China is currently the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and also one of the countries making the greatest efforts to reduce emissions. The Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, located in southwest China, sits at the geometric center connecting China with South and Southeast Asia. Positioned at the convergence of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, it represents a typical plateau-based, ecologically livable urban cluster. Anthropogenic emissions at the county administrative level are crucial for achieving carbon neutrality goals, as reduction targets can be effectively decomposed to subnational units. However, existing research has primarily focused on the provincial or national level, with limited studies examining the spatiotemporal interaction characteristics of carbon emissions at the county level. This paper examines the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, employing Exploratory Spatio-Temporal Data Analysis (ESTDA) and Tapio spatial econometric methods. Based on a remote sensing image inversion dataset, it quantifies the spatio-temporal dynamics of county-level carbon emissions within the agglomeration from 2006 to 2021, along with the decoupling of emissions from economic growth during this 15-year period. Spatio-temporal interaction patterns of per capita carbon emissions across counties were analyzed using LISA metrics (path length, curvature, mean activity direction), spatiotemporal transition matrices (transition probabilities, transition types, transition indices), and spatiotemporal network graphs. Results indicate that per capita energy consumption carbon emissions in counties within the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration exhibit strong spatial clustering stability and path dependency characteristics. From 2006 to 2021, Type IV transitions (self-sustaining transitions where neither the region itself nor its adjacent units undergo spatial association type changes) dominated, accounting for 65.31%. This phenomenon may be linked to the rigidity of local energy consumption structures and the slow pace of industrial restructuring. However, the proportion of such transitions has shown a declining trend in recent years. By constructing a synergy index based on the LISA time-path covariance correlation coefficient of per capita carbon emissions in adjacent counties and visualizing it through the LISA spatiotemporal network, it was found that the region predominantly exhibited positive correlations (synergistic growth) from 2006 to 2021, with a pronounced trend of synergistic evolution. This formed a weak synergistic development network centered on Chenggong County, reflecting the core county's significant radiating and driving role in the regional low-carbon synergy process. Furthermore, this study identifies four decoupling states between per capita carbon emissions and per capita GDP: weak decoupling, strong decoupling, negative growth decoupling, and strong negative decoupling. Among these, weak decoupling is the most prevalent state, indicating that economic growth in most counties still relies to some extent on increased carbon emissions, and the low-carbon transition process requires further deepening.

The atmospheric levels of CO₂ have reached levels never seen before due to industrialization. This highlights the need for scalable, reliable, and economical carbon capture solutions. In this review, the author evaluated hybrid physical-chemical absorption systems. This absorption system combines high capture efficiency from physical solvents and the selectivity of chemical absorption. The major systems reviewed include solvent mixtures, membrane-assisted absorption, solid-supported amines, and desublimation hybrid systems. These were assessed on energy consumption, stability, sustainability, and deployment possibilities. The author concluded that hybrid systems could use 15-30 % less regeneration energy than traditional monoethanolamine-based capture. In addition, the hybrid systems can be produced with increased durability and operational flexibility. As of 2025, China is the world's largest emitter of CO₂and therefore represents a strong case study for assessing the pathways for large-scale implementation. The current research indicates strong technical viability but also reveal challenges such as solvent degradation, corrosion risks, and limited scale-up capacity. In conclusion, combining technology progress, technological and economic assessments, and policy frameworks, show that hybrid absorption is a viable and promising path toward decarbonization.

Against the backdrop of deteriorating global ecological environments and intensifying resource constraints, China, as one of the world's largest emitters of carbon and producer of solid waste, faces increasingly prominent dual pressures from solid waste pollution and carbon emissions. This presents severe challenges that necessitate effective policy tools for synergistic pollution and carbon reduction. This study focuses on the "Zero-Waste City" initiative as such a policy tool, systematically dissecting its complex impact on carbon emission efficiency. Urban carbon emission efficiency was calculated using the non-radial super-efficiency SBM model with undesirable outputs. Leveraging China's "Zero-Waste City" policy as a quasi-natural experiment, a difference-in-differences (DID) model was constructed to assess the policy's net effects and uncover multidimensional driving pathways. The results indicate that: (1) The "Zero-Waste City" initiative significantly improved carbon emission efficiency, increasing it by an average of 0.122 units in pilot cities. (2) Mechanism analysis reveals that the initiative, oriented toward source reduction of solid waste, promotes green industrial transformation by reducing waste disposal volumes and associated energy consumption, thereby achieving synergistic pollution and carbon reduction. Moreover, by prioritizing the resourceful utilization of solid waste, it drives green technological innovation, enhances efficient resource conservation, and improves urban carbon emission efficiency through substituting raw materials and fossil fuels with recycled waste materials. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the policy effects vary significantly, with more pronounced improvements in carbon emission efficiency observed in cities in eastern regions, resource-based cities, and large-sized cities. Based on these findings, recommendations include strengthening top-level design and regionally differentiated coordination; precisely targeting industrial transformation and technological innovation as two core pathways; and promoting city-specific implementation models while enhancing capacity building. This study provides empirical evidence for optimizing and scaling up the "Zero-Waste City" policy, offering valuable insights for advancing synergistic pollution and carbon reduction and achieving the dual-carbon goals.

ABSTRACT China stands as both the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases and the leading producer and user of clean energy technologies. While the country has rapidly expanded its green technology sector, this growth has largely added to, rather than replaced, fossil fuel consumption. This duality presents a complex challenge in assessing China's impact on the global green transition — a challenge which is compounded by ongoing debates about the essence of China's political economy and the relatively early stage of theorizing the broader political and economic implications of the green transition. Rather than debating whether China's system is capitalist or otherwise, this analysis focuses on understanding China through the logic of the pursuit of profits, as well as the country's approach to environmental policy. The transition is often framed in terms of ‘renewables capitalism’, emphasizing either state or market drivers, but this may overlook deeper tensions between the capitalist profit logic and the green transition. By examining these dynamics in a global context, and interrogating the motives behind China's actions, this article aims to shed light both on China's future performance and the extent to which a meaningful green transition is achievable, either within or outside renewables capitalism.

The People's Republic of China, as one of the world's largest emitters, has a markedly different approach to achieving an energy transition in a relatively short period of time due to the specific characteristics of its population, geographic location, distribution of resources, and political policies, which collectively present significant challenges to the realization of its goals. This study examines China's current energy policy and how it balances economic growth, energy security, and environmental protection. The study found that China faces considerable challenges, including the need to reconcile the unequal distribution of resources and address issues such as the imbalance in population distribution, as well as the necessity to achieve a complete energy transition in a relatively short period of time. This study analyses China's current energy policy in order to ascertain how it balances economic growth, energy security, and environmental protection

Indonesia is one of the world's largest emitters of carbon dioxide. This aligns with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which states that economic growth initially causes environmental damage. This study uses the Error Correction Model (ECM) with time series data from 2002-2022 to definitively examine the relationship between sectoral GDP and FDI inflows with CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The results show that sectoral GDP significantly negatively affects CO2 emissions in the long and short run. In contrast, the quadratic form of GDP has a positive effect, indicating an anomaly in the expected EKC pattern. Moreover, FDI inflows significantly affect CO2 emissions only in the long run. These findings highlight the urgent need for policymakers to implement environmentally sustainable economic development strategies in Indonesia. Abstrak Indonesia merupakan salah satu penghasil emisi karbon dioksida terbesar di dunia. Hal ini sejalan dengan hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) di mana pertumbuhan ekonomi pada awalnya akan menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Error Correction Model (ECM) dengan periode data dari tahun 2002-2022 untuk menguji secara definitif hubungan antara PDB sektoral dan FDI Inflows dengan emisi CO2 di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PDB sektoral memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap emisi CO2, baik di jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Sebaliknya, bentuk kuadrat dari PDB memiliki efek positif, yang mengindikasikan adanya anomali dalam pola EKC. Selain itu, FDI Inflows memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap emisi CO2 hanya dalam jangka panjang. Temuan-temuan ini menyoroti adanya kebutuhan mendesak bagi para pembuat kebijakan untuk menerapkan strategi pembangunan ekonomi yang ramah lingkungan di Indonesia.

Global warming is a critical crisis confronting the world, with industrial CO2 emissions accounting for 65% of global greenhouse gases and serving as the leading driver of the greenhouse effect. This paper focused on the development and challenges of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology in China. As the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, China has made substantial efforts to combat global climate change through CCS, which captures and stores CO2 from industrial processes. The paper analyzed the technical principles of CCS, covering capture, transportation, and storage methods, while assessing their feasibility within China’s coal-dependent energy structure. Key issues such as public acceptance, legal frameworks, and cost-efficiency are also examined. The study concluded by proposing strategies to overcome these challenges and promote large-scale deployment of CCS technology, emphasizing the importance of technological innovation, policy alignment, and international collaboration. By addressing barriers to implementation and exploring innovative solutions, this paper aimed to deepen the understanding of CCS technology’s role in mitigating climate change, ultimately contributing to global initiatives for environmental sustainability and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

China's carbon market is pivotal in the global battle against climate change, especially as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. The establishment and effective management of this market are critical for advancing global environmental sustainability. Central to this effort is the carbon trade price (CTP), widely recognized as a key indicator of market fluctuations. In 2022, China's carbon market experienced significant turmoil, contrasting sharply with the resilience of the European carbon market, which demonstrated steady demand and price growth. This article reviews existing literature on the factors influencing CTP, identifying crucial elements such as environmental conditions, policy frameworks, market dynamics, and economic indicators that shape China's Emissions Trading System (ETS). A detailed analysis of these factors for the years 2021 and 2022 is provided. Additionally, I propose further factors that may impact the CTP and offer a series of policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness and stability of China's carbon market.

Exploring the role of trade credit in facilitating low-carbon development: Insights from Chinese enterprises

The impact of digital economy on low-carbon transition: What is the role of human capital?

Analysis of anthropogenic CO2 emission uncertainty and influencing factors at city scale in Yangtze River Delta region: One of the world's largest emission hotspots

Understanding China's CO2 emission drivers: Insights from random forest analysis and remote sensing data

Demands for energy are rising as the world's population expands. To meet these demands, fossil fuels have been overused, yet this over reliance on them has led to their depletion. The usage of fossil fuels has also significantly contributed to the release of greenhouse gases, which is a serious environmental concern. Sustainable energy is therefore environmentally friendly and financially sound. Petro-diesel can be replaced by biodiesel because it is biodegradable and less hazardous. Biofuel is any fuel produced from biomass, which can be either animal fats or waste, plant or algae material as a feedstock. Biomass benefits in producing fuels which helps to lessen the demand for petroleum fuel and products. Petroleum fuel and gas increase the greenhouse gas emissions profile of the transportation sector. The Republic of South Africa (RSA) is the 14th world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. This is due to the emissions resulting from burning and heavy reliance on coal. Since biofuel can be produced domestically from natural sources like soybeans, rapeseed, macadamia nuts, coconuts, and even leftover cooking, it has the potential to serve as a remarkable substitute for the commonly used petroleum-derived diesel fuel. This study addresses the historical development of macadamia nuts with a focus on the South African Macadamia Nuts (SAMN) industry, its origin, and as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The generation and classification of biodiesel, physicochemical properties, biodiesel standards, and both American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European Committee for Standardization (EN 14214), and South African biodiesel framework standards are discussed. Furthermore, the biodiesel blending requirements, techniques, and benefits were outlined. Finally, the biodiesel regulatory framework of SA and biodiesel framework as per the Biodiesel Task team (BTT) was examined.

Impact of carbon pricing on mitigation potential in Chinese agriculture: A model-based multi-scenario analysis at provincial scale

Environmental regulations, technological innovation, and low carbon transformation: A case of the logistics industry in China

Legislative responses to climate change vary significantly between countries, often reflecting a combination of political, economic, and social factors. A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA reveals distinct approaches shaped by their unique contexts, though both face similar challenges in addressing this global crisis. In Nigeria, a developing nation with a growing population and economy heavily dependent on fossil fuels, legislative efforts to combat climate change have been relatively nascent. The country faces a multitude of environmental challenges, including deforestation, desertification, and pollution, exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and weak enforcement mechanisms. However, recent years have seen some progress, with the Nigerian government acknowledging the need for action through initiatives like the National Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy. Legislative measures such as the Climate Change Bill aim to institutionalize climate action, although implementation remains a challenge due to limited resources and competing priorities. Conversely, the USA, as one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, has a long history of climate policy debate and action. While federal efforts have fluctuated depending on the political landscape, individual states have taken significant strides in implementing climate legislation. States like California have enacted ambitious measures to reduce emissions, promote renewable energy, and enhance resilience to climate impacts. At the federal level, policies such as the Clean Air Act and the Paris Agreement (from which the USA had withdrawn but later rejoined) demonstrate a commitment to addressing climate change, although partisan divisions often hinder progress on comprehensive legislation. A key difference between the two countries lies in their levels of development and capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change. While the USA possesses greater financial and technological resources, Nigeria grapples with structural challenges that impede effective climate action. Additionally, socio-economic disparities within each country influence the distribution of environmental risks and benefits, highlighting the importance of equity in climate policy. While Nigeria and the USA approach legislative responses to climate change from different perspectives, both face common obstacles in transitioning to a sustainable future. Effective climate policy requires not only legislative action but also international cooperation, technological innovation, and socio-economic transformation to mitigate the impacts of climate change and build resilience for future generations.

Legislative responses to climate change vary significantly between countries, often reflecting a combination of political, economic, and social factors. A comparative analysis of Nigeria and the USA reveals distinct approaches shaped by their unique contexts, though both face similar challenges in addressing this global crisis. In Nigeria, a developing nation with a growing population and economy heavily dependent on fossil fuels, legislative efforts to combat climate change have been relatively nascent. The country faces a multitude of environmental challenges, including deforestation, desertification, and pollution, exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure and weak enforcement mechanisms. However, recent years have seen some progress, with the Nigerian government acknowledging the need for action through initiatives like the National Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy. Legislative measures such as the Climate Change Bill aim to institutionalize climate action, although implementation remains a challenge due to limited resources and competing priorities. Conversely, the USA, as one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases, has a long history of climate policy debate and action. While federal efforts have fluctuated depending on the political landscape, individual states have taken significant strides in implementing climate legislation. States like California have enacted ambitious measures to reduce emissions, promote renewable energy, and enhance resilience to climate impacts. At the federal level, policies such as the Clean Air Act and the Paris Agreement (from which the USA had withdrawn but later rejoined) demonstrate a commitment to addressing climate change, although partisan divisions often hinder progress on comprehensive legislation. A key difference between the two countries lies in their levels of development and capacity to mitigate and adapt to climate change. While the USA possesses greater financial and technological resources, Nigeria grapples with structural challenges that impede effective climate action. Additionally, socio-economic disparities within each country influence the distribution of environmental risks and benefits, highlighting the importance of equity in climate policy. While Nigeria and the USA approach legislative responses to climate change from different perspectives, both face common obstacles in transitioning to a sustainable future. Effective climate policy requires not only legislative action but also international cooperation, technological innovation, and socio-economic transformation to mitigate the impacts of climate change and build resilience for future generations.

With the development of science, technology, and the economy, China has become the world's largest emitter of carbon emissions. To achieve sustainable development in both the economy and the environment, promoting a low-carbon economy and implementing energy conservation and emission reduction measures are crucial. This study incorporates media participation as an effective source of government supervision into an evolutionary game model that addresses the choices of environmental regulations and emission reduction strategies for non-compliant port and shipping enterprises. Through the derivation and analysis of replicator dynamics equations and evolutionary stability, four different scenarios are identified, representing the strategic choices of government environmental regulations and non-compliant enterprise behaviors. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the evolutionary outcomes and pathways under different initial values and conditions. Additionally, the impact of media exposure probability on the strategic choices of the government and non-compliant enterprises is analyzed. The results indicate that a higher media exposure probability can promote non-compliant enterprises to opt for self-disclosure while reducing government regulatory costs. The government can enhance the positive involvement of the media to lower the regulatory costs imposed on non-compliant port and shipping enterprises, thereby improving the design of environmental regulations and achieving a win-win situation for economic and environmental performance.

China is the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide and has experienced significant economic growth in the last decade. The country also has significant employment capacity and has witnessed rapid economic growth in the recent years. This study aims to investigate the existence of the environmental employment curve (EEC) in China's main economic sectors. This study examines the relationship between carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, renewable energy consumption and employment (industry, services, agriculture) in China over the period 1990–2020 using threshold autoregressive regression estimation. According to the EEC hypothesis, there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental pollution and employment rate. Empirical results show that the EEC hypothesis seems to hold in China. Further, an analysis of the impact of employment on environmental pollution in China's three main sectors – industry, service and agriculture – shows that the EEC hypothesis cannot be rejected in the industrial and the agricultural sectors. In addition, empirical results show that a 1% increase in energy consumption leads to a 0.92% increase in carbon emissions, while the use of renewable energy leads to a 0.18% decrease. These results suggest that investments in green energy transformation do not cause employment loss. Hence, it is important to drive policies that promote investments in renewable and clean technologies, stimulate research in renewable energy-related institutions and support public-private partnerships. Additionally, to generate employment without compromising on the environment or prosperity, policymakers should choose to implement alternative technologies that are less polluting or do not produce any carbon emissions.

Driving factors to agriculture total factor productivity and its contribution to just energy transition