World History Perspective Research Articles

Silver mining monopolies and money relations in the ‘Asian age of the world economy’

The paper argues that Western silver mining monopolies emerged in the Western world in tandem with the Asian age of the world economy. The flow of silver bullion from Western Europe to Asian markets and especially China, was the ‘sustained breadth’ or the macroeconomic condition that mining needed to trigger bundles of money relations at the local and regional levels in dialectical response to such condition. The paper presents a general discussion of two exemplary cases of silver mining monopolies that confirm this argument. In the first case, a local mining corporation in Trent unleashed money relations that expanded both monopoly power over the mines of the city along with monetary relations. The second case, the colonial mining monopolies of Spanish America, shows how money and debt relations increased the speed of mining along with Western European bullion demand in this period. The paper argues that the relation between mining monopolies and money in world history perspective is an urgent line of inquiry to historians and social scientists interested in understanding the centuries-old, dynamic nexus between mining and capital.

An International Relations Study: Turks in The Western World's History Perspective and Ataturk's Approach

Atatürk started numerous revolutions immediately after the war of independence, also called the struggle for national independence. The works conducted were about the content rather than the form. He desired the Turkish nation to take its rightful place among the world's nations. While building the foundations of the newly established state, on the one hand, he was making great efforts to improve the country's prestige and position abroad. At the beginning of the 20th century, the W

Determining the historical significance of the farewell sermon of the Prophet (PBUH) in context of demand of the time

In the 10th Hijrah, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performed Hajj (pilgrimage) only once in his life and delivered his historic 'Farewell Sermon' for the liberation and welfare of the world humanity. This paper explores the importance and significance of the sermon in the context of its historical demand and its place in the world civilisation. The article also attempts to review historically on speaker, time and application of the speech to determine its place in perspective of world history and Islamic history as well. The methodology of the paper followed a qualitative approach comprised of the secondary source. It is argued that the sermon is the only historic speech in the world that incomparable provisions on liberation and welfare of humanity till the Final Day. The ultimate implication of the magnificent sermon is sustained ensuring its time was momentous and eventful; the more appropriate time cannot be estimated. Thus, according to historical analysis, the farewell sermon of the Final Apostle (PBUH) is the demand of time intimately and significantly that relevant to today’s life and society. IIUC Studies Vol.17, December 2020: 55-72

벌링게임사절단과 이와쿠라사절단의 세계일주와 대양항로

From the perspective of world history, development of transportation by the influence of discovery of a new course and the Industrial Revolution enabled global long-distance travel with the advent of new inventions such as steamboat, train etc. This manuscript is one of comparative studies on the marine civilization of Burlingame and Iwakura missions, the representative overseas missions of Qing and Japan during the modern times, which aims to pay attention to the course of around-the-world voyage. This study made a comparative analysis on the marine images of the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean appeared in the travelogue of an around-the-world of the two missions through an ocean line. The concept of Five Oceans and Six Continents was not settled among Chinese people in those days and The Orient Sea(大東洋)’which is a relative term of the Atlantic was being changed into The Pacific(太平洋)’. Contrary to the foregoing, this study confirmed that the perception of the ocean of the Japanese was developed to a considerable degree. Long-distance voyage led to conversion of the concept of time and space, and marine civilization of modern times like port, lighthouse and the great canal of China as well the means of transportation such as steamboat, train, cable witnessed by the missions overwhelmed in all aspects. For intellectuals of the East Asia, a geographic space of the ocean was a new civilizational discovery telling the start of modern times.<BR> If it is agreed with the premise that modern civilization was originated form the sea, the level of perception toward marine civilization is reflection of the level of modernization. Among the ocean-related materials to be dealt with in the body are steam engine, ship structure, memories of voyage to the ocean (wind wave, seasickness, shipboard disease and death), innovation of geographic perspective, changes in conception of time, lighthouse and rock, submarine cable and overseas emigration, opening of the Suez Canal, scenery of port etc. This study aims to summarize and analyze those individual experiences for looking into the conversion of outlook on the world of missions of the two countries through the ocean simultaneously with description of marine network between port cities. During the process of the abovementioned searching, it is expected that we will be able to have at least a partial understanding of the process of disintegration of conventional China-centered outlook on the world.

Fang Hao(方豪) and Zhongxi jiaotong shi(中西交通史) - Its Meanings and Limitations in History of Historiography -

This paper examines the life and achievements of modern Chinese historian Fang Hao(1910-1980) and the meanings of Zhongxi jiaotong shi, one of his representative achievements, in history of historiography including its composition, materials, characteristics and limitations. It is thought that the author, who had never had any formal professional education of history, was able to write a masterpiece of this field not only due to the atmosphere of Chinese universities and academia of the time which emphasized competence rather than educational background, but also with his own effort and will as the greatest driving force. The author lived an extraordinary life by consistently publishing numerous wide-ranging academic writings during his busy daily life of actively participating in various conferences and research institute activities, while fulfilling his duties as a Catholic priest, a director of a press, and a professor as well. Zhongxi jiaotong shi is a book that almost completely summarizes the history of Sino-Western exchange from the prehistoric era to the mid-Qing Dynasty, and it’s difficult to find a research comparable to this in terms of composition, cited materials, historical investigation and perspective. While it describes the relations with the West in a chronological order until the late-Ming dynasty, which is when the contact between China and the West began in earnest, it takes an exceptional approach regarding the Sino-Western cultural exchange mainly developed by Western missionaries after the late-Ming dynasty, by dealing in detail according to each academic discipline. In addition, the trustworthiness of historical investigation is increased by the comparative analysis of various domestic and foreign materials and preceding studies including excavated artifacts and ancient legends, and in some cases it shows flexibility of using materials from East Asian countries that are not in the research range. Moreover, comprehending the phenomenon of Sino-Western exchange from the world-history perspective and focusing on indirect and trivial relations were rare attempts compared to preceding researches. This book not only has expanded the horizon of studies on the history of Sino-Western exchange through finding out historical sources and individual researches unnoticed by others, but is also characterized by solving long-standing issues of academia and correcting errors of related materials and preceding researches which led to a lot of new interpretations. This has been made possible due to the author’s solid basis of Chinese studies, excellent foreign language skills, detailed historical investigation, and his own unique view of the history. The author focused on studying the Sino-Western cultural exchanges during the late-Ming and the early-Qing period because, other than the environmental factors of his growing up and being a priest, he considered the continuation of cultural exchanges with the spirit of mutual equality and respect as the most ideal direction for human society’s coexistence and convergence. As a member of the generation that had experienced inequalities and invasions between China and the West since the Opium War, this perception of the author is thought to be an academic attitude ahead of the times. Although this book has a lot of strengths shown above, it has problems such as poor readability due to the systematic limitation of writing practices of the time, and the misprints caused by rushing printing to use it as a textbook. Quite a few imperfections such as contents that seem to be the author’s mistake or misunderstanding and the lack of consistency(unity) are found additionally. As the author was also aware of these shortcomings and was very dissatisfied by them, it’s a shame he did not have an opportunity to make corrections and supplementations to the end.

세계사 속의 5.18 -피털루, 잘리안왈라공원, 그리고 광주-

세계사 속의 5.18 -피털루, 잘리안왈라공원, 그리고 광주-

Migration and Settlement, Recreation of Communities

필자들은 커먼즈(Commons)의 연구와 관련하여 줄곧 ‘공동자원이라는 연구주제에 대해 역사연구라는 영역에서는 어떤 접근을 시도해 볼 수 있을 것인가?’ 라는 문제의식을 가져왔다. 이 같은 문제의식은 제주지역이 가지는 다양한 역사문화적 맥락의 이해를 동반하는 공동자원 연구의 진행이 필요하다는 점을 각인시켰다. 이러한 문제의식에 기반한 연구주제들 중, 필자의 관심을 끌었던 주제는 바로 동아시아 역사 속에 보이는 이민과 정착 문제였다. 국적을 뛰어넘은 이동과 해외 정착은 종족정체성과 지역사회정체성을 강화할 뿐만 아니라, 새로운 신분정체성과 함께 국적을 초월한 문화정체성을 강화하기도 한다. 다시 말하면 각 족군(族群)들이 거쳐 온 이주와 정주의 과정들 속에서 새로운 정착지에서 공동체가 어떻게 유지되고 재형성되었는지에 대한 다양한 인과론적 탐색을 통해 공동체의 유지를 가능하게 하였던 커먼즈적 요소가 무엇인지를 추적해 볼 수 있을 것이라 생각했다. 세계사적으로 상당히 강한 이주공동체를 형성하고 있는 화교이주공동체와는 대조적으로 한국인의 해외이주공동체는 상대적으로 그 세력과 범위가 화교의 이주공동체에 비해 미약하다고 말할 수 있다. 그런데, 전 세계에 수많은 지역에 산재한 강력한 화교이주공동체들 중, 유독 한국화교 공동체는 한국사회에서는 상대적으로 강력한 이주공동체로 성장하지 못하였다. 이와는 대조적으로 본문에서 살펴보고자 하는 화교, 특히 부산지역의 화교와는 다르게 재외한국인 이주공동체 중, 오사카를 중심으로 형성된 재일제주인(在日濟州人)사회는 상대적으로 강력한 이주공동체를 형성하고 유지해왔다는 점에서 주목할 만하다. 오늘날 국경을 넘나드는 이주로 인해 기존의 중심과 주변의 관계구도는 다극화되고 분산되는 한편, 주변부는 그 자체로 내적 차이를 발생시켰다. 지역과 세계가 직접 대면하는 과정을 통해 여러 가지 새로운 형태의 횡단적이며 혼종적인 문화현상을 만들어 내었다. 때문에 이주 문제는 공간이동에만 국한되는 것이 아니라 제도, 정치, 사회, 문화, 네트워크 등 다양한 내외적 연결망들이 복합적으로 작용한다. 특히 이 과정에서 형성되는 공동체와 정체성의 형성에는 이주 집단이 공통적으로 포괄할 수 있는 커먼즈적 요소가 자리할 수밖에 없다.In regard of studies on commons, I have kept asking, ‘how can the research topic, commons, be approached in the area of research on history?’ The awareness of the issue raised the necessity of conducting a study on commons in line with the understanding of Jeju in its various historic and cultural context. Among several research topics based on the awareness of the issue, the one that attracted my attention was migration and settlement issues seen in the history of East Asia. Migration beyond nationality and settlement in foreign countries strengthen not only ethnic and community identities, but also new personal and cultural identities beyond nationality. In other words, commons that have maintained communities were expected to be traced by exploring various causal relationships regarding how communities were maintained and recreated in new settlements in the process of migration and settlement that each ethnic group had experienced. Unlike overseas Chinese that have formed strong migrant communities from the perspective of world history, the power and range of overseas Korean communities are relatively weaker than them. These strong overseas Chinese communities are scattered in numerous regions around the world, but overseas Chinese communities in Korea have not been grown as a relatively strong migrant community in Korean society. Unlike the overseas Chinese that are discussed in this study, in particular, overseas Chinese in Busan, people from Jeju Island who reside in Osaka, Japan, compared to other overseas Korean communities, have formed and maintained a relatively strong migrant community, which is worthy of notice. Recent migrations across borders have multipolarized and decentralized existing relations between centers and surroundings, while surroundings themselves have created internal differences. In the process where regions and the world meet face to face, transversal and hybrid cultural phenomena have been created in various new forms. For this reason, issues associated with migrations are not confined to movements between spaces, but they are the results of the combination of various internal and external networks such as system, politics, society, culture and network. In particular, commons that migrant communities can commonly embrace inevitably lie in the process of forming communities and identities.

Trynitarny aspekt creatio continua

The act of creation on the part of God is unique, but it has a trinitarian shape, since it is contained in the internal life of God. The act of creation is the action of Divine Persons. It culminated in the world, created living and non-living, material and non-material beings. From the perspective of world history the act of creation may be looked upon as an act of God that brought about the existence of the world and also as God’s ongoing effort aimed at sustaining the world in its existence and constant bringing about new beings. Creation in general, including creatio continua , has a trinitarian shape. It is an act of three Divine Persons, and especially an act of the Son of God, who as the only one of the Trinity, has the ability to embrace our human condition. This ability found its reflection in the Incarnation. Being both God and man, Christ is not only an acting subject but also a personified Coming into existence.

Mobility, Empire and Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia (MONGOL)

This essay reviews the ERC-funded project Mobility, Empire and Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mongol Eurasia conducted at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1/2013-12/2017). The project has studied the impact of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368) on world history through the prism of mobility. It aimed to explain why, how, when, and to where people ideas and artifacts moved across Eurasia and what were the outcomes of these population movements. Guided by »the humanistic approach to world history«, namely combining a world history perspective with a close reading of multilingual primary sources, the project has created a sophisticated prosopographical database for studying these movements. The database records multilingual information about people who were active in Mongol Eurasia, currently indexing more than 13,500 persons. This unique resource enables the study of various groups of migrants (tribes, captives, experts, etc.); networks of economic and cultural transfer; and various imperial institutions (army, diplomacy, imperial sons-in-law), thereby illuminating the era’s social and cultural history. Stressing the pivotal role of the nomadic Mongols in initiating population movements, it analyses how these movements created multiple cross-cultural contacts; triggered massive ethnic, religious and geopolitical transformations, and led to a closer integration of the old world. The enhanced connectivity created both a common imperial culture – material, political, administrative – across Eurasia, and relativism of knowledge and religions. These, in turn, left a considerable imperial legacy to later polities, and helped shape the transition from the medieval to the early modern world. Yielding more than 80 publications so far, while various books, volumes and dissertations are in the making; training and grooming a considerable portion of the next generation of Mongol Empire scholars; and contributing significantly to the globalization of Mongolian studies worldwide, the project’s main legacy has been the study of the Mongol Empire on its own terms and within its full Eurasian context.

比較文化史的人類文明史としての「世界史」への展望と文字世界としての文化世界(コラム 歴史の風)

比較文化史的人類文明史としての「世界史」への展望と文字世界としての文化世界(コラム 歴史の風)

From Harmony and Balance To Diversification and Deepening

The general characteristics of French history and Italian history studies published in 2013~2014 can be summarized as quantitative increase in books, ‘harmony between old and new’ - ‘harmonious and balanced’ study between existing researchers and budding ones - , the balance of the study period, diversity of subjects, and the improvement and deepening of its contents. First, professional academic books coexist harmoniously with the books written for communication with general public, dealing with various and interesting subjects. Some critical books which rebut existing analysis offer a forum for academic debate and many translated books provide scholars and general public with a chance to access important achievements of french history academia.BR Senior scholars set a good example not only by their thesis but by the books that refine the previous studies. Small in number as they are, new researchers continue their study actively after doctor’s degree. As for the subjects of study, along with familiar ones including ancient regime, the French Revolution, liquidation of the past, migration history, and colonial issues, new subjects such as Others recognized in the West, the First World War, education, and 68 mouvement were actively addressed. Studies made its way beyond the discussion limited to the french history, introducing various aspects and interpretations on specific subject , and further surveying historical meaning in the perspective of world history.

The Logic and Method of Justifying Foreign Invasions: Comparing the Hideyoshi and Manchu Invasions of Chosŏn

This article attempts to establish a comprehensive understanding of the many international wars that beset East Asia from the late sixteenth to the early seventeenth century. These wars can be summarized as attempts by newly unified polities in Manchuria and Japan to subjugate the “Chinese cultural sphere” represented by Chosŏn Korea and Ming China—attempts that were ultimately successful. Although the aggressors in the Imjin War on the one hand and the Chŏngmyo-Pyŏngja Wars on the other were different and did not mutually influence each other, they showed similar logic in trying to legitimize their invasions of Chosŏn. By comparing documents produced before and during the conflicts by the Japanese and the Manchu, this article will ascertain how both sides justified their invasions and how they tried to impose this historical memory on the invaded country, Chosŏn. By retracing the discourse of a “just war” that was developed in pre-modern East Asia, this study shows how both Manchu and Japanese documents regarding the foreign invasions refer to ancient Chinese concepts of “punitive expedition” ( zhengfa ) and Heaven ( Tian ), which are either used in different ways (in the case of the former), or in broadly similar ways (in the case of the latter) by both sides. The relevant documents, which were composed either during the war or shortly after, show how both sides employed similar strategies to try and argue that their invasions were cases of righteous wars. Rather than taking Chosŏn’s experience of being invaded as unique and absolute, this article tries to reevaluate this experience from a world history perspective, and makes a case for seeing these conflicts as part of a series of interconnected events that took place at a turning point in East Asian history.

The Asiatic Mode of Production in World History Perspective: From a Universal to a Particularistic View of History

Discussions on Marx’s “Asiatic mode of production” are essentially about the relationship between the universal and the particularistic view of history. Marx adhered to the world history position, but in the course of formulating his theory of the Asiatic mode of production he moved from universal history to a particularistic view of history; whereas the shift from the “Russian path” and “Russian way” provided by the Russian revolution to Stalin’s doctrine of the “five forms” of social development represented a return from particularistic to universal history. In developing a Chinese view of history, three elements cannot be overlooked: the Chinese pattern of historical development and China’s present development experience; Marx’s theory of social forms and his thoughts on Oriental society in his later years; and the “Russian path” and “systemic transformation” launched by the October Revolution.

The Mongol Empire in World History: The State of the Field

AbstractThe study of the Mongol Empire has made enormous strides in the past two decades, and its most notable impact is the shift of seeing the Empire not only in national or regional terms but from a holistic perspective, in its full Eurasian context. This focus, credited mostly to the works of Thomas T. Allsen, also means that the scholarly literature now gives more space to topics that interest world historians such as the cultural, economic, religious and artistic exchanges that prevailed in Mongol Eurasia, or the legacy that the Mongol Empire left for the early modern empires. Simultaneously, the Mongols' image begins to shift from the barbarian warriors obsessed with massacres and plunder, to the Mongols as active promoters of cross‐cultural connections, who even brought about the transition from the medieval to the modern world. The paper reviews the major trends in the study of the Empire from world history perspective and argues that the nomadic civilization of the Mongols should be taken into account in world history surveys.

David Ayalon (1914–1998) and the History of Black Military Slavery in Medieval Islam

: This paper deals with three inter-related topics: the origins of Black military slavery, the legacy of David Ayalon and Islamic military slavery in the broader context of world history. The first Black military system emerged in ninth-century Aghlabid Ifrīqiya, but its heyday and demise took place in eleventh- through twelfth-century Fatimid Egypt. Black military slavery was mostly outside the mainstream of David Ayalon’s work on Islamic military slavery, but it should be integrated into the study of both medieval Islamic military history and slavery. When viewed from the perspective of world history, Islamic military slavery and its Black component are part of a global experience of arming slaves and the transformation of slaves to soldiers.

Marxism and the politics of positioning China in world history

This paper critically traces Marxist and certain other relevant traditions of knowledge about China's evolving position in the capitalist modern world, seeking to place current struggles over the country's future direction in the post-communist epochal parameters. Ultimately, given the Marxian perspective of world history in terms of capitalist genesis, expansion and revolutionary transformations (of pre-capitalism as well as capitalism itself), to position China in its historical and international contexts is to clarify its relationship with the global capitalist system. It is politics, rather than any economic logic or cultural destiny, which (de)legitimizes and explains that relationship and makes possible an alternative Chinese path of potential universality.

Raphaël Lemkin, creator of the concept of genocide: a world history perspective

Genocide is one of those rare concepts whose author and inception can be precisely specified and dated. The term was created by the brilliant PolishJewish and later American jurist Raphael Lemkin (1900-59) in 'Genocide' in his book Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress, published in the United States in 1944.2 Lemkin was also the prime mover in the discussions that led to the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. The concept was immediately recognised worldwide as of contemporary significance and future importance, for it called attention to humanity at its limits. It is a major concept in international law, for its framework of group experience and rights challenges both a stress on the individual as the subject of law and the exclusive jurisdiction of modern nation-states.3 Lemkin as an intellectual figure and the concept of genocide have been a preoccupying interest for me since 2001 when I co-edited a special series of essays for the journal Aboriginal History called 'Genocide? Australian Aboriginal history in international perspective'.4 The spectre of genocide as a feature of Australian history in relation to its Indigenous peoples had, only a few years before, been raised by the Australian Human Rights Commission's 1997 Bringing Them Home report, which argued that the Aboriginal child-removal practices in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries fell within the definition of genocide used in the 1948 UN Genocide Convention.5 In 2003, Ann Curthoys and I researched Lemkin's papers in the American Jewish Historical Society in New York and the New York Public Library, where we were especially eager to pursue the suggestions in his definition linking genocide with settler colonialism.6 I think that Australian scholars are at the forefront of world genocide studies because historical investigation of settler colonialism is so intense, sustained and interrogative in Australia.7 Inspired by Lemkin's work, the new genocide studies asks: are settler colonies inherently or constitutively genocidal?8 And, if so, what does this say of the ethical character of post-1492 European settler colonialism and empires? After such knowledge, what honour?9 My essay will be in two parts. Part one will offer a sketch of Lemkin's life, outlining his ideas about genocide in his published and unpublished writings. My approach is influenced by Hannah Arendt 's Men in Dark Times, which says we can best understand a thinker in terms of biography, sensibility, anecdote and social genealogy.10 I am also influenced by Janet Abu-Lughod's world-history approach. Abu-Lughod suggests that the writing of significant historical narrative entails a number of qualities: it should be conceived in an anti-Euro-centric spirit, it should involve a 'synthetic imagination or vision' and it should engage in what the philosopher Hans Gadamer in Truth and Method refers to as a capacity for 'reflexivity and self-conscious awareness'. Historical reflection should also include an element that is extremely personal; indeed, Abu-Lughod values a mode of personal vision that is inspired by eccentricity and idiosyncrasy - the kind of vision, she feels, that leads to the finding of a particular pattern in history.11 In part two, I offer some possible criticisms of Lemkin. In particular, a question mark hangs over his attitude to African Americans and indeed to Africa and Africans, raising disturbing questions that also haunt Arendt scholarship. I wish in turn to bring to the fore a more general problem: European or Europeanderived intellectuals, so committed to cosmopolitanism and inclusive notions of humanity, yet revealing a distressingly familiar Euro-centric failure of critical consciousness and reflexivity. 1 . Raphael Lemkin's life, contexts and the concept of 'genocide' Lemkin was born on 24 June 1900 in Bezwodne, a village near Wolkowysk (now Vaulkovisk), a small city in what is now Belarus. …

Waltz and World History: The Paradox of Parsimony

This article provides a critique of Waltz’s work from the perspective of world history. It shows how Waltz’s commitment to a highly parsimonious theoretical approach paradoxically both sets up the possibility of his theory being universally applicable, and undermines its prospects as a viable approach to understanding world history. Using the key concepts from Waltz’s work — units, systems, structure, process — we show the detailed grounds on which his theory fails to apply to such large swathes of time and place, so that its claims to universality fall, even though it can usefully be applied to some times and places. We also show its shortcomings in relation to the essential historical task of periodization. We argue that international relations needs to engage more with world history, and that the task of doing so will fall to approaches other than Waltz’s.

The British Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A World History Perspective, by Timothy H. Parsons.

<i>The British Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A World History Perspective</i>, by Timothy H. Parsons.

Australian and American Settler Capitalism: The Importance of a Comparison and its Curious Neglect

Why is Australia so little known about and studied in the United States when prima facie it is one of the best comparators for America; and why do Australian comparativists often ignore the American case? The discourse of difference has predominated in America rather than the discourse of similarity. But in Australia the opposite has been true. Here an equally powerful theme has been one of searching for comparisons, similarities, and generalities between Australia and other nations and societies. Through thinking about answers to these questions, partly via a discussion of some recent writing on America and Australia, this essay argues a case for the necessity for comparison within a world history perspective. More particularly, it argues that American intellectuals and journalists should pay more attention to comparators like Australia since its similarity with America affords valuable insights into American history, politics, economy, society, and institutions, just as the converse has proven to be valuable.