Wear Glasses Research Articles

Independent risk factors of type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia: A matched case-control study.

To investigate the risk factors and surgical design for type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE). In this retrospective, matched, case-control study, 51 patients developed type III AACE between March 2018 and September 2020, and the control group consisted of 60 patients matched by age and refractive power during the same period. A history of the duration of near work per day and the use of glasses were reviewed, and the refractive power of both eyes, deviation angles at both near and far vision, visual function, and treatment options were analyzed. Additionally, the distance from medial rectus insertion to the limbus was measured in surgical patients. The data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. We found that 99.96% of the patients and 91.67% of the controls had myopia. Of these, 60.8% and 20.0%, respectively, did not wear glasses for near work. Twelve patients were treated with a prism and 39 were treated surgically. The average time devoted to near work per day was 7.24 and 3.7 h by the patients and controls, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased hours of near work per day and near work without the use of spectacles were associated with the incidence of type III AACE. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increased hours of near work per day and near work without the use of glasses were independent risk factors for AACE. Increased hours of near work per day and uncorrected myopia in near work are independent risk factors for type III AACE.

Association of COVID-19 Infection With Wearing Glasses in a High-Prevalence Area in Denmark and Sweden

Observational studies have indicated that glasses might protect against contracting COVID-19 through reduced airborne and contact transmission. To investigate the association between wearing one's own glasses with contracting COVID-19 when adjusting for relevant confounders. This cohort study was conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (June to August 2020) in Denmark and Sweden, where personal protective equipment was not recommended for the general population at the time. Employees at Falck, an international rescue corps with different job functions (ambulance, health care, office, and field staff, firefighters, and roadside assistance) participated in the study. The main exposure was wearing glasses (also including contact lenses and reading glasses), which was assessed in a questionnaire. Persons wearing glasses were compared with those who did not wear glasses (ie, nonusers). To adjust for potential confounders, information on age, sex, job function, and number of workday contacts were included. The outcome was COVID-19 infection before (positive polymerase chain reaction test) or during the study period (biweekly voluntary tests with a rapid test). The investigated hypothesis was formulated after collecting the data. A total of 1279 employees in Denmark and 841 in Sweden were included (839 [39.6%] female and 1281 [60.4%] male; 20.5% were aged <40 years; 57.0%, 40-60 years, and 22.5%, >60 years). Of these, 829 individuals (64.8%) in Denmark and 619 (73.6%) in Sweden wore glasses. Wearing glasses was inversely associated with COVID-19 infection in the Swedish cohort (odds ratio [OR], 0.61 [95% CI, 0.37-0.99]; P = .047; seroprevalence, 9.3%) but not in the Danish cohort (OR, 1.14 [95% CI, 0.53-2.45]; P = .73; seroprevalence, 2.4%). Adjusting for age, sex, job function, and number of workday contacts in Sweden, wearing glasses no longer was associated with COVID-19 infection (OR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.37-1.11]; P = .11). When stratifying by job function, a large difference was observed among office staff (OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.06-0.70]; P = .01) but not ambulance staff (OR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.41-1.67]; P = .60) nor health care staff (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.35-2.30]; P = .81). While wearing one's glasses was inversely associated with COVID-19 in Sweden in an unadjusted analysis, an association no longer was identified when adjusting for confounders. These results provide inconclusive findings regarding whether wearing one's own glasses is associated with a decreased risk of COVID-19 infections.

Laboured reading and musculoskeletal pain in school children - the role of lifestyle behaviour and eye wear: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundLifestyle behaviour in children and adolescents has become increasingly sedentary and occupied with digital work. Concurrently, there has been an increase in the prevalence of headache, neck- and low back pain, which are leading causes of disability globally. Extensive near work and use of digital devices are demanding for both the visual system and the upper body head-stabilizing musculature. Uncorrected vision problems are present in up to 40% of Nordic school children, and a lack of corrective eye wear may cause eyestrain, musculoskeletal pain and headache. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between laboured reading, musculoskeletal pain, uncorrected vision, and lifestyle behaviours in children and adolescents.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with a total of 192 Norwegian school children aged 10–11 and 15–16 years. As a part of a school vision testing program, the children completed an online questionnaire about general and ocular health, socioeconomic status, academic ambition, near work and related symptoms, upper body musculoskeletal pain, and physical and outdoor activities.ResultsThe 15–16-year-olds had a more indoor, sedentary, digital-based lifestyle with higher academic demands, compared with the 10–11-year-olds. Concurrently, reading became more laboured and upper body musculoskeletal pain increased with age. Girls reported more symptoms, higher academic ambitions, and more time spent on schoolwork and reading, compared with boys. Non-compliance in wearing prescribed eye wear (glasses or contact lenses), increased use of near digital devices, and experiencing visual stress (glare) were positively associated with laboured reading and upper body musculoskeletal pain.ConclusionsA screen-based lifestyle with high academic demands challenges the ability to sustain long hours of static, intensive near work. Extensive near work tires the visual system and upper body musculature and provokes laboured reading and musculoskeletal pain symptoms. This study emphasizes the importance of regular eye examinations in school children, and the need to raise awareness among children, parents, and school- and health personnel about the importance of optimal vision and visual environment for academic performance and health.

Preliminary Research on Removal of Organic Substances Contained in Wastewater from Plastic Lenses Production

&lt;p&gt;250 million people worldwide suffer from visual impairment. 64% of them wear glasses. More than 80 percent of all eyeglasses worn today have plastic lenses. Plastic lenses made of polycarbonate discs are created through the process of machining which requires the use of a coolant. The ensuing wastewater contains chips, water, and coolant. In the studied facility, the chips are separated by filtration. Water and coolant are returned to the machine tool. Due to the low particle weight some of the plastic dust flotates and creates foam. If there is too much foamed dust, a skimmer is added. In order to avoid machine damage and product quality deterioration, the mixture in circulation is changed every 24 hours. For the purpose of the study, wastewater was sampled from the plastic lenses facility. It was characterized by a high COD value of 11 200 - 20800 mg/L, a turbidity of 260-870 NTU, and a colour of about 200 mg/L. Wastewater with these parameters should not be discharged into the sewage system. For their treatment, a coagulation process (PAX 18 and PAX XL 19 H, Tanfloc SG) and Fenton process were applied. The application of aluminum coagulants resulted in a maximum reduction of COD of 55%. Maximum COD reduction after the Fenton process was 50.7%.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Acute Migraine Attack in Students while taking Online Classes during Pandemic

Objectives: To determine the frequency of migraine in students taking online classes during Covid-19 pandemic. Study design and setting: Cross-sectional study design using a non-probability convenient sampling technique was conducted and carried out for a period of three months from August 2021 to November 2021 at Bolan Medical College. Total n=500 students of secondary, high school, and undergraduate students of different disciplines attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic were the target population. Methodology: The questionnaire comprised of four sections; students’ demography, mean duration of using digital devices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and presenting to the hospital with complaints of headache/migraine. Students willing to participate were included while students that refused to participate were excluded. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. To determine the association between mean duration usage of digital devices, presenting with headache/migraine or the use of glasses in-between pre-COVID and COVID era, a one-sample t-test was applied keeping p-&lt;0.05 statistically significant. Results: From 500 students, the mean age was 18 ± 3.2 years. There were n=274 (54.8%) males and n=226 (45.2%) females. The mean duration of using digital devices in the pre-COVID era were 1.8 ± 0.7 hours while in the COVID era were 3.6 ± 1.9 hours. A significant difference was observed in terms of mean duration of digital device usage, frequency of migraine and use of glasses in COVID-19 era when compared with pre-COVID era. Conclusion: Increase in use of digital devices during COVID-19 pandemic caused increased complains of headache/migraine among the students. Additionally majority of students reported decrease in visual acuity during the pandemic due to which they had to wear glasses.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Myope Students

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of myope students at The University of Faisalabad. Methods: Descriptive study was conducted to interpret the medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice about myopia. An organized questionnaire with 14 questions was created. The research was carried out between December 2021 and April 2022 in different medical colleges of Punjab. The sample size was 300 female adolescents ranging in age from 18 to 26 years. Results: 300 Asian myopic medical students participated in this study. All were females. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of classification of myopia. 1. High myopes 2.Moderate Myopes 3.Low myopes. 234 students had heard of myopia, while 42 students (14%) had not. Out of the 300 participants, 227 (75.6%) were aware that they have myopia, and 230 (76.6%) students are aware that myopes were unable to see clearly at a distance. 245 participants (81.6%) had a history of myopia in their families. Only 81 (or 27% of the total) for a routine yearly eye exam visited an eye doctor or optometrist. 121 (40.3%) of them preferred contact lenses to glasses. Only 57 individuals (19%) wear glasses constantly while 193 people (64.3%) didn’t. 134 respondents (44.6%) had a bad attitude regarding those who wear glasses. On average, 210 students (70%) spent fewer than 6 hours outside whereas 189 students (63 %) spent more than 6 hours on screens. Conclusion: In this study parental history was positive and screen time was more than 6 hours. Outdoor activities were reduced and also vitamin A intake was reduced. All above possibility were leading factors to progression of myopia in medical students. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Myopia, Refractive error

PERBANDINGAN TOKOH DAN PENOKOHAN DALAM FILM NINJA HATTORI-KUN DAN DORAEMON KARYA FUJIKO FUJIO

This study aims to compare the characters and characterizations between the Ninja Hattori-Kun film and Fujiko Fujio's Doraemon. This research is a qualitative research, while the object of the research is the film Ninja Hattori-Kun with Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio. The data in this study were obtained from character descriptions and characterizations from the two films. Data analysis was carried out using a structuralism approach developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. From the results of the discussion, it can be concluded that the duration of the two Ninja Hattori-Kun films by Fujiko Fujio is 35 minutes and the duration of the Doraemon film by Fujiko Fujio is 30 minutes. In the film Ninja Hattori-Kun by Fujiko Fujio has as many as 6 characters and in the film Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio has as many as 6 characters. Both have advantages, the main character is usually designed as a person with special talents and advantages. If Doraemon has a magic bag, Ninja Hattori has ninja moves. The advantages possessed by Doraemon and Ninja Hattori are used to help lazy children. When Doraemon helps Nobita, Ninja Hattori helps Kenichi. Nobita and Kenichi are said to be lazy and weak, so they rely on the hero's abilities. Both wear glasses. From this research, there are similarities and differences in the two literary works. Keywords: qualitative, descriptive, character, characterization, animation

Dynamic balance among power glass wearers

Background and purpose: -For human gait regulation and balance stability, a complicated integration of visual-vestibular and somatosensory information is necessary. The ability of the organism to maintain the center of mass balance by resisting the continual destabilizing forces that confront it may be impaired by this function of any of these components. The primary objective of the current study was to check weather wearing power glasses can affect the dynamic balance or not. Subject and Method: - An observational study was done by including 30 subjects from Delhi-NCR. The sample was drawn using the Stratified Random Sampling technique. All individuals recruited for the research are people who wear Power glasses in their daily activities and have vision problems. The individuals were asked to complete Modified Bass Test. The subjects were asked to remove the power glasses and perform the Modified bass Test. Results: - As the subjects performed the Modified Bass test of Dynamic Balance Scoring, 46.7 percent passed the test due to their balance remaining stable and 53.3 percent failed due to a lack of stability in their dynamic balance.

Female preservice teachers stereotype computer scientists as intelligent and overworked White individuals wearing glasses

Stereotypes prevent females and other minorities from pursuing an education and a career in Computer Science (CS). Central to broadening the CS pipeline is identifying and debunking stereotypes about computer scientists, especially stereotypes among those who serve as role models for young children, such as early childhood educators. This mixed methods study examined which CS stereotypes female early childhood preservice teachers hold. Analysis of the data collected from 70 preservice teachers revealed stereotypes about computer scientists' appearance, race/ethnicity, cognitive skills, and work preferences. Specifically, participants see computer scientists as intelligent and overworked White individuals who wear glasses. Findings also showed participants' counter-stereotypical notions about computer scientists’ gender and social skills. Particularly, computer scientists were portrayed as collaborative professionals who could be from either gender. CS has been recurrently described in the literature as a male-dominant field, so findings from this study suggest that females may be starting to see themselves or other females in CS roles. Additionally, the emergence of both stereotypical and counter-stereotypical notions speaks to the fact that different conceptions can be formed based on prior experience and exposure to CS role models. As implications for practice and future research, these findings emphasize the importance of addressing CS stereotypes within teacher education programs, as well as preparing future teachers who can pedagogically design and offer CS education to young children in inclusive ways.

OSDI Questions on Daily Life Activities Allow to Detect Subclinical Dry Eye in Young Contact Lens Users.

Dry eye disease (DED) is difficult to detect in young contact lens (CL) wearers, who usually have no signs, mild symptoms and an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) below the DED diagnosis values (OSDI ≥ 13). We investigate if some of the 12 OSDI questions (OSDI A—ocular symptoms; OSDI B—vision-related functionality; OSDI C—environmental triggers) contribute the most to classify young CL as symptomatic. TBUT and tear volume are also measured. Age, gender and refraction error-matched eye glasses (EG) wearers participated as the control. CL and EG data were compared with t-test and z-test. Confusion matrices and logistic correlation analyses were performed to define the contribution of each OSDI question to classify symptomatic subjects. OSDI classified symptomatic CL better than the tear volume or TBUT values. In CL, only OSDI B and C values were significantly higher in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic subjects (p < 0.001), while values of all twelve OSDI questions were significantly higher in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic EG (p < 0.05–0.001). All OSDI questions contribute equally to identify symptomatic EG, while only OSDI B questions on daily life visual functions are significant to classify symptomatic CL wearers at risk to develop DED or at a subclinical stage. CL wearers scoring ≥ 2 on the OSDI B questions should be considered for preventive treatments, even if their clinical sings are scarce or absent.

Presentation in self-posted facial images can expose sexual orientation: Implications for research and privacy.

Recent research has found that facial recognition algorithms can accurately classify people's sexual orientations using naturalistic facial images, highlighting a severe risk to privacy. This article tests whether people of different sexual orientations presented themselves distinctively in photographs, and whether these distinctions revealed their sexual orientation. I found significant differences in self-presentation. For example, gay individuals were on average more likely to wear glasses compared to heterosexual individuals in images uploaded to the dating website. Gay men also uploaded brighter images compared to heterosexual men. To further test how some of these differences drove the classification of sexual orientation, I employed image augmentation or modification techniques. To evaluate whether the image background contributed to classifications, I progressively masked images until only a thin border of image background remained in each facial image. I found that even these pixels classified sexual orientations at rates significantly higher than random chance. I also blurred images, and found that merely three numbers representing the brightness of each color channel classified sexual orientations. These findings contribute to psychological research on sexual orientation by highlighting how people chose to present themselves differently on the dating website according to their sexual orientations, and how these distinctions were used by the algorithm to classify sexual orientations. The findings also expose a privacy risk as they suggest that do-it-yourself data-protection strategies, such as masking and blurring, cannot effectively prevent leakage of sexual orientation information. As consumers are not equipped to protect themselves, the burden of privacy protection should be shifted to companies and governments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

UCA-EHAR: A Dataset for Human Activity Recognition with Embedded AI on Smart Glasses

Human activity recognition can help in elderly care by monitoring the physical activities of a subject and identifying a degradation in physical abilities. Vision-based approaches require setting up cameras in the environment, while most body-worn sensor approaches can be a burden on the elderly due to the need of wearing additional devices. Another solution consists in using smart glasses, a much less intrusive device that also leverages the fact that the elderly often already wear glasses. In this article, we propose UCA-EHAR, a novel dataset for human activity recognition using smart glasses. UCA-EHAR addresses the lack of usable data from smart glasses for human activity recognition purpose. The data are collected from a gyroscope, an accelerometer and a barometer embedded onto smart glasses with 20 subjects performing 8 different activities (STANDING, SITTING, WALKING, LYING, WALKING_DOWNSTAIRS, WALKING_UPSTAIRS, RUNNING, and DRINKING). Results of the classification task are provided using a residual neural network. Additionally, the neural network is quantized and deployed on the smart glasses using the open-source MicroAI framework in order to provide a live human activity recognition application based on our dataset. Power consumption is also analysed when performing live inference on the smart glasses’ microcontroller.

Effects of structure relaxation and surface oxidation on nanoscopic wear behaviors of metallic glass

Both structure relaxation and oxidation of surface layer induced by thermal treatment or friction heat play significant roles in reducing wear of metallic glasses (MGs). To distinguish the effects of structure relaxation and surface oxidation, we prepared Zr-based MGs at different states, i.e., as-cast MG; the annealed MGs under argon atmosphere (referred to as structure-relaxed MG) and oxygen atmosphere (referred to as oxidized MG). Nano-wear tests were carried out by atomic force microscope (AFM) to quantitatively clarify these two effects on the wear performance. Compared with the as-cast MG, the structure-relaxed MG shows an increased adhesive but slightly decreased ploughing friction. While, the oxidized MG shows the best anti-wear performance with dramatic reductions in both adhesive and ploughing friction. Classic molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio MD simulations revealed that the introduction of O hinders the MG atoms from forming interfacial bonds with diamond, and reduces significantly the adhesion between the diamond tip and passivated MG. In addition, the synergistic effect of high hardness and elastic recovery associated with oxidization reduces ploughing friction and enhances wear resistance. This finding clarifies the importance of surface chemistry over structure modification during wear, and offers a generic pathway for tailoring ultra-wear resistant MGs.

Factors governing wear of soda lime silicate glass: Insights from comparison between nano- and macro-scale wear

Previous studies demonstrated the macroscale wear behavior of soda lime silicate (SLS) glass in humid air was governed by the mechanochemical reactivity of sliding interfaces, which is a function of relative humidity (RH). In this study, it was observed that no disenible nanowear of SLS glass surface in dry conditions because the contact is elastic. In humid conditions, nanowear occurred due to water-induced mechanochemical reactions and the RH dependence above 20% was relatively weak. Nanowear of SLS glass decreased at the sodium ions enriched region, which was revealed with ReaxFF-MD simulations. Further analyses revealed that the wear behavior of SLS glass surface depends on both the mechanochemical reactions occurring at the sliding interface and the transport of the mechanochemical reaction products.

Quality of life during occlusion therapy for amblyopia from the perspective of the children and from that of their parents, as proxy

BackgroundParents pity their amblyopic child when they think that they suffer from occlusion therapy. We measured health-related quality of life during occlusion therapy.MethodsWe developed the Amblyopia Parents and Children Occlusion Questionnaire (APCOQ). It was designed by a focus group of patients, orthoptists and ophthalmologists and consisted of twelve items concerning skin contact of patch, activities, contact with other children, emotions and awareness of necessity to patch.Parents filled out the Proxy Version shortly before the Child Version was obtained from their child. Child Version item scores were compared with Proxy Version item scores and related to the child’s age, visual acuity, refraction, angle of strabismus, and cause of amblyopia.Results63 children were recruited by orthoptists, and their parents agreed to participate. Three children were excluded: one child with Down-syndrome, one child with cerebral palsy, and one child who had been treated by occlusion therapy. Included were 60 children (mean age 4.57 ± 1.34 SD) and 56 parents. Children had occluded 128 ± 45 SD days at interview. Prior to occlusion, 54 children had worn glasses. Cronbach’s α was 0.74 for the Child Version and 0.76 for the Proxy Version. Children judged their quality of life better than their parents did, especially pertaining to skin contact and activities like games and watching TV. Notably, 13 children with initial visual acuity ≥ 0.6 logMAR in the amblyopic eye experienced little trouble with games during occlusion. Quality of life in eight children with strabismus of five years and older correlated negatively (Spearman rank mean rho = -0.43) with angle of strabismus. Children with amblyopia due to both refractive error and strabismus (n = 14) had, relatively, lowest quality of life, also according to their parents, as proxy. Several children did not know why they wore a patch, contrary to what their parents thought.ConclusionsChildren’s quality of life during occlusion therapy is affected less than their parents think, especially regarding skin contact, playing games and watching TV during occlusion. Quality of life correlates negatively with the angle of strabismus in children five years and older. Children do not know why they wear a patch, contrary to what their parents think.Notably, children with low visual acuity in the amblyopic eye, had little difficulty playing games.

Exploration of the Visual Function after the Implantation of Continuous Visual Range Human Cocrystal Micromonocular Vision in Both Eyes of the Patient.

Eye diseases such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and cataract are have affected most people at home and abroad for many years. With the development of science and technology, people who wear glasses are now younger, and they are on the rise over time. This paper is to explore the visual function after the implantation of continuous visual range human cocrystal micromonocular vision in both eyes of the patient. On this basis, the latest visual sensor technology is used to conduct clinical research on the operation, a case-control study is performed on the patient's eyes, followed by intraocular lens insertion surgery, one eye is hemitrope and the other eye has a certain degree of intraocular lens inserted, and it is recorded within a period of time after the operation. According to the analysis of the experimental results, the patient's naked eye and corrected distance vision is (t = 2.102, P = 0.049), middle distance vision (t = 1.403, P = 0.200), and near vision (t = 1.463, P = 0.216). After the operation, the ratio of patients taking off glasses 91.8%. After the continuous visual range intraocular lens micromonocular vision design, it can well correct the patient's near and far vision of the naked eye of both eyes.

Optimised minus lens overcorrection for paediatric intermittent exotropia: A randomised clinical trial.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel algorithm to customise overminus lens therapy in intermittent exotropia (IXT) based on clinical factors associated with control of the deviation. Clinical parameters in IXT vary among individuals. Based on individual's physiological factors, an algorithm was developed. Children aged between 4 and 15 years with IXT were randomised into OML and observation groups. Participants in the observation group were corrected for any significant refractive error. IXT control score, angle of deviation, refraction, axial length and stereopsis were examined at baseline and follow up ranging between 6 and 15 months and compared. Compliance and tolerance to OML was determined by a symptom survey. The OML power ranged between -1.00D and - 6.25D. Of the total 141 participants (mean age 6.8 ± 2.5year), 77 were in the OML and 66 were in observation group. IXT control score improved (mean difference - 2.5 ± 1.1; p < 0.001) and angle of deviation reduced (6.9 ± 7.2pd; p < 0.001) significantly in the OML group only. Compliance rate to OML wear was 80%; 90% never or rarely experienced asthenopia symptoms. Slightly greater myopic shift (-0.36 ± 0.53D vs. -0.18 ± 0.55D) and change in axial length (0.17 vs. 0.14 mm) were observed in the OML group, but these differences were not statistically significant. A customised OML, calculated using this novel algorithm was effective in improving distance control, angle of deviation and stereopsis. Glasses wear was highly tolerable.

Human factor issues in relation with personal protective equipment during COVID-19 pandemic: a survey

Background: Personal protective equipment is used to reduce the danger that causes serious injuries and illnesses in the workplace. Alongside, continuously wearing PPE may also create some hazards. This study explores the human issues in relation to PPE among health care workers.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 283 health care workers who are wearing PPE for taking care of COVID-19 patients from October 2020 to January 2021. 283 valid responses were received. The structured questionnaire was developed in the google form and the link was shared among various groups. Data were organized and analysed by using IBM SPSS 20.0 software.Results: Participants were uncomfortable in wearing with PPE, they reported safety glasses over spectacles (48.8%) safety goggles (32.9%) not comfortable, nearly half of them reported tough to read and operate equipment due to continuous wearing of safety glasses (46.3%). Around 77% of the participants have reported that they were facing communication problems and were using sign language also.Conclusion: There are various issues with PPE including fit, comfort, communication &amp; operating ability. This can cause significant discomfort which leads to fatigue, negatively impacting the user’s physiological and psychological wellbeing. Poor fit PPE also puts HCWs at risk of exposure. Females face more issues than males so, we suggest to come up with the wider distribution of sizes like, small, medium and large to improve the fitness and comfort during working. Longer duration may further lead to physical and psychological stress.

Clinical evaluation of flat peripheral curve design with aspherical-curve and multi-curve hard contact lenses for keratoconus.

Aspherical- and multi-curve rigid gas-permeable hard contact lenses (HCLs) have a flattened curve in the peripheral zone and are mostly used for patients with keratoconus who cannot wear glasses, soft contact lenses, or spherical HCLs. In this retrospective study, a total of 95 eyes of 77 patients who used aspherical- or multi-curve HCLs (mean age: 40.0 ± 11.0 years) were evaluated. This study examined the types of aspherical- and multi-curve HCLs, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values before and after wearing HCLs, the association with the Amsler-Krumeich classification, duration of wear, corneal/conjunctival disorder, and the frequency of changing HCLs. There were 78 eyes that used aspherical-curve HCLs and 17 that used multi-curve HCLs. BCVA significantly improved from 0.42 logMAR to 0.06 logMAR after wearing either form of HCL. The Amsler-Krumeich classification showed that aspherical-curve HCLs were commonly used for patients with stage 2 keratoconus, and multi-curve HCLs were commonly used for stage 4 patients. The BCVA values were worse when the disease stage was more severe (stages 3 and 4) regardless of HCL type. The mean base curve of the lenses was steeper in multi-curve HCLs than in aspherical-curve HCLs. The more severe the disease stage, the steeper the base curve in both aspherical- and multi-curve HCLs. The duration of wear significantly improved from 2.1 h to 10.2 h, and corneal/conjunctival disorder similarly improved. The mean frequency of changing HCL types was 1.1 times. This study suggests that a flat peripheral curve design with aspherical- and multi-curve HCLs is useful for patients with keratoconus.

An 8-year-old with a unilateral droopy eyelid.

An otherwise healthy 8-year-old boy was referred to Baylor Scott &amp; White Hospital by his pediatrician for evaluation of drooping of the left upper eyelid of 6 months’ duration. The patient’s parents reported that the drooping had become worse over the preceding 6 months, with associated mild blurring of vision in the left eye. The family denied any history of trauma, drug or allergic reactions, history of malignancy, or anisocoria. The patient had never worn glasses or contact lenses. Past medical history, surgical history, and social history were noncontributory.