Women In Age Group Research Articles

Assessing the global burden of Type 2 diabetes in women of reproductive age

This research critically assesses the global prevalence and trends of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) among women of reproductive age (15–39 years) spanning the period from 1990 to 2021. We conducted an analysis of the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), and Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2021. The global ASIR and DALYs per 100,000 among reproductive-aged women increased from 101.01 to 205.17 and from 113.25 to 198.41, respectively. The EAPC for ASIR was 2.32 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.25 to 2.39], and that for DALYs was 1.76 (95% CI: 1.69 to 1.83), both indicating an upward trend. The increase in T2D prevalence was more prominent in the 25–29 age group and younger women. According to Socio-demographic Index (SDI) category, the highest ASIR and age-standardized DALY rate were observed in low-middle SDI regions (ASIR 104.44; age-standardized DALY rate 136.78). The most significant increases in ASIR were recorded in High-income North America (EAPC = 3.64, 95% CI 3.46 to 3.82) and Cameroon (EAPC = 4.30, 95% CI 4.14 to 4.46). In terms of age-standardized DALY rates, the steepest rises were seen in East Asia (EAPC = 2.71, 95% CI 2.34 to 3.08) and Turkmenistan (EAPC = 4.21, 95% CI 3.89 to 4.52). This study shows a remarkable increase in global T2D burden in women of reproductive age between 1990 and 2021. Interventions should be targeted towards women aged 25–29 years and lifestyle risk factors in low-middle SDI, specifically in countries in North Africa and the Middle East, East Asia, Oceania.

Unravelling Prevalence and Pattern of Various Hormonal Dysfunctions Among Reproductive Age Community Dwelling Indian Women: Lessons From ICMR PCOS Task Force Sub Study.

Population-specific studies examining the prevalence of endocrine dysfunctions among Indian women are limited. Therefore, we analysed the data of the multicentric and multiregional National ICMR-PCOS task force study to evaluate the magnitude and pattern of endocrine dysfunctions among women of reproductive age group across various zones of India. Women aged 18-40 years (N = 12,100) were approached from five zones of the country including both rural and urban areas and were evaluated using multistage cluster design based on 2011 census. A structured uniform questionnaire capturing details of medical history, drug intake and so on. was collected, followed by relevant physical examination, laboratory assessment (blood counts, liver, and kidney function tests), hormonal panel (serum LH, FSH, PRL, total testosterone, 17OHP, SHBG, DHEAS, insulin, T4, TSH, Cortisol) and abdominal ultrasound. Out of the 12,100 subjects listed in the Voter ID list and approached at all the participating sites, 831 declined to participate, and 2276 were deemed ineligible. The screening questionnaire was administered to a total of 8993 women. The study showed a remarkably high prevalence of oligo-anovulation (21.5%), closely followed by clinical hyperandrogenism (21%). Biochemical hyperandrogenism and subclinical hypothyroidism emerged as the most prevalent endocrine dysfunctions (15.6%). This nationally representative study is probably the first global study to report the various endocrine dysfunctions in reproductive age women and will help in formulating national health policies.

Health transition of Thai migrant women in Japan: a preliminary cross-sectional study in a country with insufficient migrant health data

BackgroundMost research on the healthy migrant effect (HME) of migrants and the reduction in such health advantages due to long-term residence has been conducted in countries with a high proportion of migrants. However, in Japan, where there is a low migrant population of 2.0% and a low Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) rating, only limited health data on migrants is available from official statistics, and no residence length data is available. Therefore, health indicators in studies on the HME in Japan are limited to the cause of death or mortality, and residence length data are estimated from migration historical background or surrogates from age. The study aimed to compare the health status of Thai women residing in Japan with that of Japanese women and clarify the health transition of Thai women due to long-term residence in multiple health indicators.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using self-administered questionnaires among Thai residents in Japan aged 20 years or older, assessing their health outcomes, such as subjective symptoms, and health behaviors, such as smoking. Chi-square or binomial tests were performed to compare the health outcomes and behaviors of the Thai migrants during the early stages of migration and the subsequent long-term residence with those of the Japanese population.ResultsHME was observed only among Thai women aged 20–39 years who had resided in Japan for less than 10 years, with a lower prevalence of subjective symptoms compared to Japanese women in the same age group. HME was not observed in middle-aged women with less than 10 years of residence. Long-term residents exhibited poorer health outcomes and behaviors than Japanese women across most age-groups, despite undergoing more frequent health examinations. Statistically significant differences were particularly noted among middle-aged women.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the duration of residence is associated with migrant health, with longer stays in Japan linked to a decline in health among migrants, thereby suggesting the need to collect migrant health data in official statistics and position migrants as targets for primary and secondary prevention in public health.

Histopathological Analysis of the Product of Conception following First Trimester Spontaneous Abortion in Bharatpur Hospital

Background Spontaneous abortion is one of the most common problems encountered in women of reproductive age group leading to retained product of conception in most of the cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the histopathological findings of the product of conception in first trimester spontaneous abortion.MethodsA hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gynecology department of Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal from August 15, 2024 to May 15, 2025. This study was conducted among the women admitted with diagnosis of first trimester spontaneous abortion. Ethical approval was taken from IRC of Bharatpur hospital. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 16 using descriptive statistical tools.ResultsAmong 121 cases of spontaneous abortions, the majority (57.5%) of patients belonged to age group 21-30 years. On admission, the majority (43.8%) of patients were diagnosed with incomplete abortion. Histopathological examination confirmed the product of conception in 73.5% patients, partial mole in 9.1% patients, complete mole in 0.8% patients, decidual reaction in 10% patients and hydropic changes in 6.5% patients.Conclusions The histopathological examination of the product of conception proved to be an important tool in conforming normal products of conception and to find out possible pathologies like molar pregnancy and hydropic changes that necessitate special follow up and further management.

Comparison of Lupus Nephritis Onset Before and After Age 50: Impact on Presentation and Outcomes in an Inception Cohort.

Renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) most commonly occurs in women of the reproductive age group. However, it may theoretically start at any age. In this study, We aimed to explore the impact of lupus nephritis (LN) stratified by age of onset, with a cutoff at 50 years, on clinical presentation and disease outcomes. We included 246 inception cohort patients who developed LN during follow-up. We classified patients based on the age of LN onset into Group 1 (before age 50; 205 patients) and Group 2 (≥50, late-onset LN [LoLN]; 41 patients). Outcomes included complete proteinuria recovery (CPR) at one year, an adverse composite outcome (end-stage renal disease [ESRD], a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline, or death), subsequent LN flares, and any increase in non-renal SLICC damage index (SDI). The association with outcomes was studied using Cox proportional hazards model. At baseline, the median [IQR] age was 31.4 [25.2, 38.5] years for Group 1 and 58.4 [53.9, 64.5] years for Group 2 (p<0.01). Group 2 (LoLN) patients had a higher median creatinine level (p=0.03), lower median eGFR (p<0.01) and proteinuria levels (p=0.01), and lower median SLEDAI-2K score (p=0.04). In the Cox models, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of achieving CPR or developing the adverse composite outcome. However, LoLN was associated with higher odds of any increase in non-renal SDI and showed a trend for fewer subsequent flares. LoLN is not associated with significant differences in short- or long-term renal outcomes.

To the question of human oocytes dysmorphism and its influence on the parameters of early embryogenesis

Introduction. In recent times, in addition to morphological evaluation of spermatozoa and embryos, attention has been paid to the problem of assessing the morphological parameters of human oocytes, as there are more and more reports about their impact on the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs. Objective To evaluate the oocyte morphological parameters of women of different age groups and their impact on the embryological stage of ART program. Material and methods. Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment at “EkoKlinika” LLC were divided by age into four groups: up to 29 years (n=11, number of oocytes =208), from 30 to 34 years (n=18, number of oocytes = 243), from 35 to 39 years (n=18, number of oocytes = 192), from 40 years and above (n=6, number of oocytes = 42). The following parameters were analyzed: the number of mature oocytes, the number of abnormal oocytes and the distribution of specific dysmorphisms by age groups, the presence of correlations between oocyte dysmorphisms and the outcomes of ART programs. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in oocyte maturity in the age groups. In patients of the aged group 40 years and above, a statistically significant increase in the proportion of abnormal oocytes was revealed compared to all other groups of women. A moderate direct statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of refractory bodies in the cytoplasm of the oocyte and the age of the patients. Other dysmorphisms did not show correlations with age. There is also a moderate direct relationship between the number of obtained oocytes and such dysmorphisms of oocytes as central granulation and perivitelline debris. According to statistical correlation analysis, the following anomalies of oocyte morphology had an impact on early embryogenesis: central granulation, perivitelline debris, an increase of perivitelline space, anomalies of zona pellucida and anomalies of the first polar body (fragmentation and size increase). Conclusion. With the age of a woman, the quality of oocytes deteriorates significantly, manifested in an increase in the frequency of morphological anomalies. Some dysmorphism affects the parameters of early embryogenesis, while no strong correlations between these anomalies and unfavorable outcomes of ART programs have been revealed.

Assessment of Perception of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Urban Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Public health concerns about sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are becoming more widespread, particularly in developing countries with dense populations and high rates of population mobility. Their prevalence rises with widespread exposure to risk factors. Promoting knowledge and comprehension of STI prevention is essential to shielding women of reproductive age groups (15-45 years) from its harmful effects. This household-based cross-sectional study was directed to assess the level of perception of sexually transmitted infections among 273 purposively selected urban women residing in Moghbazar, Malibagh, and Shantibagh areas of Dhaka South City Corporation, Bangladesh. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire based on participants' convenience. The participants had a mean age of 32.8±4.2 years, ranging from 18 to 45 years, with the maximum (40.3%) of them were in age group 31-40 years. In terms of education, over half (54.6%) had completed secondary education, mostly similar to their partners (52.7%) and their average monthly household income was 18765.2±3262.8 BDT. The mean age at marriage was 19.8±2.1 years, with 10.3% marrying before 18. The average duration of marriage was 9.2±6.3 years. The most commonly used contraceptive methods were oral pills (60.4%) and condoms (41.0%). Majority of the women (51.3%) had a poor perception of STIs, while more than one-third (36.1%) had an average perception, and 12.6% had a good perception. The level of STIs perception among women was significantly associated with age, education, spouse's education, and marital duration (p&lt;0.05). The survey uncovered that most women in the selected urban regions had a poor to average perception of STIs, with only one in ten having a good perception. Implementing comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education can reduce the current and future burden of STIs. Bangladesh Med J. 2024 Jan; 53(1): 39-46

Effect of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn on Cervical Erosion (Qurūḥ al-Raḥim): A Randomized Comparative Clinical Study

Background and Objective: Cervical erosion (Qurūḥ al-Raḥim) is one of the most frequent gynecological conditions seen in clinical practice. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the topical application of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn in Qurūḥ al- Raḥim. Material and Method: A randomized comparative clinical study was carried out at the Institute Hospital in Bengaluru. Diagnosed cases (n=40) of cervical erosion were randomly assigned to test (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. A total of 6 g ointment of Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn (test drug) and tested Unani formulation (control drug) was applied with an applicator per vaginum over the eroded area of the cervix daily once at bedtime for 14 days. A single dose of the antibiotic regimen (azithromycin-1g and cefixime-400 mg) was administered orally in both groups. Subjective parameters like vaginal discharge, pruritus vulvae, low back ache, lower abdominal pain, and postcoital bleeding were assessed during the trial. The main outcome measure was an improvement in the cervical erosion grading score. The inference was executed with appropriate statistical analysis. Result: Improvement in the cervical erosion grading score was achieved in 50% and 40% of patients in the control and test groups, respectively, after 2 weeks of treatment with P&lt;0.0001, which was considered highly significant. A highly significant improvement in subjective parameters was observed during the trial with P&lt;0.0001. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of cervical erosion among women of reproductive age group, effective treatment and safe strategies are highly recommended. Marham-i-Bāsalīqūn is cost-effective and has several therapeutic actions that can help to promote the healing of erosion and relieve the associated symptoms. The clinical trial was registered at the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI) with registration number CTRI/2022/02/040419.

Level of health literacy on cervical cancer and its correlates among women of reproductive age group in an Eastern state of India

Level of health literacy on cervical cancer and its correlates among women of reproductive age group in an Eastern state of India

Management of Secondary Amenorrhea due to PCOS through Ayurvedic Regime - A Case Study

Background: In the woman of reproductive age group, PCOS is the commonest endocrine disorder which is a complex genetic syndrome characterized by anovulation, amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea, menstrual abnormalities, acne and hirsutism which is due to sedentary lifestyle, eating unhealthy and abnormal sleeping patterns. As per WHO, it impacts 116 million females worldwide as of 2010.[1] In Ayurved, it can be correlated with Nastartava or Anartava which is the symptom of Bandhya Yonivyapada. Symptomatically it can also be correlated with Puspaghani Jataharini mentioned by Acharya Kashyap. Material and Methods: An unmarried Hindu female patient of 20 years old came to OPD of IAS and R with complaints of amenorrhea since 6 months along with pre-menstrual symptoms like irritability and mood swings etc. She is also having scanty menses since 6 months. Her USG showed polycystic ovaries. PCOS involves Ras, Rakt, and Medo Dusti along with Kapha-Pitta Pradhan Tridosh. Based on Samsprapti, Kapha- Pittahar, Artavajanana and Aampachana Chikitsa was adopted. She was treated with Ayurvedic Sansaman and Sanshodhan Chikitsha for 3 months. Her treatment includes Virechan for Srotoshodhan and oral medications include Chaturbeej Churna, Kanchnar Guggul, Gaandharvahasthadi Kshaya and Gorakhmundi Churna. Results: Her USG was repeated after the course which was showing normal study. She also got her periods after 2 months of treatment along with relief in her premenstrual symptoms from which she was suffering previously. Now she is having her periods on monthly basis with length of cycle of 28 to 32 days. Conclusions: Ayurvedic management of PCOS offers a natural and holistic approach to addressing the root causes of this hormonal disorder. By incorporating dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, herbal remedies, and yoga, women with PCOS can experience improved hormonal balance, reduced symptoms, and enhanced overall well-being. Through this study, it is concluded that PCOS can be treated effectively with Ayurveda.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ ЖІНОК ПЕРШОГО ПЕРІОДУ ЗРІЛОГО ВІКУ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ЇХ БІОМЕХАНІКИ ПРОСТОРОВОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТІЛА

bstract. Relevance of the research topic. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is used by specialists to assess the condition of the musculoskeletal system in order to identify potential risk factors such as dysfunction, asymmetry, and pain. The FMS includes seven tests. Research has shown that corrective programs can improve an individual’s FMS scores, reduce functional asymmetries, and lower the risk of sports injuries. The analysis and synthesis of data from professional literature made it possible to explore scholars' views on the necessity and relevance of developing approaches to improving physical fitness in adults during health-oriented fitness training. The purpose of this article is to determine the physical fitness levels of women in early adulthood with different postural types. The study involved 36 women of early mature age. All research procedures were conducted in compliance with the requirements of the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki: “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects”. Methods. Theoretical analysis of specialized scientific and methodological literature; photographic and visual screening of the biogeometric posture profile; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Data obtained from two age groups of women in early adulthood revealed the following: The “Deep Squat” test was performed correctly, without compensatory movements or loss of balance, by 38.9% (n = 7) of women aged 25–29, and by 16.7% (n = 3) of women aged 30–34. The “In-Line Lunge” test was correctly executed by 22.2% (n = 4) of the younger group and by none of the women aged 30–34. The “Shoulder Mobility” test showed correct results in 11.1% (n=2) and 5.6% (n=1) of participants in the respective age groups. For the “Trunk Stability Push-Up” test, 38.6% (n=7) and 33.3% (n=6) of participants showed correct execution. The “Rotary Stability” test was successfully performed by 11.1% (n=2) and 16.7% (n=3), respectively. Notably, none of the women in either age group were able to correctly perform the “Hurdle Step” and “Active Straight Leg Raise” tests.

US Army Accession and Retention Standards: Impact on Obesity and Medical Readiness

ABSTRACTIntroductionMilitary body fat standards were implemented in the 1980s to prevent obesity and associated poor military readiness. In the past 2 decades, enforcement of existing Army body composition standards has been eroded by the steady increase in national obesity rates, the demand for new recruits especially during the 2007 surge in Iraq, and the COVID epidemic in 2020. The diminishing qualified recruit pool puts a new focus on accession standards. The purpose of accession standards is to ensure that recruits will meet soldier standards, but accession standards have been relaxed to improve recruitment with an assumption that most recruits will achieve the retention standards during initial entry training. A new method of percent body fat estimation (%BF) adopted by the Army in 2024 further liberalizes both accession and retention standards. This study examined the impact of current accession and retention %BF standards on the proportion of the US population that would be disqualified from Army service.MethodsThis analysis was based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) statistical sampling of the US population, where height, weight, abdominal circumferences, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) %BF data were available (n = 26,090, including 13,302 men and 12,788 women). The proportion of individuals in the NHANES data failing to meet weight screen and %BF standards based on age and sex categories were calculated using DXA and the new Army anthropometric method. A recent large dataset from another service was used to compare the new method to DXA.ResultsNear one-third to one-half of American men and women failed to meet the current Army body composition standard (29, 39, 48, and 50% of men and 39, 45, 46, and 50% of women for age groups 17–20, 21–27, 28–29, and 40–59). More men than women benefited from more liberal accession standards to enter the Army above the retention standard to which they will be held after initial entry training (an additional 12, 11, 15, and 15% of men and 7, 1, 2, and 1% of women who met accession standards exceeded retention standards and would be expected to lose %BF after entry). Approximately one-fourth of women exceeded %BF but were under the height–weight screen; <10% of men were in this category. No men but 16% of the youngest women had low lean mass (<35 kg).DiscussionArmy body composition standards are generous, extending to the limits of increased metabolic health risks and providing underestimates of actual %BF based on the behavior of circumference-based methods of body fat estimation. However, current standards do not accurately select or track physical readiness, especially for women, and should be updated. Modernization of physical readiness standards to meet the needs of the Army of 2030 could include adoption of new technologies that directly assess central adiposity, adequate muscle mass, and replace fitness testing with cardiac output metrics. With half of US adults projected to be obese by 2030, it is time for a review of the strategic goals of modernized military readiness standards.

Perspectives of women and community workers regarding maternal and newborn care among tribal areas of Maharashtra, India: a qualitative study

Background: Tribal populations are vulnerable; have lower health and social indicators as compared to the general population. The objectives of this paper were to know the awareness and perceptions about maternal and newborn care, treatment-seeking behaviour, constraints faced by reproductive age group women while accessing services and by the auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) and accredited social health activists (ASHAs), while providing the services. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in two blocks of Palghar district (Dahanu and Jawhar) in Maharashtra, India from February 2021 to September 2021.Twenty-four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among three groups: Reproductive age group women (18-45 years), ASHAs and ANMs in the study area. A textual and contextual analysis was done manually with the help of the prepared FGD guide. Results: Majority of the women were aware of early registration and danger signs of pregnancy. They had certain misconceptions about diet in the postnatal period and consumption of iron and folic acid tablets. Prelacteal feeding was not practiced; exclusive breastfeeding and weaning practices were reported to be satisfactory. All three delays were reported by the women and the health care workers. Conclusions: Misconceptions related to MCH care and nutrition among tribal women can be addressed through health education messages. Infrastructure, facilities, manpower, and transport facilities need to be strengthened in tribal areas, especially below the subdistrict level. The study findings indicate the need to address three delays by the health authorities in the study areas to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.

Systemic Thrombolysis for Post-partum Pulmonary Embolism Complicated with Post-partum Haemorrhage

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially life-threatening complication, with the risk increasing four- to five-fold during pregnancy compared to non-pregnant women of similar age groups.¹ The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) progressively rises throughout gestation and peaks in the postpartum period.² Thromboembolism remains the leading cause of direct maternal mortality in the UK as of 2022.³We present a 26-year-old, previously healthy postpartum woman who developed acute respiratory distress and shock following an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. She exhibited rapid clinical deterioration with hypoxia, haemodynamic instability, and decreased responsiveness. Initial management included oxygen supplementation, intravenous fluid resuscitation, and vasopressor support. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated type 1 respiratory failure and metabolic acidosis. A bedside transthoracic echocardiogram revealed right atrial and right ventricular dilation with McConnell’s sign, raising strong suspicion for high-risk PE. Systemic thrombolysis with a reduced-dose alteplase regimen (50 mg over 2 hours) was commenced. However, after receiving 35 mg of alteplase, the patient developed significant vaginal bleeding that progressed to major postpartum haemorrhage with an estimated blood loss of 2 litres, requiring immediate cessation of thrombolysis and transfusion of blood and blood products.Clinical improvement in oxygenation and haemodynamics was observed within six hours, consistent with effective thrombolysis. Subsequent CT pulmonary angiography confirmed a submassive right-sided PE.This case highlights the importance of early recognition and urgent intervention of PE in postpartum patients and the complex balance between life-saving thrombolysis and the elevated risk of postpartum haemorrhage.

A Review on the Health and Nutritional Status of Professional Women Aged 30–45 Years in India

The transformation of India's socio-economic structure has resulted in a significant rise in women's involvement in professional fields including education, healthcare, information technology, banking, and administration. Women aged 30 to 45 frequently encounter a dual load of professional advancement and household obligations, significantly impacting their health and nutritional well-being. This review seeks to consolidate national-level statistics, peer-reviewed literature, and public health surveys to assess the health difficulties encountered by professional women in this pivotal age group throughout India. Data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4 and NFHS-5) indicate that around 48% of women in India are anaemic, while the incidence of overweight and obesity has concurrently risen to over 23% in this demographic. The trends are exacerbated by increasing occurrences of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses, which are frequently associated with sedentary lifestyles, inadequate dietary diversity, occupational stress, and insufficient physical activity. Research indicates that professional women frequently forgo meals, opt for processed and convenience foods, and generally prioritize domestic and professional obligations over their own nutritional requirements. The review emphasizes that professional stress, extended working hours, insufficient health awareness, and socio-cultural norms—such as the tradition of eating last or prioritizing family meals—negatively affect women's health disproportionately. Nutritional evaluations reveal considerable shortages in protein, iron, calcium, and vital vitamins among employed women, irrespective of income or educational attainment. Moreover, variations related to area, occupation, and socio-economic status expose a complex framework of health inequity. The findings highlight the pressing necessity for focused interventions such as nutritional education, workplace wellness initiatives, regular health assessments, and regulatory reforms that consider gender and occupation. Enhancing the health and nutritional welfare of professional women is vital for their personal advancement and imperative for the ongoing socio-economic progress of the nation.

Determinants of Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Status Among Women of Reproductive Age Group Attending Basic Health Unit, Mirpur

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of tetanus toxoid vaccination status among women of reproductive age group and to determine association with sociodemographic variables. Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Community Medicine, AMC / Basic Health Unit Mirpur, Abbottabad. from 1st May 2024 to 1st November 2024. Methods: Non probability consecutive sampling technique was employed. The estimated sample size was 186. Data was handled and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The mean age of women was 31.4±7.7 years. About 124(66.7%) were partially vaccinated, 13(7%) were completely vaccinated while 49(26.3%) were unvaccinated. Significant association was observed between vaccination status of women with socioeconomic status (p=&lt;0.001), marital status (p =&lt;0.001), educational status of women (p= 0.03), occupation of the women (p=&lt;0.001) and profession of husbands of married ones (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Most of the women belonging to reproductive age group were partially vaccinated against tetanus. Significantly associated determinants of TT vaccination status were educational status of women, socioeconomic status and employment status of both women and husbands of married women.

Caesarean Scar Endometriosis - A Rare Case Report

Background *Endometriosis is the presence of ectopic functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Scar endometriosis is a rare condition that typically follows obstetrical and gynaecological surgeries. The diagnosis of scar endometriosis remains challenging and requires a comprehensive approach, including clinical presentation and histological and radiological findings. We are reporting a case of 28 yr old parous woman with 2 prior LSCS admitted to our hospital presented with a chief complaint of pain at the scar site persisting for the past 4 months, with a gradual increase in intensity over the last 2 months. on clinical and radiological examination, it was found to be a left sided mass noted in the lower abdomen. on laparotomy 4*4 cm size scar endometriotic tissue. On HPE, suggestive of scar endometrioses with inter-spread endometrial glands. Results *Ultrasonography reported a hypoechoic lesion measuring 2.5x1.5cm with irregular borders noted in left iliac fossa region in subcutaneous region indenting rectus muscle with no internal vascularity. An MRI abdomen was taken and shows round nodular lesion with spiculated margins noted in left lower abdomen in deep subcutaneous flat planes abutting rectus abdominus. Minimal fat stranding noted adjacent to the lesion and it concluded that it is likely to represent a scar endometriosis, correlating with clinical history after which she underwent laparotomy for the same. Conclusion *Scar endometriosis is a rare and elusive diagnosis often mimicking with a variety of clinical conditions, and presenting as a diagnostic dilemma. Physicians’ ought to maintain a high degree of suspicion in a reproductive age group women presenting with pain and localized symptoms at the site of incision following gynaecological/obstetric surgery.

The structure of causes of death of the adult population of the Moscow region in 2019 and 2023

To compare the structure of causes of death among men and women of different age groups in 2019 and 2023 (using the Moscow Region as an example). Anonymized personalized data from medical death certificates (MDC) of the database of the Main Civil Registry Office in the Moscow Region. A total of 87.555 MDCs in 2019 and 92.182 in 2023 of persons aged 18 years and older. The absolute number of deaths (total and in ten-year age groups), the contribution of disease classes according to ICD-10 were determined, a comparison of unstandardized mortality rates (UR) and the structure of causes of death was carried out. The mortality rate for men (18 years and older) was 1499 per 100.000 men in 2019 and 1434 in 2023; for women - 1367 and 1344, respectively. The UR of men is higher than that of women up to the age of 80, with the greatest differences at the age of 18-39 years. An increase in the number of deaths, UR and contribution to the mortality structure in men and women was noted for 5 ICD classes (E, J, K, N and S-T in men); a decrease was found for class F, for women - for 2 classes (G and R). The most significant differences in the UR and structure of causes of death in men and women are associated with four classes (S-T, J, E and G). The smallest changes were recorded for the class of neoplasms (about 15% of deaths in both men and women in 2019 and in 2023). A high proportion of poorly defined codes was noted (for example, more than 80% in the class of nervous diseases are accounted for by 3 codes G31.1, G93.0 and G93.4). The differences and changes identified in the structure of causes of death in 10-year age groups of men and women are likely largely due to controversial issues regarding the determination of the underlying cause of death. Mortality reduction strategies should take into account age-sex characteristics of causes of death. Significant changes in UR from individual causes and a sharp increase in the proportion of deaths with codes that have no clinical analogues in old age require improvement of approaches to indicating and coding causes of death.

Abstract P1-04-13: Comparison of Time-to-Pregnancy in Young Breast Cancer Survivors versus the general population: a Prospective Case-Control Study (FEERIC) from a collaborative research network

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women, and increasing attention is being paid to the side effects of treatments, including the potential impact on fertility. Concerns about pregnancy-induced recurrence have existed for decades, but recent data suggest that pregnancy after BC is safe. Additionally, there is a growing interest in understanding the fertility potential and pregnancy outcomes in BC survivors. However, data on fertility rates post-BC compared to the general population remain sparse. Objectives: The FEERIC study aims to compare the time-to-pregnancy between women with and without previous BC who initiate pregnancy attempts over a three-year follow-up period. Materials and Methods: The FEERIC (FErtility, ContracEption After Breast Cancer) study is a prospective case-control study involving women aged 18-43 years, with localized, relapse-free BC, and completed treatment. Controls were women of the same age group without BC. Data were collected via online questionnaires over three years. Participants were recruited through Seintinelles, a French social network for cancer research. The primary endpoint was time-to-pregnancy, with secondary endpoints including factors associated with time-to-pregnancy, use of ART, and pregnancy outcomes. Statistical analysis involved Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox Proportional-Hazards models, adjusted for confounding factors using Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW). Results: From December 2018 to June 2019, 4351 women were enrolled, and a total 642 women (76 cases, 566 controls) initiated pregnancy attempts and had follow-up data available. Median time-to-pregnancy was 5 months (IQR: 2.0-7.0) for cases and 3 months (IQR: 2.0-6.0) for controls, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.34). Most women (61 cases (80.3%) and 541 controls (95.5%)) attempted to conceive through unprotected intercourses only. A total of 7 cases (9.2%) and 25 controls (4.5%) used ART methods. In cases, only 8 women (10.5%) reused cryopreserved materials during their attempts. Most pregnancies occurred spontaneously: among these 50 cases and 402 controls who achieved pregnancy, 42 cases (84.0%) and 382 controls (95.0%) conceived after unprotected intercourses only, while 8 cases (16.0%) and 20 controls (5.0%) conceived after ART methods. After univariable and multivariable analyses, age at pregnancy attempt, previous children at study inclusion, menstrual cycle regularity, BMI, and ART use were independent predictors of time-to-pregnancy, while the case or control status was not. Conclusions: The probability of pregnancy for women attempting conception post-BC treatment is comparable to that of the general population. Future research should explore long-term reproductive health and the psychosocial impacts of fertility post-BC treatment to guide supportive care practices. Citation Format: Anne-Sophie Hamy, Agathe Chabassier, Clara Sebbag, Clémentine Garin, Christine Rousset-Jablonski, Isabelle Ray Coquard, Laura Sablone, Lauren Darrigues, Elise Dumas, Angélique Bobrie, William Jacquot, Marc Espié, Sylvie Giacchetti, Floriane Jochum, Aullène Toussaint, Geneviève Plu-Bureau, Lorraine Maitrot-Mantelet, Anne Gompel, Paul Gougis, Raphaëlle Bas, Christine Decanter, Bernard Asselain, Lili Sohn, Guillemette Jacob, Florence Coussy, Fabien Reyal. Comparison of Time-to-Pregnancy in Young Breast Cancer Survivors versus the general population: a Prospective Case-Control Study (FEERIC) from a collaborative research network [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2024; 2024 Dec 10-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2025;31(12 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-13.

P-663 Among younger women &amp;lt;35 years undergoing IVF, patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) show remarkably greater odds of also having sub-clinical hypothyroidism (SCH)

Abstract Study question Is there any association between diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and sub-clinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in lower age group (&amp;lt;35 years) women undergoing IVF? Summary answer In women &amp;lt;35 years with DOR, the odds of associated SCH is over 5 times compared to women with normal ovarian reserve What is known already Known causes of DOR include advancing age, poor primordial follicular pool, endometriosis, ovarian surgery, and other environmental or lifestyle factors. Although the exact mechanisms for DOR are poorly understood, age is considered to be the most important factor. Younger women are expected to have better ovarian reserve and response to IVF stimulation. In our clinical practise, we noticed that many women with DOR also presented with SCH. Recent reports have indicated an association between SCH and DOR, although, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports yet exploring this association in lower-age patients undergoing IVF. Study design, size, duration We retrospectively analysed last 3 years' IVF data to investigate whether women &amp;lt; 35 years old who presented with DOR (AMH less than or equal to 1.2 ng/ml) had greater odds of also showing evidence of SCH (TSH: 2.5-4.5 mIU/L) compared to women with normal ovarian reserve (AMH&amp;gt; 1.2 ng/ml). 608 cycles were initially included in the study. Women with overt clinical hypothyroidism were excluded and data from 573 cycles was analysed. Participants/materials, setting, methods The study was conducted in a teaching hospital affiliated private IVF institute. Following institutional ethical committee clearance, data was analysed from cycles of women &amp;lt; 35 years age who were enlisted for IVF. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS V.6 to investigate whether patients with DOR (AMH = &amp;lt; 1.2 ng/ml) showed greater odds (primary outcome measure) of SCH (TSH: 2.5-4.5 mIU/L), compared to women with normal ovarian reserve (AMH&amp;gt; 1.2 ng/ml). Main results and the role of chance Data analysis revealed that women &amp;lt; 35 years of age who presented with DOR (AMH = &amp;lt; 1.2 ng/ml) were 5 times as likely to also have SCH (TSH: 2.5-4.5 mIU/L), in comparison to women who had normal ovarian reserve (Odds Ratio: 5.2, p &amp;lt; 0.01). Moreover, mean AMH level was significantly lower in patients with SCH (n = 409) when compared to patients without SCH (n = 164), across the entire cohort of normo-responders and DOR patients under the age of 35 years (AMH in SCH vs Euthyroid: 1.65± 1.46 ng/ml vs 3.32± 2.22 ng/ml, p &amp;lt; 0.01, Student’s t test). However, when we performed a sub-group analysis of DOR patients, no significant differences were found in oocyte yield, fertilisation rate (2PN rate) or top quality blastocyst rate between euthyroid and SCH groups, although top quality blastocyst rate was higher in euthyroid patients compared to SCH patients (41% vs 27.9%). Limitations, reasons for caution This retrospective study reports an association of SCH with DOR in women &amp;lt;35 years undergoing IVF. However, we are unable to explain the possible underlying mechanisms. Controlled prospective studies are required to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of these findings, and investigate possible association with laboratory and clinical IVF outcome parameters. Wider implications of the findings Screening and treatment for SCH could be an option in managing DOR patients &amp;lt;35 years. Further studies are required to confirm our observation of a remarkably high incidence of SCH amongst younger DOR patients in the Indian population (88.2%), as well as to elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind this association. Trial registration number No