Wood Powder Research Articles

Tough and Strong All-Biomass Plastics from Agricultural and Forest Wastes via Constructing an Aggregate of Hydrogen-Bonding Networks

The development of all-biomass materials to replace conventional plastics has been gradually becoming a focus. However, all-biomass plastics, especially those fabricated from agricultural and forestry wastes, have the obstacles of poor formability and/or low toughness. Herein, we demonstrated a facile, efficient, and easy-to-scale method to significantly improve the formability and toughness of biomass materials via constructing an aggregate of hydrogen-bonding networks, where the relatively weak hydrogen bonding could be sacrificed during stretching. After a continuous preparation process that combined a paper-making process with an in situ welding process, the regenerated cellulose material with a layered microstructure was spontaneously formed. The interlayer hydrogen-bonding interactions could dissipate energy during stretching. As a result, the cellulose plastics were tough and strong. The tensile strength, strain, and toughness reached 154.9 MPa, 57.7%, and 81.76 MJ/m3, respectively, which were markedly higher than those of previous cellulose-based materials. The corresponding cellulose hydrogel exhibited an excellent strength of 9.5 MPa and a high strain of 171.4% also. During this scalable process, a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EmimAc) aqueous solution worked as a dispersant and a solvent, and a high solid content of cellulose/EmimAc (20 wt %) was used. Based on such an effective method, various agricultural and forestry wastes, including corn straw, wheat straw, grass, and wood powder, could be directly processed into high-tough all-biomass films, indicating a huge potential in ecofriendly materials, environmental protection, and bioresource utilization.

Strength analysis of hybrid date-wood-Al2O3 polymer composite using Taguchi method

The current study discusses the creation and characterization of a novel set of studies carried out by supplementing the matrix (Polyester resin) with natural materials (date leaf, teak wood dust) and nanoparticles (aluminium oxide). Natural fibres are utilised in the hand lay-up process to manufacture composite materials. The Taguchi approach is utilised in the investigation of different composite reinforcement formulations. The Taguchi design and experimental data analysis are used to investigate the influence of factors such as filler content % and different fillers such as date leaf fiber, teak wood powder, and Al2O3 Nano particles (N). Different composite qualities are developed and studied. Mechanical characteristics, such as tensile and flexural testing, will be performed to evaluate the behaviour of different composites. It was reported that Date leaf fiber was the most influential parameter for increasing the strength of the composite.

Influence of cellulosic particle fillers on mechanical properties of hemp fibre-reinforced composites

ABSTRACT Plant-based hemp natural fibre-reinforced composites are sustainable in the view of the environment. However, these composites have not attracted many applications due to their less mechanical properties compared to the synthetic fibre-reinforced composites. The present work reports the hemp fibre-reinforced composite loaded with cellulose-based filler to improve their mechanical properties. At equal proportions of cellulose filler such as pistachio shell powder, teak wood powder, groundnut shell powder reinforced with the hemp fibre-reinforced epoxy composite, the improvement in the tensile strength, flexural strength, % of elongation and % of deformation is reported. The hemp fibre/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% of pistachio shell powder shows a 9.28% increment in tensile strength, 50.96 % increment in flexural strength compared to hemp fibre/epoxy composite. The hemp/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% teak wood powder particles shows enhancement in tensile, flexural by 31.56 %, 35.97%, respectively. The hemp/epoxy composite loaded with 5 wt% groundnut shell powder particles shows enhancement in tensile, flexural by 42.99 %, 83.99%, respectively.

Wood induced preparation of Fe3C decorated biochar for peroxymonosulfate activation towards bisphenol a degradation with low ion leaching

Heterogeneous iron/persulfate system suffers from the problems of high ion leaching, severe catalyst surface corrosion and low performance stability. Herein, a series of iron compound incorporated N doped biochar composite catalysts were prepared from pyrolyzing wood powder and ferric ferrocyanide mixture, which were used for bisphenol A (BPA) degradation in water through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. It was found that the reducing gases released from wood powder at different pyrolysis temperature significantly affected the crystalline phase of the iron compound in the catalyst, in which pure phase iron carbide (Fe3C) decorated N doped biochar was obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C or higher. Wood powder was introduced as both Fe3C formation inductive agent and biochar precursor. Fe3C/biochar exhibited optimal BPA degradation performance, in which 0.5 g/L of catalyst could completely degrade 0.05 mM BPA within 30 min. Radical, high valent iron-oxo, and non-radical species were all generated in the reaction system by both Fe3C and N doped biochar, respectively. Moreover, the multi-valence nature of Fe in Fe3C enabled the reaction system with remarkably reduced Fe ion leaching and negligible iron sludge production since Fe3C could activate PMS through a heterogeneous mechanism. Having multiple active species generated for BPA degradation, the prepared catalyst also showed promising adaptability and recyclability. This study can provide a new solution for the design of iron based catalyst/PMS system for organic pollutant degradations with low ion release.

Composites Based on Sustainable Biomass Fiber for Automotive Brake Pads

Biomass fibers are promising materials for applications in modern vehicles. They have great economic and ecological significance, as well as a great potential in the fabrication of composite materials due to the relatively high level of strength and rigidity, low density, availability, recyclability, and biodegradability. In this context, the focus is on the development of automotive brake pad materials from sustainable sources. This work refers to the investigation of the behavior of composite materials made of biomass fibers, phenolic resin, graphite and aluminum oxide. These materials are intended to be used for brake pads on automobiles with moderate efficiency. For this purpose, three recipes of composite materials with different percentages of coconut fiber and wood powder were developed in laboratory. The physical and mechanical as well as functional properties of these composite materials with varying amounts of biomass fibers are examined in this paper. The best performances in this terms was obtained for the composite material containing the highest amount of wood powder and the lowest amount of coconut fiber.

Use of Panels Made from Plastic Waste in Thermal Insulation

The materials of the given article are devoted to the problem solution associated with one of the processing plastic waste methods by adding various fillers in order to obtain the final product for the thermal insulation materials manufacture. The researches were conducted using the UPR (unsaturated polyester resin) samples made of EPS (expanded polystyrene) plastic waste and crushed recycled polyethylene from greenhouse film waste with various types of wood waste from carpentry workshops. The tests have revealed that when EPS is added to the unsaturated polyester mixtures, the EPS thermal conductivity coefficient decreases with a slight decrease in density, which gives the wide opportunities to use EPS waste as an additive for UPR and expands the ways of its potential industrial application, and the addition of styrene to the compositions containing 10% of styropor causes a clear decrease in thermal conductivity characteristics and a slight decrease in the density of these mixtures. The values of the thermal conductivity coefficient and the density of the low-density polyethylene material increase with the wood powder percentage raising used as an organic filler.

Changes in chemical structures and molar mass parameters of birch wood powder by ethylene diamine treatment

It is necessary to delignify wood samples and treat them with ethylene diamine (EDA) before they are dissolved in 8% (w/v) lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) prior to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis. In the present study, the effects of delignifying birch wood powder 0–3 times with NaClO2 and subsequently treating it with EDA on its solubility in 8% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc and its SEC data. The neutral sugar composition of the birch powder was almost unaffected by either delignification or treatment with EDA. Treatment of the birch powder with EDA resulted in 28% solubilities in 8% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc. Approximately 11% of cellulose molecules in the birch wood powder was dissolved, and detected as a high-molar-mass (HMM) fraction in the SEC elution pattern. Each single delignification treatment increased the solubility in 8% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc to 68–74% after EDA treatment. Based on the glucose contents of the delignified samples, almost all cellulose molecules in the delignified samples were dissolved in 8% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc after EDA treatment, and detected as the HMM fractions in the SEC elution patterns. The HMM cellulose molecules in the EDA-treated birch powder had linear random-coil conformations in 1% (w/v) LiCl/DMAc. However, the SEC data suggest that there probably were some chemical linkages between the HMM cellulose molecules and lignin or NaClO2-treated lignin fragments in the HMM fractions.

Synergistic flame retardant effect of a new N-P flame retardant on poplar wood density board

A new and efficient flame retardant consisting of Ammonium tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate triphosphate (ATITP) was prepared by a solvent-free synthesis method for improving the flame retardancy of poplar wood density boards. The flame retardant mechanism was probed, and the mechanism of capturing combustion radicals, synergistically promoting charring and inhibiting heat was summarized. The density board treated with 20% ATITP had an ultimate oxygen index (LOI) of was up to 65.1%. In the experiment of cone calorimetry (CONE), the total heat release (THR) of flame retardant density board was reduced by 73.9% compared with the pure density board sample, while the heat release rate (HRR), CO and CO2 production were significantly reduced. In addition, the analysis with a thermogravimetric infrared coupler (TG-FTIR) and thermal cracking gas mass spectrometer (Py-GC–MS) revealed that the flame retardant exerted a gas-phase and condensed-phase flame retardant during the thermal decomposition process to alter the thermal cracking pathway of wood powder. It was demonstrated that the poplar density board treated with ATITP has good flame retardancy, which provides a simple and efficient method for flame retardant density board for building materials.

Study of mechanical property of treated teak wood and tamarind seed particles in the applications of reinforced composites

Developing countries are having galore agricultural waste and fibres which are used for getting novel composite materials to enhance its utilization and to scale back deforestation in concern with heating. In the present work the exploration of teak wood powder (TWP) and tamarind seed particles (TSP) are studied with polymer matrix. Here, we taken Teak wood powder and along with the exact proportionate of tamarind seed powder. Chemical treatment process is done with the help of benzoylation treatment. TWP was chemically treated to detach the impurities and enhance its mechanical properties. TWP and TSP are act as reinforcement, and the epoxy resin as Matrix. This type of combinations is successfully fabricated by hand lay-up method. The epoxy-TWP and TSP composite specimens were prepared by varying the weight percentage in the following order. The composite samples were fabricated by using hand lay-up process with 5 weight percentage (wt.%) of teak wood and tamarind seed, 10 wt.% of teak wood and tamarind seed,15 wt.% of teak wood and tamarind seed, 20 wt.% of teak wood and tamarind seed, 25 wt.% of teak wood and tamarind seed particles. The remaining weight percentage assign to the epoxy matrix addition. The treated and untreated composite samples are tested for their tensile and flexural strength. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also analysed. The test results suggest that the TWP and TSP reinforced composites would be a low weight, economical cost and higher strength material fit for industrial applications.

A high-performance, sustainable nacre-mimetic film with montmorillonite nanosheets crosslinked natural wood powders

A high-performance, sustainable nacre-mimetic film with montmorillonite nanosheets crosslinked natural wood powders

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of polar flavonoids from Robinia pseudoacacia L. heartwood

The black locust, known as an invasive species, represent many advantages, mainly due to its rapid growth rate and its richness with interesting flavonoids. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction of the two main flavonoids dihydrorobinetin and robinetin, was optimized using a three level Box-Behnken response surface design. The conditions investigated to influence the extraction yield of these flavonoids were temperature (40–80 °C), pressure (10–20 MPa) and modifier’s percentage EtOH:H2O 80:20 (10 %−30 %). The response was quantified using an UHPLC-DAD optimized chromatographic method. The results showed the influence of the extraction conditions on the yield of the molecules of interest. The data were fitted into a second-order polynomial equation, the multiple regression analysis showed a high determination coefficient value (R2) of 0.93. The optimal extraction conditions were 10 MPa, 80 °C and extraction phase composition of CO2:EtOH:H2O 80:16:4 for 30 min. These conditions allowed for the recovery 49.2 mg of flavonoids for 1 g of dried wood powder.

Structural Characterization and Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Using Modified Juniper Wood Powder

Structural Characterization and Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Using Modified Juniper Wood Powder

Sustainable Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Santalin from Red Sandal Wood Powder (Ptrecarpus santalinus) for Bio-Coloration of Mordanted Silk Fabric

The coloring behavior of santalin, a natural reddish-brown dye derived from sandalwood, has been investigated in this work for the dyeing of silk fabrics while being heated in MW radiation. Microwave (MW) radiation up to 5 min has been employed to isolate colorant (Santalin) from red sandalwood (Ptrecarpus santalinus) in selected medium, and bio-mordants in competing with salts as chemical-mordants have been included. Statistical analysis was made and dyeing variables were selected for getting dark shades though mordants. MW treatment for 3 min. to both extract and fabric was selected and mild dyeing conditions were optimized statistically to get dark shades. On applying chemical mordants, selected amount of salts of Al+3, Fe+2 and T.A. before and after dyeing, has given good results. Comparatively, selected extracts of plant based sources have shown colorfast shades of high strength. The MW radiation has excellent potential to extract dye form plants using optimum medium through less time and energy, and the application of plant extracts along with sustainable salts have developed colorfast shades.

ANALISA PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LIMBAH KAYU JATI DAN SERABUT KELAPA SERTA GYPSUM PADA TANAH PANGGUNG JEPARA TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKUATAN GESER DAN PENGEMBANGAN TANAH

AbstractThe soil in the Panggung Village area, Kedung District, Jepara Regency, was found to have signs of collapse and uneven ground and fractures occurred in structural bulkheads due to uneven and stable land subsidence. One of the factors causing the signs of failure, cracks and faults is triggered because most of the area has a type of soil with a low level of shear strength.In this study, an experiment was conducted on mixing the original soil with a mixture of added materials in the form of teak wood powder and coconut fibers and gypsum. The percentage of addition of added materials is 8%, 10% and 12% and 3% gypsum with two ratios of added materials (25% SKJ and 75% SKP) with a comparison (75% SKJ and 25% SKP) to determine the nature of the original soil after Added materials are added by testing physical properties and engineering properties.From the research that has been done, the percentage of addition of added material that shows the best soil characteristics is adjusted to the percentage of comparison, namely the highest specific gravity test from the addition of 8% in the comparison percentage (25% SKJ and 75% SKP), Atteberg limit test with the lowest plasticity index of the addition of 10 % in the comparison percentage (25% SKJ and 75% SKP), testing the lowest optimum proctor modified moisture content from the addition of 8% in the comparison percentage (25% SKJ and 75% SKP) with the maximum dry soil density from the addition of 8% in the comparison percentage (25% SKJ and 75% SKP), in the CBR test the highest CBR value occurred in the 8% addition test, the soil shear strength test used the highest soil cohesion value from the addition of 10% in the comparison percentage (75% SKJ and 25% SKP) and used an increase in the highest value of the shear angle of the soil in the addition of 8% on the percentage (75% SKJ and 25% SKP) , then testing the land development uses the smallest value that occurs in the addition of 8% in the comparison percentage (25% SKJ and 75% SKP). Keywords: Soil Waste, Soil Stabilization, Direct Shear, Swelling

MXene-intercalated montmorillonite nanocomposites for long-acting antibacterial

MXene has attracted widespread attention in the field of antibacterial due to the unique photothermal and photodynamic property. However, its application in durable antimicrobial field is greatly limited by its instability and weak antibacterial activity. In this study, ultrasonic-impelled MXene was used to intercalate montmorillonite (MMT) layers and fabricate montmorillonite/MXene nanocomposites (MTX) with micro-nano protective structure. The nanoconfinement effect protected MXene from oxidation for 30 days, making it possible to long-term use. Furthermore, hydrophilic Ag NPs synthesized by natural polymer lignin were immobilized in the MTX, which could enhance the antibacterial effect of MTX and retard the cumulative release of Ag NPs. MTX/Ag exhibited excellent photothermal, photodynamic and antibacterial activity, achieving over 99.9 % antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus for 28 days. Meanwhile, the antibacterial mechanism of MTX/Ag has been thoroughly studied. Importantly, the stability of MTX endowed the MTX/Ag-NIR with photothermal stability and cyclic stability, achieving 30 days antifungal effect on wood powder. These studies provided a novel idea to fabricate a stable, long-acting, and efficient antibacterial agent for precious furniture.

Efficient preparation and properties of wood fiber transparent materials with powdered wood

At present, since wood resources are in short supply, it is of great significance to utilize wood residues to prepare bio-composites for sustainable developments. Compared with the preparation of traditional transparent materials using solid wood, making transparent materials using wood fibers (WF) can utilize wood residues (such as wood chips, wood strips, sawdust, etc.) as the raw material sources, which can help the environmental protection and promote energy saving features of transparent fiber wood (TFW). Currently, the method of making TFW usually uses simple chopped wood residues with the removal of lignin. The transparent composites using WF were prepared by impregnating pre-polymerized polymers. Therefore, this study adopted a method of wood powders (WPF) screening to solve this problem. The wood residues were smashed into a certain mesh size of WPF, and then the epoxy resin (EP) was impregnated into the delignified WPF to successfully prepare the wood powder-reinforced transparent wood (TCWP), which effectively optimized the preparation process and improved the efficiency. The preparation efficiency is greatly improved by more than 50%. The effects of length-diameter ratio and mass fraction of WPF on optical properties, mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of TCWP were further investigated in this study. The comprehensive analysis showed that, when the WPF size was 80 mesh and the fiber mass fraction was 5%, it had the best optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. In addition, the laser scattering experiments showed TCWP can be used as an optical screen and architectural glass in the engineering practice and became a transparent composite material with high added value, because of the uniformity of WPF dispersion in EP, resulting in more uniform light passing rate and increased haze.

Reengineering Waste Boxwood Powder into Light and High-Strength Biodegradable Composites to Replace Petroleum-Based Synthetic Materials

The preparation of biocomposites from renewable and sustainable forestry residues is an effective method to significantly reduce the environmental pollution caused by synthetic materials such as plastics and synthetic fibers. This study is aimed at developing a clean process for the large-scale production of high-performance green biocomposites without involving any chemical adhesive. Adhesive-free biocomposites with superior mechanical properties were prepared using HCl ball milling pretreatment and in situ synthesis. The nano-Fe3O4 was uniformly dispersed in the cellulose matrix, and when the matrix was subjected to external forces, the stress concentration effect around the particles absorbed energy, thus effectively improving the mechanical strength of the matrix. The flexural strength and tensile strength of BWP(Fe3O4) samples were increased by 159.04 and 175.34%, compared to that of regular wood powder control samples. The lignin melts under high temperature and pressure and then forms a carbonized layer on the surface of the biocomposites during the cooling process, which prevents the rapid penetration of water from the surface and also gives the biocomposites good thermal stability. The results of this research can avoid the harmful volatiles generated by chemical adhesive than that of the traditional fiberboard process and effectively replace petroleum-based synthetic materials prepared using the addition of various chemical additives, making it conform to the concept of environmental protection and sustainability.

Optimization of Material Composition and Compression Molding Process Parameters to Maximize Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene (r-PP) Composite Reinforced with Ironwood Powder

It could potentially be possible to create more sustainable materials by using wood waste as reinforcement in recycled polymer material. This study aims to optimize material composition and compression molding parameters to maximize the mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene composites reinforced with ironwood powder using the Taguchi orthogonal L9 design of experiment. The composites were manufactured in two-step extrusion and compression molding. The parameter levels used in this study are ironwood loading of 10%, 20%, and 30% with the addition of three different levels of coupling agent and manufactured using the molding temperature of 165℃, 175℃, 185℃ as well as pressure holding time of 3 minutes, 6 minutes, and 9 minutes. Tensile testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 638 type V standard. The S/N ratio analysis revealed different optimum parameters for tensile strength and elastic modulus. Therefore, the grey relation analysis was performed. It was found that the optimum composition and parameter variation for tensile strength and elastic modulus are 10% mass fraction of ironwood, 3% of MAPP, molding temperature of 165℃, and pressure holding time of 9 minutes. The ANOVA indicated wood powder loading as the most significant parameter on the mechanical properties of the composite. The material composed of recycled polypropylene and waste of ironwood can be considered a promising sustainable material for engineering-related applications.

Two-step separation of lignin from poplar wood powder using malic acid/choline chloride deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been extensively studied for lignin extraction from lignocellulosic biomass due to their easy synthesis, selective lignin dissolution, high recyclability, and other benefits.

Study on Water Resistance of Polypropylene Based Wood-Plastic Composites Used in Building

This research was aimed at studying the preparation of polypropylene based wood plastic composite material by twin-screw extrusion. The effects of the addition of the maleic anhydride (MAH) and wood flour on WPC properties were evaluated. WPC with 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 wt% of MAH contents were prepared. The mechanical properties and water resistance of WPC were studied. The result showed that with the increasing of MAH, the tensile strength of WPC increases at first and then decrease, and water absorption reduced by 39%. After immersing in water for 24 h, the tensile strength of WPC decreases but the impact strength increases, and with the increasing of MAH, the reducing extent of tensile strength increases, but the improvement extent of impact strength gradually decreases. When the MAH content exceeds 8 wt%, the impact strength of dried WPC samples (dried for 24 h) can be recovered basically. WPC with 10, 20, 30, 40 wt% of wood flour contents were prepared. The result showed that with the increasing of wood flour, the tensile strength of WPC increases at first and then decreases, the impact strength decreases, and water absorption increased by 62%. When the wood flour content exceeds 10 wt%, the impact strength of dried WPC samples can only recover partially. WPC containing different wood meal sizes was prepared. The result showed that with the decreasing of wood flour particle size, the water absorption of WPC increases obviously. The impact strength of dried WPC samples is higher than that of unsoaked WPC, when the particle size of wood flour is 60 meshes. It can be seen from the SEM photos that the distance between the wood powder fibers becomes larger after 24 h of WPC soaking in water. The finer the wood flour, the easier it is to aggregate in WPC.