability systems are prone to data tampering, fragmentation, and limited compatibility. Public blockchains have scalability, latency, and privacy problems that limit their use in real-time food safety systems, despite the fact that blockchain provides a secure data structure. Using Hyperledger Fabric, GS1 EPCIS standards, and Internet of Things-enabled environmental sensors, this paper suggests a private blockchain-based food safety monitoring system. To guarantee fault-tolerant, high-throughput processing in a permissioned blockchain setting, a Raft consensus mechanism was used. Hyperledger Caliper was used to benchmark the system once it was deployed with four nodes. According to experimental data, transaction throughput peaked at 230.2 TPS and averaged 207.4 ± 10.2 TPS. As the network grew from two to four nodes, latency increased somewhat from 259.3 ± 9.5 ms to 278.7 ± 9.1 ms, while block finalization time stayed below 3.184 ± 0.113 s. Over 114,925 documented transactions, data integrity was confirmed to be flawless. These results demonstrate that private blockchain technology can provide effective, scalable, and impenetrable food traceability, boosting openness and confidence throughout food networks.

Population genetic structure in two contrasting human-altered environments of yellow pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys flavescens.

Human activities are inducing substantial modifications to landscapes on a worldwide scale. As a result, a multitude of animal species are forced to adapt and survive within remnants of altered natural habitats rendering them more vulnerable to the impact of genetic drift. The objective of this research is to assess the degree of connectivity among Oligoryzomys flavescens, an orthohantavirus reservoir species, inhabiting two contrasting human-altered environments by means of genome-wide markers. This study was conducted in 16 sites with varying degrees of urbanization in the city of Buenos Aires and the surrounding metropolitan area, and rural localities in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Genomic DNA was extracted from 93 specimens collected between 2017 and 2019 and a total of 2456 SNPs, obtained through ddRADseq, were analyzed. Urban sites presented more genetic differentiation, cluster structuring, larger number of private alleles and a higher number of kinship relationships than rural sites. Genetic and spatial distances were positively associated in the rural area while no association was detected in the urban one. Furthermore, our analyses detected some degree of differentiation between individuals inhabiting riparian environments of two distinct river basins and typically rural environments further from both basins. Our results suggest that the urban environment imposes greater limitations to gene flow compared to rural areas, probably due to restrictions to dispersal caused by a higher degree of isolation. This information contributes to the understanding of the potential dispersion of hantavirus among rodents and to design prevention measures to reduce the risk of their transmission to humans.

Descriptive Statistical Study of The Number of Cases of Gastrointestinal Ulcers in Dhi Qar Governorate for The Year 2024

Back ground: The importance of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) on a worldwide scale, highlighting its detrimental impacts on health and connections to elements like Helicobacter pylori infection and lifestyle choices. the necessity of preventative actions and all-encompassing management. This study is crucial to informing healthcare policy and activities in Dhi Qar since, despite international studies, there is still a dearth of understanding of PUD in the area. In order to provide information for clinical practices and public health initiatives, the study is to examine PUD prevalence, related factors, healthcare-seeking behavior, and awareness levels in the Dhi Qar population. Methodology: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) prevalence and related factors in Dhi Qar were examined in this cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire that addressed the demographic criteria listed below. The sociodemographic attributes of age, gender, and place of residence. Clinical characteristics according to the location of the ulcer and infection with H. pylori. Behavioral factors or patients’ habits of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol.A cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Hasani Teaching Hospital in Dhi Qar in the Endoscopy Department during the period from 2/1/2024 to 12/1/2024.Descriptive statistical study of the number of cases of gastrointestinal ulcers in Dhi Qar Governorate where the number of patients admitted to the endoscopy. Adults 18 years of age or older who complained of dyspepsia and had an endoscopic evaluation in the endoscopy unit were included in the study. The flat was 1772, and both men and women were involved. Results: The number of patients admitted to the department was 1772, the number of patients with peptic ulcers according to medical history, tests and endoscopy results was 620 patients with peptic ulcers during this study. The prevalence of peptic ulcers was no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Age (P=0.31), Residential area (P=0.6), f Sex (P=0.3). While tatistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Reason for referral (P=0.01), Level of education(P=0.01). According to studies, smoking is one of the most important risk factors for the occurrence of ulcers, and because the number of smokers is less in society, the same applies to alcohol. Statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Status of Smoking, Source of drinking water, Hand washing habit before eating and Teeth decay (P=0.01). While no statistically significant differences were observed in the rates of digestive system diseases based on Fast Food, Chips and cakes (P=0.3). gastritis more prevalent infection 28%, Duodenitis recorded that 26% and Gastric ulcer 22%, while the lowest Duodenal ulcer rate recorded that 21%.

ISSUES WITH THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AGAINST DRUG USERS (Study of Decision Number): 214/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mdn)

Because it can harm the nation's values, the government views the distribution and usage of drugs as one of the major national issues. Drug offenders frequently receive punishments based on court rulings that fall short of providing a sense of justice and legal clarity. Articles 114, 112, and 127 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics are among the provisions that are frequently utilized to trap offenders in drug-related crimes. As a result of the articles' multiple interpretations, drug dealers and other criminals will pretend to be victims of drug-related crimes. that this will affect the imposition of short sentences, leading to unfairness in the process of implementation. The data and facts gathered by examining court rulings pertaining to criminal penalties against drug offenders and connecting them to relevant laws and regulations constitute the normative legal nature of this research, which is a method that describes or explains a fact in a methodical manner. According to the study's findings, this appears to be far more challenging in the realm of drug law enforcement. It appears that our law enforcement is ingrained in prioritizing criminal consequences. On a local, national, and worldwide scale, extraordinary encouragement is required. Regarding the case under investigation, the judge of the Medan District Court found the defendant legally and convincingly guilty in accordance with Article 112 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics.

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Minimally Invasive and Complex Surgical Procedures: A Systematic Review.

Robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming surgery by improving patient outcomes, efficiency, and precision. The use of robotics in surgery tackles important issues, including surgical precision, minimally invasive procedures, and healthcare accessibility, as global healthcare systems embrace AI-driven technologies more and more. However, access gaps and ethical issues with automation continue to exist on a worldwide scale, calling for a fair discussion of these developments. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the most recent literature on the role of AI and robotics in minimally invasive and complex surgical procedures. The study was conducted as perPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We search for relevant studies across four different databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). We also restricted our search to 2024 to capture the most recent advancement only. We found 393 relevant studies, of which only 12 were included in this study upon assessing them with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review ensures scientific rigor and openness by evaluating surgical specializations, AI technologies, and outcomes such as accuracy, recovery, and complications. The results show significant progress in AI-powered surgical systems, enhancing judgment, lowering surgical errors, and enabling individualized treatment plans. AI-enhanced visualization, real-time data processing, and automated robotic equipment are notable innovations that boost patient safety and procedure efficiency. The importance of these developments is emphasized throughout the discussion, especially with regard to developing minimally invasive procedures and increasing surgical capabilities for complex surgeries. However, obstacles to broad adoption are cited, including expenses, moral dilemmas, and the requirement for stringent training procedures.

Economic Growth, Climate Change and Clean Energy in a Post- COVID Era

This study analyzes how clean technology, including electric vehicles, clean cooking and lighting fuels, renewable energy, and renewable electricity generation, might assist to reduce climate change and promote sustainable development. These goals include improving health and well-being (SDG-3), ensuring clean water and sanitation (SDG-6), promoting industry, innovation, and infrastructure (SDG-9), combating climate change (SDG-13), developing sustainable cities and communities (SDG-11), protecting life below water (SDG-14), and preserving life on land (SDG-15). The study employed data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). According to the research, the deployment of clean energy technology has the ability to drastically lessen the impact of climate change, ensuring the long-term survival of the environment and ecosystems on a worldwide scale. The move from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles propelled by renewable energy sources has the potential to considerably cut carbon emissions related with transportation. Furthermore, installing energy-efficient appliances and lighting can efficiently minimize energy consumption and the carbon footprint connected with home power usage.

Xavier Landerer (1809-1885): A pioneer of the study of thermal waters in Greece.

Xavier Landerer was a distinguished German Professor of Natural Sciences who studied the composition of thermal waters and promoted their medicinal use in Greece during the nineteenth century. His authorial work was really innovative on a worldwide scale and he is considered a pioneer in studying thermal waters and disseminating their beneficial properties.

Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of To the Lighthouse from Eco-feminism’s View

With the advancement of ecological theory, ecological crises have become a major problem on a worldwide scale. Eco-feminism, as a new branch of theory, is a theory produced by the interaction between the feminism movement and Ecologism in the process of development. Eco-feminism believes that in a patriarchal society, both nature and women are oppressed by human beings, so women have a natural connection with nature. In addition to being one of the forerunners of feminist literature, Virginia Woolf is regarded as the most gifted female author in the annals of English literature. Her feminist literature "To the Lighthouse" has been deeply studied by scholars and interpreted from the perspective of Eco-feminism. They found that this work embodied the ideas of anti-anthropocentrism, anti-androcentrism and creating a harmonious environment, which are all core elements of Eco-feminists. There are a lot of scenes describing women and nature, man and nature in the To the Lighthouse, which reflects the author's Eco-feminism thought. This paper chooses Ma Ainong's translation and Qu Shijing's translation as the research object, aiming to explore the embodiment of Eco-feminism in the two translations, as well as the selection and application of translation strategies and techniques.

Transcriptome datasets of salt-stressed tomato plants treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Transcriptome datasets of salt-stressed tomato plants treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Impact of Covid-19 infection on thyroid functions

BackgroundThe 2019 coronavirus illness (COVID-19) has caused significant disruption on a worldwide scale. With several recent studies observing the rise of thyroid problems in afflicted individuals, the influence of COVID-19 on thyroid function is receiving more attention.This study aims to determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in COVID patients.MethodsWe evaluated thyroid function tests (TFTs) in 129 patients who were hospitalized to Zagazig University Hospitals with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Patients with pre-existing thyroid conditions or those on medications influencing (TFTs) were excluded. Serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4), thyrotropin (TSH), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured on the first day of admission, followed by follow-up TFTs within the first six months, one year, and two years after discharge.ResultsWe included 129 patients aged between 22 and 70 years, with 38 (29.5%) identified as male and 91 (70.5%) as female. Upon admission, (TFTs) were normal in 14.9% of patients. The findings also revealed 13.2% with subclinical hypothyroidism, 32.6% with subclinical hyperthyroidism, 6.2% with hypothyroidism, and 37.2% with hyperthyroidism. Two years after discharge, only 43.4% had normal TFTs, while 10.1% were being treated for hypothyroidism and 46.5% for hyperthyroidism.ConclusionThis study emphasizes the complex interplay between COVID-19, thyroid function, and vaccination status. The results indicate that thyroid dysfunction specifically hyperthyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or subclinical hypothyroidism might be a frequent outcome for patients recovering from COVID-19, particularly in those who experienced more severe cases.

DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES FOR ENGINEERING ADVANCED NANOSTRUCTURES TARGETING EFFICIENT ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION AND POLLUTION CONTROL

The extraction of innovative substances for effective cleanup is essential since contamination of the environment is an important issue on a worldwide scale. In this research, we look at how Graph Attention Networks (GATs), a kind of deep learning system, may be used to develop and maximize nanotechnology with the ultimate objective of economic pollution cleanup. Essential characteristics for ecological interaction modelling are included in the information set, including toughness, turbidity, organic carbon, chloramines, sulfate, pH, solids, and chloramines. The nanotechnology will remove pollutants; the recommended strategy uses GATs to describe the intricate interactions between multiple environmental variables. Everyone built a graph to show the relationship between the parameters and the individual samples, with the edges representing the relationship between them. Significant findings show that GATs can detect essential characteristics that affect cleanup performance, including carbon dioxide concentrations and sulfate material. Nanotechnologies with increased adsorbed and enzymatic capabilities were designed thanks to the machine learning model's excellent accuracy in forecasting. To sum up, this method offers a potent instrument for directing nanotechnologies' growth, enhancing efficiency in environmental cleanup and pollution management.

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Global Breast Cancer Care: A Scoping Review of Applications, Outcomes, and Challenges.

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has shown transformative potential in advancing breast cancer care globally. This scoping review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of AI applications in breast cancer care, examining how they could reshape diagnosis, treatment, and management on a worldwide scale and discussing both the benefits and challenges associated with their adoption. In accordance with PRISMA-ScR and ensuing guidelines on scoping reviews, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase were systematically searched from inception to end of May 2024. Keywords included "Artificial Intelligence" and "Breast Cancer". Original studies were included based on their focus on AI applications in breast cancer care and narrative synthesis was employed for data extraction and interpretation, with the findings organized into coherent themes. Finally, 84 articles were included. The majority were conducted in developed countries (n = 54). The majority of publications were in the last 10 years (n = 83). The six main themes for AI applications were AI for breast cancer screening (n = 32), AI for image detection of nodal status (n = 7), AI-assisted histopathology (n = 8), AI in assessing post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) response (n = 23), AI in breast cancer margin assessment (n = 5), and AI as a clinical decision support tool (n = 9). AI has been used as clinical decision support tools to augment treatment decisions for breast cancer and in multidisciplinary tumor board settings. Overall, AI applications demonstrated improved accuracy and efficiency; however, most articles did not report patient-centric clinical outcomes. AI applications in breast cancer care show promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. However, persistent challenges in AI adoption, such as data quality, algorithm transparency, and resource disparities, must be addressed to advance the field.

Wartime internment in camps as a global practice and experience

ABSTRACT This double special issue examines internment camps in the First and Second World Wars as exceptional wartime social institutions which were intended to isolate and segregate groups considered threatening or undesirable but also had the unintended effect of becoming zones of knowledge transfer. The studies of internment in the world wars presented here connect to a broader historiography around cultures of confinement, carceral practices, and camp societies in the modern era. The First World War established the paradigm for understanding modern mass internment on a worldwide scale, with “enemy civilians” becoming an increasingly significant category of internees. The Introduction discusses how the global turn in the study of wartime internment, detention, and imprisonment, enables scholars to understand the way internment experiences were conceptualised in different societies. What kinds of expertise about society were initially produced in and around the camps? How did internment affect the way individuals from these groups related to their host countries? To what extent is the history of incarceration also a history of population movements to multiple locations? Special attention is paid to the way internment turned national or imperial minorities into “globally circulating” populations, with nationalities such as the Germans, traditionally associated with state-forming “majorities”, appearing as minorities within different empires at war with Germany in both world wars. As such the special issue contributes to new approaches to internment studies, which include expanded geographies and the acknowledgment that global entanglements can be grasped through local sites and case studies.

A Comprehensive Exploration of Biomass Gasification Technologies Advancing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Part I

The pursuit of sustainable energy sources on a worldwide scale is a crucial and pressing matter, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) offering a comprehensive framework for properly addressing this challenge. This two-part paper provides an overview of the various technologies now available for the process of biomass gasification. Compared to other renewable energy sources, which have undergone significant technological advancements in recent years, the field of biomass conversion is still relatively new. Keeping up with the newest breakthroughs becomes increasingly crucial as new conversion techniques are rapidly being created. In the thermochemical conversion process called ‘biomass gasification’, biomass solid source materials are degraded or incompletely burned in an oxygen-free or oxygen-deficient high-temperature atmosphere, resulting in the production of biomass gas. Part I delves into different biomass gasification techniques, including upstream, gasification and downstream processes, highlighting their importance in transforming biomass into clean and combustible gases.