Wood Waste Research Articles

Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties: Applications as a reinforcing filler in sbr and epdm elastomeric compounds

This study investigates the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar derived from Pinus spp. wood waste and its application as a reinforcing filler in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) elastomeric compounds. Biochar was produced at 400°C and 900°C and its effects on the mechanical properties of the elastomers were analyzed. The results indicate that biochar produced at 900°C has higher fixed carbon content and lower volatile matter, resulting in improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break compared to biochar produced at 400°C. Despite a lower specific surface area, the irregular surface structure of biochar enhances its interaction with elastomers, providing a semi-reinforcement. This study highlights the potential of high-temperature biochar as a sustainable alternative to conventional fillers such as carbon black, contributing to the development of environmentally friendly materials from biomass waste. The results support further exploration of the role of biochar in elastomer applications, highlighting its environmental and mechanical benefits.

3D Printing of Wood Composites: State of the Art and Opportunities

With the production of wood waste constantly on the increase, questions relating to its recycling and reuse are becoming unavoidable. The reuse of wood and its derivatives can be achieved through the production of composite materials, using wood as a reinforcement or even as the main matrix of the material. Additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) is an emerging and very promising process, particularly with the use of bio-based and renewable materials such as wood or its industrial derivatives. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of additive manufacturing processes using wood as a raw material and including industrial solutions. After presenting wood and its waste products, all the additive manufacturing processes using wood or its industrial derivatives will be presented. Finally, for each 3D printing process, this review will consider the current state of research, the industrial solutions that may exist, as well as the main challenges and issues that still need to be overcome.

Insights on Microplastic Contamination from Municipal and Textile Industry Effluents and Their Removal Using a Cellulose-Based Approach.

The rampant use of plastics, with the potential to degrade into insidious microplastics (MPs), poses a significant threat by contaminating aquatic environments. In the present study, we delved into the analysis of effluents from textile industries, a recognized major source of MPs contamination. Data were further discussed and compared with a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. All effluent samples were collected at the final stage of treatment in their respective WWTP. Laser diffraction spectroscopy was used to evaluate MP dimensions, while optical and fluorescence microscopies were used for morphology analysis and the identification of predominant plastic types, respectively. Electrophoresis was employed to unravel the prevalence of negative surface charge on these plastic microparticles. The analysis revealed that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide were the dominant compounds in textile effluents, with PET being predominant in municipal WWTP effluents. Surprisingly, despite the municipal WWTP exhibiting higher efficiency in MP removal (ca. 71% compared to ca. 55% in textile industries), it contributed more to overall pollution. A novel bio-based flocculant, a cationic cellulose derivative derived from wood wastes, was developed as a proof-of-concept for MP flocculation. The novel derivatives were found to efficiently flocculate PET MPs, thus allowing their facile removal from aqueous media, and reducing the threat of MP contamination from effluents discharged from WWTPs.

Environmentally Friendly Paving Block Based on Wood Waste: The Effect of Rubber Wood Waste Content on the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Paving Block

The wood sawing industry generates significant waste, consisting of wood chips, wood scraps, and sawdust. This research aims to evaluate the effect of rubber wood sawdust addition on the moisture content, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength of paving blocks. The study was conducted in August–September 2023, starting with preparing raw materials, composition planning, and test specimen fabrication. The parameters in this study included density testing, moisture content, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength. The density test results for treatments P0 were 1.11 g/cm3, P1 1.09 g/cm3, P2 1.07 g/cm3, P3 1.08 g/cm3, and P4 1.09 g/cm3. The moisture content test yielded values of 11.38% for P0, 12.56% for P1, 12.94% for P2, 13.24% for P3, and 13.80% for P4. The water absorption capacity values obtained were, for P0, 5.17%; P1, 5.40%; P2, 6.36%; P3, 8.11%; and P4, 9.27%. Compressive strength tests produced values for P0 at 7.19 N/mm2, P1 at 5.67 N/mm2, P2 at 4.22 N/mm2, P3 at 3.48 N/mm2, and P4 at 3.07 N/mm2. The addition of rubber wood sawdust to paving blocks significantly influences density, moisture content, water absorption capacity, and compressive strength values. Keywords: Composition, Compressive strength, Paving block, Sawdust waste.

Sustainable wood composite production using cotton waste and exopolysaccharides as green binders

Burning agricultural waste is a common practice among farmers in many countries, leading to global warming and climate change. Upcycling abundant agricultural waste will prevent incineration-generated hazards and provide sustainable and eco-friendly wood. An alternative wood composite was prepared using Aspergillus niger mycelium and exopolysaccharides (EPS) as a green binder. Autoclaving and gamma irradiation were both tested as wood pre-treatment to enhance binding. The mixture was incubated at 30 °C for 1 week. The results showed that wet pre-treatment using autoclaving resulted in improved wood binding compared to dry gamma irradiation treatment. The results show that the composite with the lowest water absorption was autoclaved before inoculation with 25 % EPS-induced Aspergillus niger, its tensile strength was 2.01 MPa and Modulus of elasticity of 1240.42 MPa and water resistance duration of 72 h. The biodegradation rate was 21.5 % for linseed oil-coated composite compared to 15.63 % for non-coated wood after 6 weeks. The samples demonstrated thermal conductivity as low as 0.06025 W/mK and linear Ohmic behavior within the investigated voltage range, rendering it a competitive insulating material. In conclusion, autoclaving and inoculum size play a key role in binding cotton wood waste. The key results render the optimized composite suitable for industrial applications due to its affordability, green manufacturing process, and potential for large-scale production.

Hydrothermal alkaline treatment of lignocellulosic biomass for microcrystalline cellulose generation at subcritical water

Like lignocellulosic biomass, wood waste sawdust is rich in cellulose and can potentially be used as a source of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) production via removal of hemicellulose and lignin constituents. Under hydrothermal alkaline treatment (100 to 140 °C), the breaking in the linkages of lignin and hemicellulose groups may happen, resulting in the solid residue, which is known as a cellulose-rich solid product. Results of FTIR analysis indicated that the removal of non-cellulosic constituents improved with increasing operating temperature and/or the prolonged treatment time. The XRD diffractogram pattern proved that improving the operating parameters (temperature and/or time) may also improve the crystallinity index of the solid product. On the contrary, the yield of the solid product decreases with increasing operating temperature and/or the prolonged treatment time.

Stirring digital innovation in wood waste upcycling: system dynamics as a circular design decision-making methodology

Abstract The urgency to reduce climate-changing emissions and natural resources exploitation is pushing architecture and industrial design to explore viable options to innovate current practices on material use. In forest-based industries, in particular, wood upcycling is emerging as a pivotal investigation field, with a specific research agenda aimed at reducing the impacts generated by the rising demand of timber products and the actual incineration and landfilling rates. Indeed, the development of new technological solutions needs to account for energy and material flows, as well as for the environmental impacts and social and economic dynamics. Such a new complexity pushes towards a design approach that links digital technologies to circularity goals for a more comprehensive understanding of the forest-based resource management and the evalutation of alternative scenarios. In this paper, we propose System Dynamics (SD) as a methodology to provide a qualitative and quantitative framework to promote digital circular innovation in the wood industry. SD is a dynamic, multi-scale, multi-dimension and site-specific decision-making support tool wich helps designers, researchers and industrial stakeholders to understand and simulate the dynamic behavior and performances of complex systems within specific time and space parameters. The proposed SD for wood waste upcycling allows to model “stock and flow” scenarios, to simulate and compare the consequences of technological options on the system and to target their development in time - and space-based projections. This study outlines the first advances for the SD application to the Italian wood industry, and examines the consequences of the application of different circular strategies on a “business-as-usual” scenario.

Adsorption of lead from aqueous solution using Teak (Tectona grandis) sawdust

ABSTRACT Sawdust, a wood waste was used to prepare activated carbon, and its adsorptive performance in removing Pb2+ from wastewater was investigated. Modification of Teak sawdust was carried out using orthophosphoric acid. Physicochemical and adsorptive parameters of activated sawdust (ASD) were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope, Fourier Transform Infra-red, and EDX respectively. SEM images of ASD revealed defined pores, adsorbing Pb2+ ions to its surface, while the spectra showed the presence of functional groups accountable for Pb2+ ions adsorption. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R Isotherm models were deployed to study the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm (R 2 = 0.9891) described the data with an adsorption monolayer capacity of 112.4 mg/g at 303 K. The D-R isotherm model depicted the mean free energy ranging from 1.29 to 4.08 kJ/mol, suggesting physisorption adsorption. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was best fitted for the sorption process with R 2 values between 0.9996 and 0.9999. Adsorption thermodynamics reflected that the process was endothermic and spontaneous. Therefore, the utilisation of an economical activated carbon modified from Teak (Tectona grandis) sawdust was efficient for lead uptake from wastewater.

Деревна лісова біомаса: проблеми та перспективи сталого використання

The article is devoted to the study of the state, problems and prospects of ensuring the sustainable use of woody forest biomass. Most of the bioenergy resources used in Ukraine for energy production are woody forest biomass. At the same time, there is a dangerous tendency to exceed the use of woody forest biomass above its potential. The norms governing the use of woody forest biomass contain various normative legal acts of Ukraine. However, the general concept of “woody forest biomass” is not defined in domestic legislation. The definition of “forest biomass” is contained in Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy fromrenewable sources of December 11, 2018. Besides, Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources of December 11, 2018 (RED II Directive) and its amendments (RED III Directive) – Directive (EU) 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 18, 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652 contains criteria for the sustainability of forest biomass in the EU. The European concept and practice of close to nature silviculture is an important reference point for ensuring the sustainable use of woody forest biomass in Ukraine. A special (limited) approach is required for the harvesting and use of woody forest biomass, which is a component of the ecosystem. Among the main problems of ensuring the sustainable use of woody forest biomass are noncompliance with the sustainability criteria of woody forest biomass at all stages (from harvesting to consumption), burning of forest wood waste in the forest, non-compliance with the proper ratio between leaving dead wood in the forest and its harvesting for energy production etc. To ensure the sustainable use of woody forest biomass, it is important not only to implement relevant European standards into national legislation, in particular the criteria for the sustainability of forest biomass, but also to introduce European practices that are close to nature.

Facilitating Intracellular Electron Bifurcation by Mediating Flavin-Based Extracellular and Transmembrane Electron Transfer: A Novel Role of Pyrogenic Carbon in Dark Fermentation for Hydrogen Production.

Pyrogenic carbon is considered an enhancer to H2-yielding dark fermentation (DF), but little is known about how it regulates extracellular electron transfer (EET) and influences transmembrane respiratory chains and intracellular metabolisms. This study addressed these knowledge gaps and demonstrated that wood waste pyrogenic carbon (biochar) could significantly improve the DF performance; e.g., addition of pyrogenic carbon produced by pyrolysis at 800 °C (PC800) increased H2 yield by 369.7%. Biochemical quantification, electrochemical analysis, and electron respiratory chain inhibition tests revealed that PC800 promoted the extracellular flavin-based electron transfer process and further activated the acceleration of the transmembrane electron transfer. Comparative metagenome/metatranscriptome analyses indicated that the flavin-containing Rnf complex was the potential transmembrane respiratory enzyme associated with PC800-mediated EET. Based on NADH/NAD+ circulation, the promoted Rnf complex could stimulate the functions of the electron bifurcating Etf/Bcd complex and startup of glycolysis. The promoted Etf/Bcd could further contribute to balance the NADH/NAD+ level for glycolytic reactions and meanwhile provide reduced ferredoxin for group A1 [FeFe]-hydrogenases. This proton-energy-linked mechanism could achieve coupling production of ATP and H2. This study verified the important roles of pyrogenic carbon in mediating EET and transmembrane/intracellular pathways and revealed the crucial roles of electron bifurcation in DF for hydrogen production.

Metal adsorption equilibrium response of iron oxide nanoparticles embedded on Acacia (Vachellia nilotica) wood waste under different parametric conditions

The present study reveals cost-effective, environmentally approachable, and efficient adsorbent for the elimination of heavy metals by utilizing the biological synthesis route of nanoparticles (NPs). IONPs (hematite) synthesized from Vachellia nilotica wood waste. Raw wood waste and IONPs were characterized by SEM and FTIR. A batch adsorption process was conducted to study the adsorption of lead (Pb+2) and (Cu+2) ions by raw wood waste and IONPs synthesized from wood waste. Parameters like pH change, temperature, dosage of sorbent, and contact time were performed to provide information about optimal conditions for adsorption. It was found that an adsorbent dosage of 4 g, pH = 7, temperature = 120 °C, and time of 20 min provided high removal efficiency of both metals. With Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm, experimental data matched well with a high adsorption capacity of 7.5 mg/L for Cu (II) and 0.83 mg/L for Pb (II). Kinetics study shows that equilibrium data supports with pseudo-second-order model with the highest R 2=0.99. Thermodynamics study (ΔGo, ΔHo, and ΔSo) shows that the process is feasible and has an endothermic nature. IONPs provide high removal efficiency with R 2=0.99 with both metals. IONPs proved as efficient adsorbents with high removal efficacy of studied metal as paralleled to raw wood waste.

Optimization of Wood Waste through the Design of Multifunctional Clocks Using KANO and QFD Methods to Increase the Economic Revenue of CV. PIRANTI

One of the companies engaged in the teak wood furniture industry and interior design of the room is CV. PIRANTI. The problem found by researchers is the occurrence of the accumulation of waste of wood which becomes fuel for wood oven, causing environmental pollution. As such, to minimize wood- waste accumulation—a scenario in which the accumulation of timber waste in December 2018, January 2019, and February 2019 totaled 177 kg—the author will waste the wood into clocks that have value that can also add economic income for the company. The KANO and QFD methods are used in this study. This research is aimed at: 1) Product design planning using waste wood; 2) Product design planning using the Kano and QFD methods; and 3) Knowing the increase in income of CV. Tools by utilizing waste wood. The result of this research is 1) can process the waste of wood using the method KANO, 2) can know the level of satisfaction and the interests of customers using QFD method, 3) and can know the advantages of wood waste treatment when used Multifunction Wood. In processing QFD data, obtained 2 types of product design. Got a price calculation with a price margin of 25% for the product, where the price ranged from 52 000 rupiah to 65 000 rupiah per product with a profit of 13 000 rupiahs for product A, and product B with prices ranging from 46 000 rupiah to 57 500 rupiah with a profit of 11 500 rupiah per product.

Systematic Review of Construction Waste Management Scenarios: Informing Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis

Abstract Purpose Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is increasing due to rapid urbanization. An estimated 35% of CDW is disposed of in landfills worldwide. Thus all available strategies for minimizing the environmental and economic impacts of CDW are explored. This study reviews the use of recycled construction and demolition waste as substitutes for primary materials as well as strategies for the reuse of materials that lead to the circular economy. The aim of this study is to analyse previous literature on CDW that use life cycle analysis and contribute to the circular economy. Methodology A bibliometric analysis and systematic critical review is presented to investigate the contribution of construction materials to life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). The Scopus database was the main source of data reviewed. The geographical distribution, main research sources, and keywords co-occurrence were analyzed for 69 peer-reviewed articles and conference papers. Findings Most studies compared the life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) of alternative concrete recycling methods or using waste instead of aggregates in concrete. Recycling or reuse of concrete, bricks, wood, gypsum, and steel are the most common materials studied in previous research. A knowledge gap is proposed for future research. Originality The knowledge gaps identified focus on wood waste and concrete. Currently it is not clear which of the options proposed is the most sustainable.

Insights about the use wood waste from the neotropical Amazonian for the generation of renewable energy

The abundance and availability of wood waste in the Amazon region pose a great challenge in terms of their use, such as to generate clean and renewable energy. The use of blends of the most different species constitutes a challenge in view of the energetic characteristics that are unknown for the replacement of fossil fuels. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the energy potential of wood waste from Amazonian species (Dinizia excelsa and from Manilkara elata, commonly used as lumber) as a way to support the generation of clean and sustainable energy. The wood waste of two Amazonian species were collected during the mechanical processing of logs; the sawdust of Eucalyptus spp. was collected in a biomass company. The contents of total extractives, total lignin, ash, moisture, bulk density, calorific value and energy density were investigated in different blends of residual biomass. The Dinizia excelsa species stood out for presenting higher values of extractives, total lignin, calorific value and energy density. The waste of Amazonian species showed satisfactory characteristics for energy use, which encourages the use of this biomass from wood processing. In addition, forest biomass waste enable the production of various compacted solid fuels, such as pellets and briquettes.

Production and technical performance of scrimber composite manufactured from industrial low-value wood for structural applications

Development of scrimber composites and other engineered wood products from low-value wood and wood waste provides an effective opportunity to preserve natural resources, minimize waste, and innovate the production of higher-performance, environment-friendly construction materials. In this study, peeler cores, which are the center of poplar logs remaining after the peeling process in the veneer production, were utilized to develop scrimber composites. This study investigated the effects of different resins, including phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea formaldehyde (UF), as well as hydrothermal treatments at various temperatures (60 °C and 130 °C), on the physical and mechanical properties of the scrimber composites. Chemical changes in wood components and morphological changes in wood cell walls resulting from hydrothermal treatment were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To clarify how resin type and hydrothermal treatment affect structural performance, several physical and mechanical properties of scrimber composites, including thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture, were measured. The test results revealed that hydrothermally treated wood scrims at 130 °C, when bonded with PF resin, produced scrimber composites with superior structural performance.

TOWARDS AN INFORMATIONAL UPCYLING: LEVERAGING COMPUTATION TO (RE)DESIGN BIOMATERIALS’ LIFE CYCLES

As the imperative to mitigate climate-altering emissions and curb natural resources exploitation intensifies, the fields of architecture and industrial design are compelled to explore alternative material practices. This imperative requires a transition from the traditional cradle-to-grave model to a cradle-to-cradle design paradigm, emphasizing upcycling, the process of repurposing waste into higher-value products. However, the definition of “value” in this context remains vague. In this paper, we posit value as an informational shift, denoting the “ecological intelligence” embedded within recycled materials compared to their prior life cycles. Amidst the concurrent ecological and digital transitions, the concept of “Informational Upcycling” (IU) emerges, bridging Circular Economy principles with the creative potential offered by digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in architectural and technological design. IU leverages computational methods to address the complexity, non-linearity, and unpredictability inherent in reclaimed materials, which pose challenges to their reuse and upcycling, thereby questioning established design methodologies and tools.This conceptual framework is informed by a case study analysis of international critical research practices and is articulated through a comprehensive digital workflow, pointing out the enabling technologies for IU, with a specific focus on wood waste. Finally, the paper illustrates the application of this theoretical framework through the FoRWARD (Furniture Waste for Circular Design) research project, funded under MICS – NextGenEU, PE11, Spoke 4. Led by the Department of Architecture at the University of Naples “Federico II”, this initiative aims to test this approach within the Italian furniture industry, showcasing practical implementations of IU principles.

A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO RECYCLING WASTE: EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTING TO EXTEND THE LIFE CYCLE OF MATERIALS

The environmental questions emerged in recent decades have caused a transition from a linear economy to a circular economy (CE). CE is based on the reuse of materials in subsequent production cycles by extending their useful life, with the aim of reducing and if possible, eliminating any waste. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), a 3D printing technique, has emerged in recent years as a promising methodology for green and sustainable purposes. The use of natural and biocompostable materials for the production of filaments for FFF, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), has made this 3D printing technique one of the most promising in several fields. This paper presents some applications concerning the development of innovative and sustainable materials focused on reducing the environmental impact of conventional FFF materials, carried out in recent years in our laboratories. In particular, various composite filaments incorporating poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and different handicraft or agro-industrial waste materials, including olive wood waste (OW), cocoa bean shell waste (CBSW), ceramic waste (CW) and Lecce stone waste (LSW), have been produced by extrusion. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the innovative biocomposites developed, including structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical evaluations, and the comparison of the results obtained with the different subproducts is presented in the paper. Finally, some simple real objects first reproduced manually, were later 3D printed using the developed biocomposite filaments, demonstrating the effectiveness of FFF in successfully recycling artisanal and agro-industrial waste within the same production company, reducing costs and supporting the CE.

Opportunities and challenges towards a circular bioeconomy of the Philippines’ veneer and plywood industry

Using harvested wood products (HWPs) in a circular bioeconomy, such as veneer and plywood, is a promising approach to addressing environmental concerns and ensuring sustainable resource management. This paper attempts to conceptualize a veneer and plywood circular bioeconomy system (VPCBES) model and analyse the opportunities and challenges these wood-based industries face in contributing to the circular economy of the Philippines. A systematic literature review and contextualized SWOT analysis were employed to explore potential pathways for sustainable development and circular practices in the country. It adopts the butterfly framework and presents the VPCBES model, exploring the continuous flow of materials, emphasizing waste reduction, products and materials circulation, and nature regeneration. The opportunities for the veneer and plywood industry in the circular bioeconomy include using recycled wood waste, adopting resin as a binding agent, and cascading wood waste in time and value. However, challenges persist, including meeting demands while ensuring regeneration goals, low innovation investments, harvesting practices, waste routes issues, non-compliance to cleaner production and industrial symbiosis, and policy‐related barriers. Addressing these challenges and capitalizing on opportunities will enable the veneer and plywood industry to play a vital role in the Philippine circular bioeconomy.

Analysis of Calorific Value of Biopellet Diameter Variations through Proximate Test

This study aims to evaluate the quality of biopellets as biomass energy fuel, focusing on physical and chemical characteristics based on the SNI 8021:2014 standard. The research method used is experimental with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The raw materials used are a mixture of rambutan wood waste (Nephelium lappaceum L) and bintaro (Cerbera manghas) with tapioca flour as an organic binder. Testing includes proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon) and calorific value using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The results show that the produced biopellets meet several parameters of the SNI 8021:2014 standard, such as moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. However, there is significant variation in ash test results among different diameters of biopellets tested. ANOVA test results indicate that mold diameter has a notation that has a significantly affect several biopellet characteristics, such as density and calorific value. This study also observed the potential for increased combustion efficiency of the produced biopellets. The results indicate that the raw material mixture used can reduce pollutant emissions during combustion. The conclusion of this study is that the use of a mixture of rambutan wood waste and bintaro with tapioca flour as an organic binder can produce biopellets with quality that meets standards for biomass energy applications.

Mechanistic analysis of hydrogen-rich Co-gasification of pine wood and polypropylene-based waste masks using Fe/Dol catalyst

Disposable masks, predominantly made of polypropylene melt-blown fabric, present a significant environmental challenge due to their large volume and resistance to natural degradation. This study explores the co-gasification of forestry waste, specifically pine wood, and waste masks to enhance biomass gasification efficiency while enabling the high-value utilization of waste materials. The Fe/Dol catalyst, prepared by loading transition metal Fe onto calcined dolomite using the impregnation method, was tested in a two-stage fixed-bed gasification system. Steam was employed as the gasifying agent. The study systematically examines the effects of steam flow rate, gasification reforming temperature, the mixing ratio of pine wood to masks, and Fe loading on the catalyst's performance in gas-phase and liquid-phase product formation.Characterization analyses revealed that Fe oxides facilitate the cleavage of aromatic rings in aromatic compounds, leading to the formation of two-carbon chain segments and promoting the production of ethylene and propylene from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, the catalyst enhanced tar cracking, generating free radicals and ring bonds. Experimental results indicate that at a steam flow rate of 3 mg/min, a gasification temperature of 850 °C, a pine wood to mask mixing ratio of 1:2, and an Fe loading of 8 %, the hydrogen (H2) volume fraction reached 52.48 %, with a gas yield of 1.67 m³/kg and a hydrogen production rate of 78.25 g/kg.