End Of Word Research Articles

Derivation predicting inflection

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the value of derivational information in predicting the inflectional behavior of lexemes. We focus on Latin, for which large-scale data on both inflection and derivation are easily available. We train boosting tree classifiers to predict the inflection class of verbs and nouns with and without different pieces of derivational information. For verbs, we also model inflectional behavior in a word-based fashion, training the same type of classifier to predict wordforms given knowledge of other wordforms of the same lexemes. We find that derivational information is indeed helpful, and document an asymmetry between the beginning and the end of words, in that the final element in a word is highly predictive, while prefixes prove to be uninformative. The results obtained with the word-based methodology also allow for a finer-grained description of the behavior of different pairs of cells.

EXTRALINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE MACROSTRUCTURE IN ENGLISH LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES

The lexicographic practice of the past and present, the theoretical foundations of lexicographic science determine a fairly wide range of problems in contemporary linguistics that require their solution. One of the controversial issues is the opposition of encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries. In the theory linguistic and encyclopaedic dichotomy has rather clearly defined boundaries, but in practice it turns out to be quite difficult to establish where the definition of a word ends and the description of the concept that this word conveys begins. A number of researchers adhere to the opinion that modern English linguistic lexicography is characterised by the process of integration with encyclopaedic lexicography. And nowadays we witness the emergence of hybrid dictionaries which attempt to incorporate both types of information (linguistic and encyclopaedic) in their structure. This paper presents a study of English linguistic dictionary macrostructure with a particular emphasis on encyclopaedic component. It investigates how elements of encyclopaedic nature are interlaced with linguistic elements on the level of dictionary macrostructure. The obtained results show that the average rate of encyclopaedization at the level of the macrostructure of the English dictionaries reaches about 13% of the total. The analysis of the macrostructure revealed that the fundamental difference between linguistic and encyclopaedic dictionaries is in the methods of headwords selection. The macrostructure of the encyclopaedic dictionary is limited by its register as it does not include such parts of speech as adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Linguistic dictionary in opposition to encyclopaedic dictionary registers all parts of speech in its macrostructure. The results show that English linguistic lexicography tends to register both linguistic and encyclopaedic headwords in its macrostructure.

EXTRALINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE MACROSTRUCTURE IN ENGLISH LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES

The lexicographic practice of the past and present, the theoretical foundations of lexicographic science determine a fairly wide range of problems in contemporary linguistics that require their solution. One of the controversial issues is the opposition of encyclopaedic and linguistic dictionaries. In the theory linguistic and encyclopaedic dichotomy has rather clearly defined boundaries, but in practice it turns out to be quite difficult to establish where the definition of a word ends and the description of the concept that this word conveys begins. A number of researchers adhere to the opinion that modern English linguistic lexicography is characterised by the process of integration with encyclopaedic lexicography. And nowadays we witness the emergence of hybrid dictionaries which attempt to incorporate both types of information (linguistic and encyclopaedic) in their structure. This paper presents a study of English linguistic dictionary macrostructure with a particular emphasis on encyclopaedic component. It investigates how elements of encyclopaedic nature are interlaced with linguistic elements on the level of dictionary macrostructure. The obtained results show that the average rate of encyclopaedization at the level of the macrostructure of the English dictionaries reaches about 13% of the total. The analysis of the macrostructure revealed that the fundamental difference between linguistic and encyclopaedic dictionaries is in the methods of headwords selection. The macrostructure of the encyclopaedic dictionary is limited by its register as it does not include such parts of speech as adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions. Linguistic dictionary in opposition to encyclopaedic dictionary registers all parts of speech in its macrostructure. The results show that English linguistic lexicography tends to register both linguistic and encyclopaedic headwords in its macrostructure.

The Problem of Syllabification in Consonant Cluster for English Department Students

The focus of this study is an attempt to identify the students of English department problem in syllabifying English consonant cluster. Syllable is the smallest unit beyond single consonants and vowels. Syllabification refers to the division of a word into syllables. Meanwhile, consonant clusters are the combinations of consonant found at the beginning or end of words and syllables. In this research, the researcher used quantitative approach which the design is the descriptive design. The process of collecting data was done by applying the essay test. The test was conducted to 11 respondents from the English department students of IAIN Langsa. According to the result of the essay test, the researcher found that there were three aspects of the students of English department problem in syllabifying English consonant cluster, these were syllabification, consonant cluster and syllable components. There were 45,45 % of students who got mistakes in aspect syllabification and syllable components and 54,55 % of students who got mistakes in aspect syllabification, consonant cluster and syllable components. According to the result of the research, the researcher suggested to the English department students of IAIN langsa have to improve their learning strategy in order to help them in comprehending the syllabification and the syllable structure. In addition, the English department students should enrich their comprehension about syllabification, consonant cluster, syllable components and recognize each of them in the word.

Treatment clinical trial - three types - for children with fluency disorders and stuttering.

To present a treatment clinical trial, involving three types of treatment for chronic developmental stuttering (CDS), to verify whether they present indicators and sufficient information to establish an effective and safe benefit-risk relationship. The study included 252 children between 2 and 12 years old, who underwent assessment and treatment for CDS. Among the selected children, 93 met the established inclusion criteria. After obtaining the scores for the risk of CDS (Protocol for the Risk of Developmental Stuttering), all children were assessed according to their fluency profile and the severity level of stuttering. The children underwent treatment for CDS Green, Yellow and Red Programs. The treatment chosen for each child was based on the analysis of the risk for CDS. All therapeutic programs presented positive results in the post-treatment assessment considering the analyzed parameters, with the exception of word repetition, sound prolongation at the end of words, and intrusion of sounds/word segments. The tested therapeutic programs - green, yellow, and red - were efficient for most of the participants. The direct intervention used in the Red Program was highly efficient in promoting fluent speech. This result suggests that for most of the patients with a higher risk of developing the chronic form of stuttering, the use of specific fluency promotion techniques is indicated.

МАРКИРОВАНИЕ НАЧАЛА И КОНЦА СЛОВА В ТАТАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: СИСТЕМА ГЛАСНЫХ

In natural languages, segmentation of the speech flow is the most important aspect of speech decoding: the meaning of a linguistic whole can be understood only if it is broken down into smaller elements and these are combined according to the grammatical rules of the language. Thus, the marking of speech segments must be determined by the internal structure of the language. A necessary condition for defining the boundaries of such segments is the presence of cognitive mechanisms involved in the processes of decoding sign systems. For a number of reasons, certain difficulties arise when identifying the boundaries of word forms in the Tatar speech. Therefore, statistical studies on the phonological structure of the Turkic word form and on potential ways of marking its boundaries are of great scientific interest. Through studying the vocal structure of the word form with the allocation of vowel phonemes in the initial and final syllables, this article investigates how the beginning and end of Tatar words are marked at the level of vowels. Literary texts were used as the empirical material for this study. With the methods of mathematical statistics, it was demonstrated that the distribution of eight vowels in the first and last syllables has statistically significant differences. At the same time, only the phoneme ‹a›, which is roughly equally represented in the initial and final syllables, has two different (positionally marked) variants: ‹ао› (labialized ‹a›) in the first syllable and the usual ‹a› in all other syllables. This distribution of vowels enables Tatar speakers to correctly define the boundaries of word forms, along with stress and vowel harmony, which alone are not sufficient for a clear and unambiguous definition of the boundaries of word forms. The results obtained suggest that the statistically significant differences revealed in the distribution of vowel phonemes are of great cognitive importance for the perception and discrimination of signs because they mark the beginning and end of lexical units in the speech flow. In the future, the methodology developed in this work can be used for similar studies on other Turkic languages.

Gairaigo in The Covid-19 Pandemic Era: A Study of Transformational Generative Phonology

Transformational Generative Phonology is a phonological theory that treats the distinguishing feature as the smallest unit and connects the distinguishing features and lexicons with phonological rules. This research has been conducted by several previous researchers, but study regarding the object in the Covid-19 pandemic is still limited. The purpose of this study was to explain the phonological process and phonological rules of foreign loan words into Japanese using transformational generative phonological approach. This study used descriptive qualitative method. Sources of the data were obtained from vocabularies or terms that appeared during the Covid-19 period. The results of this study indicated that there were six phonological rules which include, 1) the addition of the phoneme [u] at the end of words; 2) the addition of the phoneme [o] at the end of the word; 3) Addition of phoneme [u] in the middle of the word, 4) Addition of phoneme [o] in the middle of the word; 5) Addition of phoneme [k] at the end of the word, and; 6) Substitution of phoneme [l] to [r]. So that the implementation of this research was to create a rule to make it easier for foreign learners of Japanese to understand the sound changes that occur in Japanese lingual units.

Interesting Pausal Forms in the Speech of Muslims and Christians in Kufᵘr-Kanna

The aim of this paper is to describe the system of vocalic variants in pause pertaining to speakers of Arabic in Kufᵘr-Kanna (AKK) and in this regard to determine the features that characterize the AKK. As in Nazareth, the incidence of pauses in AKK varies and depends on the content, the listener and the speaker’s intentions. In AKK I detected pausal forms in the speech of middle-aged and elderly Muslims and elderly Christians. In addition to changes in consonants and vowel quality in their speech, in pausal position final syllables also undergo other modifications as compared to the contextual forms.
 Unlike in Nazareth, four further types were identified in AKK: (1) lengthening of short vowels in final position: ‑Cv > ‑Cv̄#, -CvC > -Cv̄C#; lengthening of normal and anaptyctic short vowels in final closed syllables: -CvC#; (2) devoicing of voiced consonants in word-final position; (3) glottalization after con­sonants and vowels in word-final position; and (4) aspiration: addition of (h) in pausal position where the word ends in long vowels.
 Key words: Arabic dialects – Pausal forms – Syllables – Long vowels – Short vowels – Christians and Muslims.

Emergence of a compositional neural code for written words: Recycling of a convolutional neural network for reading

The visual word form area (VWFA) is a region of human inferotemporal cortex that emerges at a fixed location in the occipitotemporal cortex during reading acquisition and systematically responds to written words in literate individuals. According to the neuronal recycling hypothesis, this region arises through the repurposing, for letter recognition, of a subpart of the ventral visual pathway initially involved in face and object recognition. Furthermore, according to the biased connectivity hypothesis, its reproducible localization is due to preexisting connections from this subregion to areas involved in spoken-language processing. Here, we evaluate those hypotheses in an explicit computational model. We trained a deep convolutional neural network of the ventral visual pathway, first to categorize pictures and then to recognize written words invariantly for case, font, and size. We show that the model can account for many properties of the VWFA, particularly when a subset of units possesses a biased connectivity to word output units. The network develops a sparse, invariant representation of written words, based on a restricted set of reading-selective units. Their activation mimics several properties of the VWFA, and their lesioning causes a reading-specific deficit. The model predicts that, in literate brains, written words are encoded by a compositional neural code with neurons tuned either to individual letters and their ordinal position relative to word start or word ending or to pairs of letters (bigrams).

Final – ww in the Late Egyptian Orthography: A Linguistic Assessment

Summary Various words in Late Egyptian texts present a final sequence –ww that is absent in earlier attestations and does not have any obvious etymological justification. No systematic discussion of these –ww, and not explanation for their use, has been offered so far. The present paper aims at filling this gap through a systematic reassessment of the phonological characteristics of a comprehensive corpus of words displaying this marker –ww. The results suggest that this marker is related in function with the so called spacefillers discussed in Kilani 2017; in particular it appears to be added at the end of words characterized by a stressed back vowel adjacent to a labial consonant w, b, p, f or m, and possibly ˓. Some considerations about the possible underlying linguistic reality and the rational for the use of this marker are added at the end of the article. One instance of the marker –ww in a magic spell of P. BM EA 9997 IV, and its possible role in clarifying a potentially ambiguous pronunciation of the associated verb, is discussed in a final Addendum. An appendix with the reconstruction of the vocalization for the words that survive in Coptic is provided here. A second appendix with the whole corpus is provided as online supplement.

End of words and accentuation in Spanish: Analysis of dictionary, large corpus, stylistic data, sociolinguistic geographic data and diachronic diatopic data

End of words and accentuation in Spanish: Analysis of dictionary, large corpus, stylistic data, sociolinguistic geographic data and diachronic diatopic data

An Investigational Approach for Vowels of the Salar Language Based on a Database of Speech Acoustic Parameters

According to relevant specifications, this article divides, marks, and extracts the acquired speech signals of the Salar language, and establishes the speech acoustic parameter database of the Salar language. Then, the vowels of the Salar language are analyzed and studied by using the parameter database. The vowel bitmap (average value at the beginning of words), the vowel bitmap (average value at the abdomen of words), the vowel bitmap (average value at the ending of words), and the vowel bitmap (average value) are obtained. Through the vowel bitmaps, we can observe the vowel in different positions of the word, the overall appearance of an obtuse triangle. The high vowel [i], [o], and low vowel [a] occupy three vertices, respectively. Among the three lines, [i] to [o] are the longest, [i] to [a] are the second longest, and [a] to [o] are the shortest. The lines between [a] to [o] and [a] and [i] are asymmetric. Combining with the vowel bitmap, the vowels were discretized, and the second formant (F2) frequency parameter was used as the coordinate of the X axis, and the first formant (F1) frequency was used as the coordinate of the Y axis to draw the region where the vowel was located, and then the vowel pattern was formed. These studies provide basic data and parameters for the future development of modern phonetics such as the database of Sarah language speech, speech recognition, and speech synthesis. It also provides the basic parameters of speech acoustics for the rare minority acoustic research work of the national language project.

AFIKSĀSI FIL-KITĀB AL-MUQODDIMAH AL-HADRAMIYAH BINADHARIYYATI MUHAMMAD ALI AL-KHULLY

Affixation is adding morpheme to a word that may cause a change in the meaning. The presence of an affix can give new meanings to the words including those in Arabic language. Affixes consist of four divisions according to Muhammad Ali al-Hilli, prefix (initial), infix (middle), suffix (final), and confix (initial and final). The questions in this research: (1) What are the divisions of affixes in the Hadrami Introduction book? (2) How is the affixation process? This study used a descriptive qualitative approach, and the method of data collection used is reading and writing. The data analysis method used is data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The results show 173 words with prefixes, 20 words with infixes, 12 words with suffixes, and ​​5 words with confixes. The total data analyzed is 205 words. The process of affixation of the words in the Hadrami Introduction includes the prefix added y, m, t, a, a ot, os ot to the beginning of nominative words, and infixes ie in the middle of the nominative case. The suffixes cover y at the end of the nominative words, and for confixes are by adding the hamza, taa, meem (initial) and wat, waw(final).

Interpreting experience enhances the use of lexical stress and syllabic structure to predict L2 word endings

AbstractPrediction underlies many life’s situations including language. Monolinguals and advanced L2 learners use prosodic cues such as stress and tone in a word’s first syllable to predict the word’s suffix. To determine whether the same findings extend to words with non-morphological endings, we investigate whether Spanish monolinguals and advanced learners of Spanish with and without interpreting experience use stress (stressed, unstressed) and syllabic structure (CV, CVC) in a word’s initial syllable to predict its ending. This is crucial to understand whether associations underlying prediction are morphophonolexical associations or purely phonolexical. Interpreters were included due to their extensive experience predicting incoming speech. Participants completed an eye-tracking study where they listened to a sentence while seeing two words and selected the word they heard. Results revealed that monolinguals and interpreters predicted word endings under all conditions, but non-interpreters only predicted in the CVC oxytone condition. These findings are relevant for (1) prediction accounts, showing that phonolexical associations trigger prediction; (2) phonological models, revealing that stress and syllable information in the initial syllable are key for accessing and predicting meaning; and (3) L2 processing models, indicating that L2 learners with interpreting experience use suprasegmental information to access and predict lexical items similar to monolinguals.

Lexicogrammatical skills in 2-year-old children with and without repaired cleft palate

ABSTRACT The purpose of the current research was to compare the lexical–grammatical skills of two-year-old children with and without repaired cleft palate (CP), accounting for the effect of variables such as vocabulary size at 18 months of age, maternal education level, and gender. Participants included 52 children with CP and 25 typically developing (TD) children. The CDI-WS was employed to measure vocabulary and grammatical skills. Significant differences were observed between the CP and TD groups with respect to the number of words, word forms (irregular nouns and verbs), word endings (overuse of plural (-s) and past tense (-ed) markers), the mean number of morphemes in their three longest utterances (M3L), and sentence complexity. In addition, compared to TD children, significantly smaller proportions of children with CP were observed to use words to talk about past and future events or use words to talk about an absent object. The difference between the CP and TD groups in terms of the size of vocabulary at 24 months of age remained statistically significant in the multivariable model. Among all predictors, the size of vocabulary at 18 months of age was identified as the most robust precursor of lexical and grammatical skills at 24 months of age. Gender was identified as a predictor of the M3L measure as an index for syntactic ability.

A Feature Percolation Convention of Affixation Processes in Urhobo

This paper seeks to examine headedness in affixation processes in Urhobo using a feature percolation approach. Affixation is a rich source of word formation process in the Urhobo language. The specific objectives are to identify affixation processes in Urhobo, investigate how they are used to derive words and determine headedness in the Urhobo language using a feature percolation theory as a framework. This paper reveals three affixation processes in Urhobo, which are prefixes, circumfixes and suffixes. Affixation is a derivational aspect of morphology and it brings about change in the grammatical class of the word or rather, provides additional semantic information to a word. The paper discovers that new words are derived in the language by attaching an affix either at the beginning (prefix), or to the end (suffix) of a word. This process is very productive in the language. The paper reveals that the head of a word using prefix is left-right branching while for suffixes, it is right-left branching. The prefix and suffix attached to a root to form the circumfix project to be the head of a word. The study observes circumfixes to have two heads. Feature percolation theory is also used to determine the head of a word in Urhobo. The paper concludes by recommending further researches on the use of theories especially morphological theories in analysing morphological processes in Urhobo.

STUDY OF RUSSIAN CASE FORMS IN LINGUISTICS

In Russian, the word order in the sentence is flexible because the relationships between words are shown by word endings. These endings are used to build different word forms which are divided into several groups called cases. The article provides an in-depth analysis of these.

A literature review of whether communication skills specific to psychiatry are being taught to medical undergraduates around the world

AimsThe ability to communicate effectively is an imperative skill for clinicians to master as doctor-patient communication is one of the most essential dynamics in health care. Patients with a mental disorder present a unique challenge for doctors with regards to effective communication due to the nature of their illness.This literature review aimed to determine whether medical undergraduates around the world are taught psychiatric communication skills.MethodIn January 2021, the following electronic databases were searched for articles relating to medical undergraduates, the concept of psychiatric communication skills and the teaching and support of such skill development: ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SAGE and Web of Science. Combinations of keywords focussed the content of papers and truncation obtained alternative word endings. Generated articles were appraised iteratively for suitability against pre-defined inclusion criteria. The bibliographies of eligible articles were then examined to capture any further relevant studies. Ethical approval was not required.Result1040 citations of potential relevance were initially identified. Following an iterative screening process, 10 articles (from seven different countries) were eligible for inclusion. 70% of papers used the modality of simulated patients to teach psychiatric communication skills and Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) was used to create “virtual patients” for undergraduates to engage with. Discussing sensitive and emotive topics, such as suicide attempts or substance misuse, was less commonly taught compared to conditions such as anxiety and depression. Only 10% of papers explicitly taught medical undergraduates empathy or written communication skills and the importance placed on psychiatric teaching differed between countries.ConclusionThis literature review showed that some medical undergraduates receive psychiatric communication skills teaching, but the format and content of this varies. Increased consideration of incorporating TEL into psychiatric communications skills teaching is pertinent given undergraduates’ reduced face-to-face patient contact during the COVID-19 pandemic, but further work is needed to validate such technology. Written communication skills are rarely taught but are imperative given the high volume of written correspondence in clinical practice. Delivering such teaching is feasible and should be incorporated into undergraduate curricula. Medical educators need to consider cultural differences when developing psychiatric communication skills teaching. Cultural influences not only affect undergraduate perceptions of psychiatry and mental illness, but also a patient's understanding and interpretation of their illness experience. Medical undergraduates may come from various cultural backgrounds, so actively discussing these differences opportunistically may augment the ability of medical undergraduates to be empathetic and establish therapeutic rapport with patients with mental illness.

CORPUS LINGUISTICS RESEARCH: ANALYZE THE USE OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME IN “THE FAULT IN OUR STARS” NOVEL BY JOHN GREEN

Novels are timeless. From teenagers to adults, they still choose a novel to spend time with, entertain themselves before bedtime, or even make a hobby. One of the most important yet unseen is the inflectional morpheme. The inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that does not alter the sense of the word. It is used to identify the type of words used in the text. This makes inflectional morpheme an essential ingredient in writing. Inflectional morpheme consists of suffixes added at the end of words that do not change either part of speech or meaning. It gives extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of the word (Bauer, 1988:12). The use of inflectional morpheme in a novel is important. One of the novels with an inflectional morpheme is John Green titled "The Fault in Our Stars." The most remarkable novel by John Green describes the romantic relationship between two teenagers that have cancer. The tragic romantic journey between Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters. This research aimed to analyze the inflectional morpheme in the novel. This research is used descriptive qualitative. It is hoped that this article may help students to learn more about the types of inflectional morpheme and the function of each inflectional morpheme.

ظاهرة الإعراب التقدیری عند النحویین

يهدف هذا البحث إلى بيان أهمية الإعراب التقديري وأنه لا يقل أهمية عن الإعراب الظاهر رغم قلة تداوله بين الباحثين، کما أن هذا البحث يرد على بعض العلماء المحدثين الذين دعوا إلى تسکين أواخر الکلمات العربية وترک الإعراب وخاصة الإعراب التقديري لصعوبته أو أن التمسک به يدل على الرجعية. This research aims to demonstrate the importance of discretionary parsing and that it is no less important than apparent parsing, despite its lack of circulation among researchers, and this research responds to some modern scholars who called for calming the end of Arabic words and leaving parsing, especially discretionary parsing because of its difficulty or that adhering to it indicates retrogression