Restructuring Of Work Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF QUALITY WORK OF LIFE FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION REGIONAL OFFICE OF UNIVERSITAS TERBUKA AT PANGKALPINANG, INDONESIA

<p><em>The purpose of this research is to know the description of Quality of Work Life and Employee Motivation in UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang, and its influence is partially and simultaneously so that it can get information to increase motivation which will improve the quality of organizational performance. The research method used is descriptive quantitative approach with cross sectional design. The sample in this study amounted to 30 samples. The type of data used is the primary data. Data analysis technique using multiple linear regression test. The results showed that (1) The overall variables had a high average value that is in the category of 3.41-4.20 and the variable of pride to the institution had the highest average value of 4.21%. Thus the majority of respondents feel proud of the institution while working at UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang. In general, there are seven variables that have positive and significant influence and four variables that have positive but not significant influence. Variables that have positive and significant impacts are available facilities, workplace safety, employee engagement, communication, security, a sense of pride in institutions and work restructuring. While the variables that have positive but not significant are balanced compensation, career development, problem solving and work environment (3) Simultaneously the Quality of Work Life variable has a positive and significant influence on work motivation. This means that any increase or decrease in Quality of Work Life together will give a significant influence on employee motivation in UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords: Quality of Work Life, Work Motivation, and Employee Motivation</em></p>

An enterprising phoenix: materiality, affect and learning

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how workers experience planned and unplanned change(s), how the effects of change endure in organizations and the entanglement (Gherardi, 2015) of materiality, affect and learning. Design/methodology/approach Research design is ethnographic in nature and draws from 30 semi-structured interviews of workers in an Australian organization. Interviews were designed to elicit narrative accounts (stories) of challenges and change faced by the workers. Desktop research of organizational documents and material artefacts complemented interview data. Analysis is informed by socio-material understandings and, in particular, the ideas of materiality, affect and learning. Findings Change, in the form of a fire, triggered spontaneous and surprisingly positive affectual and organizational outcomes that exceeded earlier attempts at restructuring work. In the wake of the material tragedy of the fire in one organization, what emerged was a shift in the workers and the practices of the organization. Their accounts emphasized challenges, excitement and renewal, which prompt reconsideration of learning at work, in particular the entanglement of affect, materiality and learning in times of change. Originality/value Much workplace learning research identifies change as conducive to learning. This paper builds on this research by providing new understandings of, and insights into, the enduring effects of change.

La “uberización” de los centros escolares: reorganización del trabajo pedagógico mediante las plataformas digitales de contenidos

El presente trabajo se inscribe en el marco<br />de un proyecto de investigación de I+D<br />que estudia los cambios producidos en<br />los centros de Primaria por la progresiva<br />sustitución de los libros de texto por los<br />materiales digitales. Uno de esos cambios<br />observados es que los materiales digitales<br />se hacen operativos mediante plataformas<br />digitales que, además, se hacen exten-<br />sibles a otras muchas tareas de centro. A<br />partir de esta constatación nos ocupamos<br />aquí del estudio de la “uberización” o<br />reestructuración organizativa del trabajo<br />en los centros que operan con estas pla-<br />taformas. Para alcanzar tal objetivo hemos<br />recurrido a una metodología de corte cualitativo, tanto para el análisis de la presen-<br />tación de 15 plataformas digitales como<br />para el estudio de 4 centros de Primaria<br />usuarios de estas herramientas. Los resul-<br />tados apuntan a la plena implantación en<br />los centros de algún tipo de plataforma.<br />Su presencia introduce en los centros la<br />flexibilización, la atomización o la inten-<br />sificación del trabajo, además de sutiles<br />dispositivos de control tanto del profeso-<br />rado como de estudiantes. La provisiona-<br />lidad de estos primeros datos, nos sugiere<br />continuar trabajando en esta dirección a<br />fin de comprender mejor la naturaleza del<br />fenómeno y sus repercusiones en el fun-<br />cionamiento de los centros de Primaria.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF QUALITY WORK OF LIFE FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION REGIONAL OFFICE OF UNIVERSITAS TERBUKA AT PANGKALPINANG, INDONESIA

<p><em>The purpose of this research is to know the description of Quality of Work Life and Employee Motivation in UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang, and its influence is partially and simultaneously so that it can get information to increase motivation which will improve the quality of organizational performance. The research method used is descriptive quantitative approach with cross sectional design. The sample in this study amounted to 30 samples. The type of data used is the primary data. Data analysis technique using multiple linear regression test. The results showed that (1) The overall variables had a high average value that is in the category of 3.41-4.20 and the variable of pride to the institution had the highest average value of 4.21%. Thus the majority of respondents feel proud of the institution while working at UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang. In general, there are seven variables that have positive and significant influence and four variables that have positive but not significant influence. Variables that have positive and significant impacts are available facilities, workplace safety, employee engagement, communication, security, a sense of pride in institutions and work restructuring. While the variables that have positive but not significant are balanced compensation, career development, problem solving and work environment (3) Simultaneously the Quality of Work Life variable has a positive and significant influence on work motivation. This means that any increase or decrease in Quality of Work Life together will give a significant influence on employee motivation in UPBJJ-UT Pangkalpinang.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords: Quality of Work Life, Work Motivation, and Employee Motivation</em></p>

Effect of Retrenchment on Employees’ Service Delivery: A Study of Ten Districts of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) in Southeast Nigeria

This study examines the effect of retrenchment on employees’ service delivery: a study of ten districts of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) in Southeast Nigeria. The study was necessitated by the alarming rate of retrenchment across various industries in Nigeria particularly the energy sector that is a major driver of economic growth and development in the country. The poor service delivery of the sector has been a teething problem to both the citizens and organizations that need their services. With the recent restructuring of the sector and emergence of Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) with its attendant retrenchment, it becomes more constricting what the service delivery of the retrenchment survivors will be. This study therefore, modelled variables like employee work load, longer working hours, pay cut, depression and anxiety and restructuring of work to ascertain how they have influenced on employees’ service delivery in Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) using an econometric regression model of the Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Findings revealed that with the exception of longer working hours that were not significant, all other variables (employee work load, pay cut, depression and anxiety; and restructuring of work) had significant effect on employees’ service delivery. Based on the findings, the study recommends that electricity distribution companies should adequately adjust employees work load, increase survivors pay, restore confidence on the survivors and ensure work place harmony during restructuring of work to enable them improve their service delivery.

Revealing the Ritually Concealed: Custodians, Conservators, and the Concealed Shoe

Concealed shoes are footwear purposely concealed within domestic buildings. The motivations behind their concealments are unknown to us, but the prominent theory suggests that shoes were employed as apotropaic (evil-averting) devices. The metonymical connection between shoe and wearer is believed to imbue the shoe with the necessary protective power, and one theory suggests that, to possess this power, shoes must bear the unambiguous imprint of their past wearers, hence why the vast majority of them are old, well-worn or damaged. From the point of discovery (often during restructuring work), the concealed shoe’s biography can follow a variety of courses. Some debate, for example, surrounds their removal. Some finders believe it to be “bad luck” to remove concealed shoes and therefore wish to keep them in situ. Others are donated to museums, where still more debate surrounds their treatment: should they be restored by textile conservationists or left in their original state, their damaged conditions being considered central to the interpretation of the custom? This paper aims to trace the complex biographies of several examples of concealed shoes following discovery, considering how they have been variously perceived and treated by their finders and custodians.

Re-locating accountability through technology

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of e-government for horizontal/social accountability (to citizens) by looking into its shifting location. Its main purpose is to show how the introduction of information and communication technology in the public sector changes how public sector work is organised, shifting the traditional sources of accountability and to discuss the implications of those changes.Design/methodology/approachThe study comes from desk-based research that brings together the literature on electronic government and accountability studies and situates them in the context of a bureaucratic public sector.FindingsIt shows that e-government entails digitalization of public sector work by restructuring work, re-organising public information and knowledge and re-orientating officials-citizens relation. It argues that in the e-government era accountability is inscribed in the technology and its embodied standards; is a horizontal technological relation that renders officials accountable to the handling of digital interfaces; and renders citizens co- producers of digital information responsible for bringing the public to account. The paper shows that these changes do not necessarily bring better or worse accountability results but change the sources of accountability bringing shifts in its locations, thereby rendering it more precarious. The paper ends by discussing the implications of digital accountability for good public administration.Originality/valueWith the unprecedented level of attention currently being paid to “digital government” at the moment, this is a timely paper that seeks to address the accountability implications of these shifts. The study offers a practice-based, relational definition of accountability and a Weberian account of bureaucratic government, followed by an exploration of ways in which this is being challenged or replaced with a new informatisation enabled/supported by new “technologies of accountability”.

A Study on Relationship Between Work Restructuring and Job Satisfaction of the Railway Employees in Tamilnadu

A Study on Relationship Between Work Restructuring and Job Satisfaction of the Railway Employees in Tamilnadu

Techno-structural intervention and its effect on readiness for change in the Indonesian government-owned corporation

Techno-structural interventions emphasising on improving the organisational effectiveness and human performance, which is focused on technology and structure. For a government-owned corporation to assist employees in being motivated and prepared for change, it is essential that managers, employees, and all stakeholders understand factors may influence readiness for change. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the techno-structural intervention consisting of restructuring organisation, employee involvement, and work design toward readiness for change. The data were collected through a survey using self-reported questionnaire and purposive sampling. The entire population of 73 employees was sampled in this study including permanent employees. The findings indicate that readiness for change was affected by employee involvement. This study was also found a significant effect of work design on readiness for change. However, the results revealed that restructuring organisation has no effect on readiness for change. Additionally, the implications and limitations were discussed.

Neoliberal Capitalism and Precarious Work: Ethnographies of Accommodation and Resistance by Rob Lambert and Andrew Herod

Reviewed by: Neoliberal Capitalism and Precarious Work: Ethnographies of Accommodation and Resistance by Rob Lambert and Andrew Herod Arne L. Kalleberg Rob Lambert and Andrew Herod, Neoliberal Capitalism and Precarious Work: Ethnographies of Accommodation and Resistance (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar 2016) This book addresses the increasingly important topic of precarious work, or work that is insecure and uncertain and in which risks are shifted to workers rather than employers or governments. Theory and research have established that the spread of neoliberal political-economic policies, associated with the [End Page 312] decline of unions and the growing imbalances of power in favour of employers over workers, underlie the transformation in employment relations from the standard employment relations of the 30-year period after World War II in the Global North to the precarious, often non-standard, employment relations that characterize both the Global North and South. This book assembles a collection of case studies that show the consequences of precarious work for workers in diverse contexts - such as sweatshops, day labourers, homeworkers, construction workers, and sugarcane cutters - and their varied ways of accommodating and resisting their precarious situations. The editors' introduction summarizes some of the definitional issues regarding precarious work and provides an overview of the main forms of nonstandard work arrangements (temporary and part-time work and independent contracting) and of the reasons why these have become more prominent in the past quarter century. They emphasize especially how spatial and geographical aspects of capitalism and neoliberal political-economic policies have led to the restructuring of work on a global scale and how this has impacted local workplaces and communities, a theme that is echoed throughout the volume. The book is divided into two parts. The first consists of six case studies that examine various forms of precarious work and illustrate the variety of ways in which people accommodate themselves to their precarious work experiences. These chapters also show the diverse strategies by which workers resist and protest their precarious situations, as they seek alternatives to unions, who are often reluctant to engage with precarious workers. Thus, the study of workers in unregulated factories in the clothing industry in the Fashion District in inner-city Johannesburg shows how international competition has weakened organized labour, making coalitions with faith-based organizations a more likely source of power. The chapter on immigrant industrial day labourers in Chicago in the mid-2000s examines a labour rights campaign that was done without union involvement. This accountability campaign was designed to shame the client company into transferring its temporary workforce from an abusive temp agency to a more ethical one. Another chapter looks at home-based work and provides examples of the new ways in which women home-based workers are organizing in Bulgaria and Turkey. These forms of organizing are different from traditional union or collective bargaining strategies, as they use non-union international linkages (such as with the Federation of Homeworkers Worldwide, women's movements, and consumer campaigns in Europe) to build solidarity. A chapter on the construction industry and labour subcontracting in China elucidates the culture of violence between subcontractors and workers. Its analysis of four construction sites shows how the labour subcontracting system (which is the single most important way of obtaining the labour needed by the industry) is leading to widespread collective action among workers, who are among the worst-paid in China today and are ripe for exploitation since most are not protected by China's labour laws. Another chapter looks at how the toxic pollution of air and groundwater generated by large steel corporations have led to social and economic insecurity in a South African community (Steel Valley, near Johannesburg). The authors' analysis links nature and capitalism by revealing how the marketization of nature driven by global corporations and ecological degradation deepens social and economic insecurity. They argue that transnational solidarity networks led by labour (such as sigtur - Southern Initiative on [End Page 313] Globalization and Trade Union Rights) and environmental campaigns ("ecological unionism") are needed to address the growing ecological crisis. The final chapter in the section examines how global ethanol corporations and export-oriented sugar policies are leading to greater concentration in the ownership of land and...

Restructuring the Bond Market in Singapore

The decline in commodity prices has badly impacted the resource and shipping sectors worldwide. There have been a significant number of defaults on bonds listed on the Singapore Exchange, which includes those of many foreign entities. The flip side of having a wall of corporate debt maturing in the next few years for the economy is that there is perhaps quite a bit of debt restructuring work on the horizon. Anticipating this, reforms to enable Singapore to become an international centre for debt restructuring were introduced in the Companies (Amendment) Act 2017, and these came into force in May 2017. This article discusses the likelihood of success of the reforms, which include widening restructuring jurisdiction and introducing some Chapter 11 characteristics, in light of the complexities of cross-border restructuring.

Urban Strategies for a Renewal of Algerian Cities: Constantine of Tomorrow

The town is not 'fixed', it is constantly developing, transforming, extending, renewing... These developments are made according to inhabitants needs, the evolution of lifestyles, opportunities or territory projects, policies, wills ... etc.; But also according to the capacities for the evolution of urban fabrics and social acceptability of this evolution. Today, urban intervention takes place in a context of 're-urbanization' marked by territorial and socio-economic complexity and by uncertainty. While new fabrics become increasingly important and concern the notion of 'project' instead of that of 'plan'. In Algeria, since independence in 1962, the town plan had been promoted as a 'plan' which had worked to extend the city beyond its fringes in order to respond to ever-increasing demands for housing. After years of drastic cuts in public spending, a turning point seems to be taking place. Indeed, the last two decades have been marked by many political, economic and social modifications at the same time. Through a financial upturn, the government committed itself to a series of reforms aimed at boosting the economy, increasing housing and employment, and undertaking extensive urban restructuring work. This new socio-economic context has led, in an unprecedented way, actions and interventions on the existing urban fabrics, to prefigure Algerian city modification and bringing out new and complex problems. Thus, in parallel with an Algerian city that continues to spread, the existing city is moved by a profusion of structuring public projects but also different operations of transformations; So many actions that can be assimilated to the beginnings of urban renewal for the Algerian city. The capital of Algerian east 'Constantine', is a city that could be described as an 'incomplete metropolis', it is highly renowned for many specificities, yet it has a specific crisis in relation to its context and its Urbanization, its upgrading is imminent and adapts itself to the international economy within the framework of a sustainable development in relation with the quality of life and the future of future generations. It seems to know, as Algerian cities do, many actions and projects that are transforming. The main objective of this work is first, to examine the effectiveness and relevance of the degree of involvement and involvement of local actors, in particular the users, and finally to consider the consistency of the programs.

Unemployment as a liminoid phenomenon: Identity trajectories in times of crisis

This article explores the formation of work identities in times of financial crisis and extreme austerity. In particular, we build upon prior studies of liminality, a state of in-betweenness and ambiguity, and explore how individuals, whose employment opportunities and career paths have been disrupted, construct their work/professional identities. The study draws on 39 semi-structured interviews conducted in Greece, where high levels of unemployment and economic stagnation prevail. Persistent crisis and austerity have prompted extended periods of instability and unpredictability during which the unemployed narratively (re)construct their past, present and future work selves. We propose that frequent job changes and persistent lack of work are not linear experiences but, instead, require multiple and, at times, ambiguous, fluid and incomplete identifications. These identifications include attempts to re-affirm prior stable professional identities, to institute new, yet still unidentified, careers or to enact what we term ‘liminoid identity positions’. When in liminoid positions, instead of pursuing intangible work futures, the unemployed create anti-structural spaces in which they collectively practice alternative forms of work and organization. Concluding, the article provides grounds for the study of individuals’ capacity to challenge the neoliberal restructuring of work and the possibilities for transformation in periods of unemployment and crisis.

Marketisation policies in different contexts: Consequences for home‐care workers in Germany, Japan and Sweden

Market‐oriented restructurings of long‐term care policies contribute significantly to the aggravation of care workers’ situations. This article focuses on the effects of broader long‐term care policy developments on market‐oriented reforms. Germany, Japan and Sweden are three countries that have introduced market‐oriented reforms into home‐based care provision embedded in distinct long‐term care policy developments. Conceptually, this article draws on comparative research on care to define the institutional dimensions of long‐term care policies. Empirically, the research is based on policy analyses, as well as on national statistics and a comparative research project on home‐care workers in the aforementioned countries. The findings reveal the mediating impact of the extension and decline of long‐term public care support and the corresponding development of the care infrastructure on both the restructuring of care work and the assessments of the care workers themselves.

The role of intermediaries in governance of global production networks: Restructuring work relations in Pakistan’s apparel industry

This article locates the reorganization of work relations in the apparel sector in Pakistan, after the end of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) quota regime, within the context of a global production network (GPN). We examine the role of a network of corporate, state, multilateral and civil society actors who serve as intermediaries in GPN governance. These intermediaries transmit and translate competitive pressures and invoke varied, sometimes contradictory, imaginaries in their efforts to realign and stabilize the GPN. We analyse the post-MFA restructuring of Pakistan’s apparel sector, which dramatically increased price competition and precipitated a contested adjustment process among Pakistani and global actors with divergent priorities and resources. These intermediaries converged on a ‘solution’ that combined and enacted imaginaries of modernization, competitiveness, professional management and female empowerment, while also emphasizing low costs and female docility. We highlight the intersection of economic, political and cultural dynamics of GPNs, and reveal the gendered dimensions of GPN restructuring. We theorize the role of these actors as a transnational managerial elite in GPN governance, who led a restructuring process that preserved the hegemonic stability of the GPN and protected the interests of western branded apparel companies and consumers, but did not necessarily serve the interests of workers.

Porto Maravilha: os impactos das obras de revitalização na percepção dos empresários da região

Este estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar os impactos provenientes das obras de reestruturação que tiveram lugar na região portuária do Rio de Janeiro sobre as empresas locais, tendo como base a percepção dos empresários da respectiva região. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar, entre os diversos fatores, aqueles relatados com maior frequência que poderiam impactar, de alguma forma, as atividades da empresa. Dessa maneira, foram realizadas entrevistas com os empresários locais por intermédio de um roteiro semiestruturado, para posterior análise do conteúdo levantado. A partir da análise das entrevistas realizadas, o cenário revelado pelos resultados indicou que as mudanças ocorridas na região não apenas têm tido influência na demanda dos serviços das empresas pesquisadas, mas também têm impactado os seus respectivos custos operacionais.Código JEL | L92; O24; R42.

Dual Applications for Metacognitive Development in Assisted Instruction

IntroductionThe evolution of our society depended on from the very beginning. Different technologies developed in order to store, to retrieve, to transmit, or to process described this evolution. However, in the November 1958 issue, Harvard Business Review published the article Management in the 1980's, by Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler. In that article, the authors had highlighted that Over the last decade a new has begun to take hold in American business, one so new that its significance is still difficult to evaluate. While many aspects of this are uncertain, it seems clear that it will move into the managerial scene rapidly, with definite and far-reaching impact on managerial organization. The new does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it That article is available today online, at the web address: https://hbr.org/1958/11/management-in-the1980s. Nowadays, about Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, is warning us Not to be confused with Informatics. Google search engine offers us autocomplete options for the keywords as definition, or vs computer science or and communications or outsourcing. If the users edit the keywords communication, others options available are networks, plan or definition, and if the search phrase is communications, other options are manager job description, plan, or manager. Searching for Romanian keywords tehnologia informaţiei, the autocomplete options are si a comunicarii, si a comunicatiilor, referat. When we start a new search using the names Leavitt and Whisler, one Google's autocomplete option is leavitt whisler 19581'Using BizNar for searching information technology, we get a search summary, a structured, or a visual result, and we can refine the search depending on topics, authors, publications, source, dates, document format or document type.Using WolframAlpha for searching information technology, we get a structured result assuming information technology is a general topic, or we can get different results using the phrase as an occupation or a word instead.When Leavitt and Whisler named the new they prognosticated that should move the boundary between planning and performance upward, and much more of the work will be programed, i.e., covered by sets of operating rules governing the day-to-day decisions that are made. At the same time, the authors considered that a radical reorganization of middle-management levels should occur, with certain classes of middle-management jobs moving downward in status and compensation (because they will require less autonomy and skill), while other classes move upward into the top-management group [1]. The same authors highlight the idea that on a broader social scale one can conceive of large problems outside the firm that affect many institutions ancillary to industry. In this context, they ask how we educate people for routinized middle-management jobs, especially if the path from those jobs up to top management gets much rockier, and to what extent do schools start training new kinds of specialists?In 1964, [2] emphasized that in operational and practical fact, the medium (defined as any extension of ourselves) is the message. The author explained that the personal and social consequences of any medium result from the new scale that is included into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by any new technology. In addition, he gives two examples: the restructuring of human work and association which were shaped by the technique of fragmentation, which it was the essence of machine while the essence of automation is the opposite, it is integral and decentralist in its patterning of human relationships. …

Cross-border marriages as a side door for paid and unpaid migrant workers: the case of marriage migration between China and Japan

ABSTRACTCross-border marriages between Chinese and Japanese over the past twenty years have expanded in scale and taken on new forms. The special case of Japan lies in the implication of local authorities in the promotion of these marriages, locating the matrimonial migratory route at the crossroads of familial migration and work migration from the point of view of both the migrants themselves and the host communities. Marriage migrants in Japan are one of the variations of the transfer of a feminine workforce to ensure reproductive work. While migratory policies in Japan have generally appealed to side doors for unqualified immigration, local authorities have helped create extra side doors via marriage to provide support in the context of the restructuring of reproductive work. Migrant wives also represent a potential salaried foreign workforce especially in peripheral zones which have difficulty attracting migrants. An analysis of the participation of these migrants in both reproductive and productive work (remunerated or not) enables us to better understand the contemporary debate that feminized migratory routes tend to reinforce patriarchal norms.

Capital T

Abstract This article examines the production of new regimes of transgender value and visibility. First, it explores the cultural commodification of transgender by exploring the rise of transgender-specific products and consumer markets. Second, it examines the counterpart of trans consumption—trans production—and investigates the emergence of trans-specific labor power and all-trans groups of workers. Third, it offers a critique of trans economic empowerment strategies that have drawn on freelance economies, independent contractors, trans class aspirations, and the global restructuring of work, in efforts to address issues of trans un/der/employment. The article argues that such strategies bolster precarious work conditions and economic insecurities and unwittingly contribute to economic imperialism. Taken together, this article examines links between transgender issues and flows of capital within neoliberal markets.

‘Lean’ in the UK Civil Service: from the theory of improvement to the varied realities of costs cutting

With major cuts in public spending, the UK Civil Service has increasingly used ‘lean’ as a means of organizational restructuring. Two large central government departments used a variety of ‘lean’ techniques and tools to improve the efficiency of the workforce. Departmental management supported the use of lean with an apparently consistent and standardised approach to the restructuring of work. By contrast, lean was used in an inconsistent fashion at workplace level. Using data from civil servants in local government offices, four different variants of lean were evident. The variations in practice show how lean was used to systematise work to achieve performance targets in the context of reduced resources. The significance of lean relates to the extent that its use can be embedded, abandoned, adapted or replicated to achieve performance targets against a background of significant cuts in staff.