Women Family Research Articles

Centering Birthing Experiences of Women of Color: Protocol for a Qualitative Maternal Near Miss Study.

In the United States, Black women are 3-4 times more likely to experience maternal near miss (MNM) or severe maternal morbidity (SMM) than non-Hispanic White women. However, there is a limited narrative-based investigation into Black and other marginalized women's MNM experiences. Additionally, limited extant research on the impact of MNM and SMM on birthing women's families or support persons and health care providers precludes the development of multilevel, patient-centered methods to eliminate these racial or ethnic disparities. This paper presents the protocol for a study that aims to draw insights from the experiences of racially and socioeconomically diverse mothers with MNM and SMM, their family or support persons (eg, partners), and health care providers to inform legislation, clinical practice, and infrastructure for optimal social support using PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guidelines. Using a storytelling approach to assess participants' risk factors, document underlying causes, and research clinical causes of MNM, researchers hypothesize these data will inform policies to improve maternal conditions and provide safe and effective prevention and treatment options for birthing persons. Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) will partner with health services and community-based organizations to promote inclusive participant recruitment for this multiphase study. In phase 1, qualitative interviews were conducted with birthing women (n≤87) who have experienced MNM and SMM. In phase 2, we will conduct qualitative interviews with the following groups: birthing women's partners or support persons (n≤50), health care providers serving birthing women (n≤50), and adults who lost their mothers to pregnancy-related complications (n≤50). In each phase, the total number of participants interviewed will be based on theoretical saturation, that is, the point in iterative data collection and analysis when all important insights have been exhausted from the data already available. Recruitment for phase 1 started in July 2021. As of March 2024, we have recruited 87 racially and socioeconomically diverse birthing women. Of those, 74% (64/87) self-identified as Black or African American, 20% (17/87) as Hispanic or Latina, and 9% (8/87) as Native American or Alaska Native. Severe preeclampsia accounted for 46% (40/87) of participants' pregnancy-related adverse experiences. Qualitative interviews grounded in narrative-based medicine are ongoing. Recruitment for phase 2 will occur between July 2023 and December 2024. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. The findings from this research will deepen the understanding of how severe obstetric complications (1) are experienced by birthing women; (2) are perceived by their partners, support persons, and health providers; and (3) impact the lives of bereaved family and community members.

Level of overweight and obesity surpassed underweight among women in 40 low and middle-income countries: Findings from a multilevel multinomial analysis of population survey data

Background Despite continued global and local initiatives to address nutritional problems, low- and middle-income countries are facing both malnutrition and non-communicable diseases, with about 80% of non-communicable disease-related deaths. There is a dearth of recent evidence on the extent and determinants of underweight, overweight, and obesity in this region, which is essential for guiding intervention programs. Thus, this study intended to provide insights into the current level of malnutrition among women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries. Methods A secondary analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data from 40 low- and middle-income countries was performed using a weighted sample of 1,044,340 women of reproductive age. Forest plots and line graph were used to present the pooled and regional estimates of underweight and overweight and obesity. A multilevel multinomial logistic regression models were fitted to identify determinants of malnutrition and models were compared based on the deviance and log-likelihood values. In the final model, statistical significance was determined using an adjusted relative risk ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 26.8% (95% CI: 26.7%–26.9%), with the highest rate in Jordan (67.2%) and lowest in Burundi (9.5%). Additionally, the level of underweight was found to be 15.6% [95% CI: 15.5%–15.7%], ranging from 1.3% in Jordan to 25.4% in Timor-Leste. Women of families with middle and rich wealth indexes, those aged 25–34 and 35–49, contraceptive users, those with primary and higher education, and urban residents were more likely to be overweight or obese. In contrast, the results showed a lower likelihood of undernutrition among women in the households with middle [ARRR (95% CI): 0.83 (0.80–0.86)] and rich wealth indexes [ARRR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.71–0.76)], those with primary [ARRR (95% CI): 0.70 (0.68–0.73)], secondary [ARRR (95% CI): 0.71 (0.69–0.74)], and higher education [ARRR (95% CI): 0.57 (0.53–0.61))], and women with media access [ARRR (95% CI): 0.79 (0.77–0.82)]. Conclusion Over a quarter of women of reproductive age in LMICs were overweight or obese, with underweight affecting 15.6%. It was also found that the levels of overweight and obesity were higher than the rate for underweight, with wide variations across the countries. Thus, efforts to improve the modifiable risks can have a positive impact on reducing undernutrition and over-nutrition. Given the considerable variations between countries and survey periods, nutrition programs should also be tailored to the specific needs and cultural contexts of different regions within the study settings. Furthermore, the findings suggest the need for regular monitoring and evaluation of the existing nutritional interventions to assess their effectiveness.

Organizational Culture and Competencies in Influence Work Performance Mediated By Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) (Study at the Office of Women's Empowerment for Child Protection throughout the Special Region of Yogyakarta)

The Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Population Control (DP3AP2) has the task of assisting the Governor in carrying out affairs in the fields of women's empowerment, child protection, population control and family planning, as well as deconcentration authority and assistance tasks given by the Government. Based on the Regulation of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Number 93 of 2021 concerning Position, Organizational Structure, Duties, Functions, and Work Procedures of the Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Population Control. The Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection and Population Control has the task of assisting the Governor in carrying out government affairs in the field of women's empowerment and child protection as well as government affairs in the field of population control and family planning.

Exploring the Determinants of Economic Resilience and Well-Being Among Single-Parent Women: Implications for Gender Equality and Sustainable Development

Objectives: This study analyzes the influence of independence, Tri Hita Karana culture, social capital, and entrepreneurial spirit on the economic resilience of single-parent women's families in Denpasar City, Bali, with a particular emphasis on the implications for achieving SDGs 1 (No Poverty), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities). Theoretical Framework: Grounded in the concepts of economic resilience, welfare, independence, Tri Hita Karana culture, social capital, and entrepreneurial spirit, the study examines these constructs through the lens of family economics and socio-cultural dynamics. Method: A quantitative approach was employed, using a questionnaire survey method. Data was collected from 275 single-parent women in Denpasar City, Bali, selected through non-probability sampling techniques (accidental and snowball sampling). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze causal relationships between the variables. The total population of single-parent women in Denpasar City is 32,868. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that independence, Tri Hita Karana culture, social capital, and entrepreneurial spirit significantly influence the economic resilience of single-parent women's families. Research Implications: The study suggests that policies and programs supporting single-parent women should focus on enhancing their independence, fostering cultural values like Tri Hita Karana, and promoting social capital and entrepreneurial spirit. These initiatives align with the SDGs, especially those targeting poverty reduction and gender equality. Originality/Value: This research offers a novel perspective by integrating traditional cultural values with modern economic resilience theories in the context of single-parent families. It contributes to the achievement of the SDGs by focusing on the intersection of cultural practices, economic resilience, and gender equality.

Psychological care provided by midwives in residential postpartum care facilities in Japan

Background/Aims In Japan, residential postpartum care facilities admit mothers after discharge from the facility where they gave birth. The psychological elements of postpartum care provided at these facilities is unknown. This study aimed to explore the psychological care (especially care intended to prevent postpartum depression) usually provided by midwives in residential postpartum care facilities. Methods Qualitative induction was used to analyse questionnaires and semi-structured interviews conducted with seven midwives at different facilities providing residential postpartum care in Japan. Results Care was generally focused on acceptance and listening, promoting rest and allowing for reflection on childbirth. Care specifically intended to prevent postpartum depression was focused on initial assessments and prioritised relationships with husbands and family members, while avoiding providing excessive advice or altering mothers' established childcare practices. Conclusions Midwives practices were founded on respect for mothers and providing health guidance and family interactions that matched mothers' needs. Initial assessments were key to preventing postpartum depression, and midwives involved mothers' husbands and other family members in this care. These practices build trusting relationships and help mothers gain confidence in childrearing. Implications for practice Midwives providing psychological care to prevent postpartum depression should focus on initial assessments, and involve the woman's husband and family members.

Azoospermia/Oligozoospermia and Prostate Cancer Are Increased in Families of Women With Primary Ovarian Insufficiency.

Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) have common genetics that may also predispose patients to cancer risk. We hypothesized that NOA or severe oligozoospermia and the risk of male cancers would be higher in families of women with POI. Women with POI were identified using International Classification of Disease codes in electronic medical records (1995-2021) from 2 major healthcare systems in Utah and reviewed for accuracy. Using genealogy information in the Utah Population Database, women with POI (n = 392) and their relatives were included if there were at least 3 generations of ancestors available. Men with NOA or severe oligozoospermia (≤5 million/mL) from the Subfertility Health and Assisted Reproduction and the Environment Study were identified in these families and risk was calculated in relatives compared to population rates. The relative risk of prostate and testicular cancer was examined using the Utah Cancer Registry. There was an increased risk of NOA/severe oligozoospermia in relatives of women with POI among first- (relative risk 2.8 [95% confidence interval 1.1, 6.7]; P = .03), second- (3.1 [1.1, 6.7]; P = .02), and third-degree relatives (1.8 [1.1, 3.1]; P = .03). In these families with POI and NOA/oligozoospermia (n = 21), prostate cancer risk was higher in first- (3.5 [1.1, 8.1]; P = .016) and second-degree relatives (3.1 [1.9, 4.8]; P = .000008). The data demonstrate excess familial clustering of severe spermatogenic impairment compared to matched population rates, along with higher prostate cancer risk in relatives of women with POI. These findings support a common genetic contribution to POI, spermatogenic impairment, and prostate cancer.

The effects of international human rights treaties on the population's health: a systematic review

Objective: The study aims to describe the scientific literature regarding the association between the ratification of international pacts and the improvement of the health situation. Methods: This is a systematic review of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes model in the bibliographic bases of the Virtual Health Library, the Scientific Electronic Library Online, the National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health, and CAPES Periodicals Portal. Results: Studies from 9 international treaties were found in the literature. Among them, four were considered ineffective because they were not associated with positive changes in the health status of individuals. The other 4 achieved relevant practical consequences with statistically significant changes to anemia in pregnant women, the woman's life expectancy, family planning, prenatal care, infant and maternal mortality, and the prevalence of smoking. Conclusion: This review showed that there are few scientific works in this area and that, in general, the practical effects of international health commitments are less than expected.

Roles of Women in Living Income: Coping Strategies and Perception of Waste Collectors in Battambang Town, Battambang Province

Purpose of the study: This research study aims to explore the specific roles women play in this field, the disparities they face compared to men, and their coping mechanisms. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was used for this research, combining quantitative data from household surveys and desk reviews with qualitative data from key informant interviews. The study reviewed relevant research papers, articles, and reports, including project progress reports, published journals, guidelines and policies related to waste collection, and research reports from other researchers and policymakers. Main Findings: The research findings revealed that women's family status significantly impacts their economic decisions, often leading them to work for pay to support their families. Household surveys showed that women comprised 64% of respondents, and 54% had no schooling. Additionally, 37% of respondents were aware of women's roles in providing for their families, while key informant interviews with community organizations confirmed this understanding. While the study found that 60% of respondents believed that increased women's rights would not compromise men's rights, 40% disagreed. Some respondents expressed concerns about men losing their privileges if women gained more rights. However, the study concluded that women's contributions to household income should be valued more, and that collaborative efforts are needed to achieve gender empowerment and economic management. Novelty/Originality of this study: Through this research, the master plans for solid waste management will be developed and the partnership with private sector will be strengthened to improve waste management practices and increase income for waste collectors.

The Impact of Armed Conflict in Northern Nigeria on Reproductive Autonomy and Unmet Need for Family Planning: A Difference-in-Differences Propensity Score Matching Approach.

In Northern Nigeria, entrenched patriarchal norms, high maternal mortality rates, low contraceptive use, and a fragile healthcare system exacerbated by conflict pose significant challenges to reproductive autonomy and family planning. This study investigates the impact of conflict exposure on women's unmet family planning needs and reproductive autonomy, including contraceptive decision-making, discussing condom use, and declining sexual advances. This study employs a kernel-based difference-in-differences model using data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (2008, 2013, 2018) linked with conflict incident data from the Armed Conflict Location and Events Database. Results suggest that conflict exposure is generally associated with women's reproductive autonomy, with effects varying over time and between urban and rural settings. Specifically, urban conflict exposure before 2013 was found to be associated with an increased ability for women to refuse sexual advances and a reduction in unmet family planning needs. Conflict exposure during 2014-2018 is found to be associated with an increased ability for women to request condom use and an increased ability to refuse sex. The diverse outcomes, which predominantly show positive associations between conflict exposure and women's reproductive autonomy, may be attributed to the presence of humanitarian assistance, changed fertility preferences and altered gender norms during conflict.

Examining The Factors Affecting Women's Family Planning Attitudes and Perceived Barriers to Contraception Methods

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting women's attitudes towards family planning and their perceived barriers to contraception methods. Method: This descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in a university hospital in Bursa with 382 women between October 2018 and October 2019. Data were collected with the Family Planning Attitude Scale and the Perception Scale of Barriers to Contraceptive Use. Results: The mean total scores of the Family Planning Attitude Scale and the Perception Scale of Barriers to Contraceptive Use were determined to be 115.4±39.7 and 78.1±41.7, respectively. The mean total score of the Family Planning Attitude Scale was found to be statistically significantly high in women lower who were 33 years of age or younger, married, graduated from high school or above, had a nuclear family, had a high-income level, lived in the city center, were aware of and used birth control methods, received counseling about birth control methods, and had a planned pregnancy. The total mean score of the Perception Scale of Barriers to Contraceptive Use was statistically significantly lower in these women (p

"To Whom Should I Refer Her?" Factors Contributing to Religious Informal Helpers' Referral Decisions for Women with Mental Illness and At-Risk Women: The Case of Israeli Balaniyot.

Religious informal helpers may play a crucial role in recognizing and providing referrals to mental health professional for at-risk individuals, including those with mental illness, especially since members of religious communities tend to conceal their difficulties and to view religious leaders as a sole source of assistance. This quantitative study aimed to explore Jewish bathhouse attendants ("balaniyot") who assist women in their monthly immersion, a unique situation in which mental health symptoms (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder, postpartum depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders) and intimate partner violence may come to light. The Health Belief Model (HBM) which suggests factors explaining the likelihood of seeking or referring to professional help for physical and/or mental illness guided the selection of the variables. Israeli Balaniyot (N = 166) completed self-report questionnaires assessing factors deriving from HBM: religious affiliation, mastery, spirituality at work, knowledge of mental health, and tendency to assist IPV victims. Binary regression analysis examined the contribution of variables to choice of referral source (professional vs. spiritual/rabbinical). The findings indicated that most participants (69%) tended to refer at-risk women to professional help. Predictive factors included religious affiliation (with a higher tendency among Orthodox balaniyot), weekly workdays, mental health knowledge, a focus on protecting women's safety and family integrity, and high mastery conditioned by low spirituality at work. The findings validate the HBM and its application among religious informal helpers and suggest the need to increase balaniyot's knowledge of mental health issues and trust in professional figures and to respect their religious beliefs.

Mental Health, Family, and Work-Life Consequences of Pregnancy Loss: A Qualitative Study of Black Canadian Women

Pregnancy loss is a traumatic event that has far-reaching consequences for affected women and their families. While most studies have focused on the immediate stressors Black women face after a pregnancy loss, little is known about the consequences beyond this period. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Black Canadian women beyond the immediate period of pregnancy loss. Using an exploratory qualitative design, we purposely recruited and interviewed 32 Black Canadian women with lived experience of pregnancy loss. Guided by thematic analysis approach, we identified three themes: (a) experiencing mental health breakdown, (b) struggling to maintain emotional connection with family, and (c) dealing with the stress of returning to work. The findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the long-term impact of pregnancy loss on Black Canadian women's mental health, family, and work-life. Providing ongoing follow-up care is crucial to identifying and addressing the risk of depression and suicide that Black Canadian women experience after a pregnancy loss.

The Study on the Discussion of Women’s Marriage Issues under the Marriage and Family Concepts of the Republic of China

Introduction: The Republic of China has experienced significant changes in its marriage and family systems, with traditional Confucian values dominating. Legal reforms, social modernization, and cultural shifts have challenged these conventions, leading to debates about women's rights, marriage autonomy, and family dynamics. This research, analyzed the historical context of women's marriage in the Republic of China, revealing the influence of cultural norms, socio-legal frameworks, and gender expectations on women's experiences and challenges.Objective: The study highlights the evolution of marriage laws, the impact of Confucian principles on gender roles, and societal pressures faced by women. The study provides insights into the in progress dialogue about the rights of women and family dynamics during the Republic of China era. Method: Data from the china general social survey examines how perceptions of gender, job security, and work flexibility influence work-family conflictsand marriage issues, purposely job intrusive with family and family intrusive with job. 350 participants were collected aged 22 to 27. This study investigated the Statistical techniques. Tools included a multiple linear regression analysis, paired T-test, and a chi-square test. Result: The comprehensive analysis reveals the tension between familial expectations and career aspirations among contemporary Chinese women also contributes valuable insights into gender roles, work-family balance, and the evolving nature of women's rights and societal expectations.Conclusion: This study contributes valuable insights into the nature of women’s rights and social expectations in the Republic of China era and beyond, emphasizing the significance of understanding gender dynamics in the circumstance of marriage and family

Implikasi Wanita Karir Terhadap Keharmonisan Rumah Tangga Perspektif Hukum Islam

The increasing number of career women in modern society introduces new dynamics to domestic life, particularly in balancing household and professional roles. In Krumpakan Village, Kajoran, Magelang, women juggling responsibilities as wives, mothers, and professionals face diverse implications for household harmony. From an Islamic legal perspective, maintaining a balance between family duties and career is crucial for upholding family unity in line with sharia principles. This study explores the impact of career women on household harmony in Krumpakan Village, examining both positive and negative aspects while analyzing their alignment with Islamic law. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with career women, their husbands, and religious figures, as well as direct observation of their domestic life. Findings reveal that career women contribute positively to household harmony, such as enhancing family income, but also face challenges like reduced family time and the strain of dual roles. Islamic law permits women to work as long as they fulfill their duties as wives and mothers and adhere to sharia principles. Supportive partners and equitable task distribution are critical to achieving a balance between career and home life. This study concludes that household harmony can be sustained through the synergy of career women's roles, family support, and adherence to Islamic legal values.

Women's Labor Migration and Gender Nexus (A Study of Migrant’s Families in Pokhara, Nepal)

The study aimed to investigate and analyze the effects of the global market on gender practices. Women's labor migration has multifaceted effects on families. In Nepal, there have been increasing trends of women's labor migration in the last ten years, i.e., from 8595 in 2008/2009 to 20578 in 2018/2019, as per the Nepal Labor Migration Report 2020. The mobility of women's migration doesn’t only boost national income but also makes women self-reliant. In Nepal’s traditional society and culture, this cumulative trend of women's migration has created new discourse in gender practices. So, this study aims to investigate the reconstruction of gender roles and responsibilities and the shifting pattern of power in a household's structure. Data from both primary sources and secondary literature is used to support the arguments. The study is guided by feminist standpoint theory and Marxian theory. The data were purposefully selected from 198 households of women's migrant families in Pokhara, Nepal in 2022. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather the information. The finding reveals that the traditional patriarchal mode of society is changing, where women are more dependent on men for their survival. Not only migrant women, but the women left behind, who act as proxy managers, are playing a crucial role in household formation and decision-making. The various forms of capital gained in transnational space have not only changed cultural ideologies about gender practices but also assured women’s freedom, independence, and confidence in the public sphere of life.

Can State Family Support Policies Level the Playing Field for Early-Career Women in Plastic Surgery? An Analysis of Web-Scraped Data.

For the young plastic surgeon, the quantity of first-author peer-reviewed publications plays a prominent role in job offers and promotions. Women surgeons carry a disproportionate share of family responsibilities, contributing to their lower representation in positions of leader- ship and influence. Policies protecting reproductive rights and mandating paid family leave (PFL) boost women's participation and productivity in the workplace. However, these policies vary by U.S., state and territory. Web-scraped publication data from all PubMed-indexed plastic surgery journals from 2010 to 2022 were evaluated by first-author gender and affiliated state reproductive rights policy and PFL. Female first authors were further compared with men by publication output (1 article; ≥ 2; ≥ 5) by gender and by affiliated state policies. Protective reproductive rights policies were associated with greater representation of female first authors (3.3 percentage points; p value = 0.003). Protective reproductive rights policies and PFL were associated with a decreased publication gender gap (0.13 articles, p value < 0.001, and 0.18 articles, p value < 0.001, respectively). Protective reproductive policies and PFL had an even greater correlation with higher publication output among female first authors. Protective reproductive rights and mandatory PFL are not only correlated with women's representation among early-career researchers but with a reduction in the publication gender gap. Legislation and policies aimed at supporting women's family responsibilities are associated with higher research productivity among women and likely play a significant role in attracting more women to higher academic ranks and improving gender equity in professional success in plastic surgery. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

STRATEGIES TO FULFILL FAMILY NEEDS IN SOCIOECONOMICALLY VULNERABLE WOMEN

This study aims to explore the strategies used by socioeconomically vulnerable women who are heads of low-income families to meet their family's needs. The research was conducted with four socioeconomically vulnerable women who are heads of low-income families in Pasanggrahan Village, Garut. The research data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations from June-July 2023. The results showed that the participants used the same strategy template to fulfill the needs of their low-income families. Fulfilling economic needs is done by selling snacks in the market. Then, they save food to meet their daily needs and set aside a little money to fulfill other needs. They borrow from mobile banks when facing emergencies to fulfill daily expenses and trading capital and pay health costs when experiencing illnesses that must be treated. This strategy is carried out because the income generated by poor women's family heads or family members can only partially fulfill the family's basic needs. The poverty experienced by the participants was inherited from their families. However, this can be overcome by providing training to improve community entrepreneurship skills and competencies through utilizing village funds.

Household Food Insecurity and Its Association with Nutritional Status of Children 6–59 Months of Age in Kebridehar City

Malnutrition, characterized by an imbalance in the intake of calories, proteins, or other nutrients, includes undernutrition and overnutrition. This study aimed to assess the impact of household food insecurity on the nutritional status of children aged 6 to 59 months in Kebridehar town using a community-based cross-sectional approach. The city of Kebridehar was divided into 12 kebeles and the study targeted families with children in the specified age group. A proportional sample of 344 households was randomly selected from each kebele. Data were collected through surveys and analyzed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and its effects on children's nutrition.Results: The study revealed significant disparities in food security: 11.6% of households were food secure, while 88.4% were food insecure. Female-headed homes had a lower percentage of impoverished children and the mother's education had a vital influence. Low- and middle-income households had a larger risk of childhood loss than higher-income ones. Smaller families were 15.76 times more likely to suffer food insecurity and homes without health services were 3.27 times higher potential to be food insecure. Children from insecure food families have poorer health outcomes, being 4.95 times more likely to be underweight, 1.30 times more likely to be stunted, and 1.45 times more likely to be wasted.Conclusion: The study highlights an important problem of food insecurity that affects the health of children. Factors such as the woman's family, the mother's education level, low income and family size are crucial. Urgent interventions are necessary to improve food security and nutritional outcomes, especially for families with low income, less education, and poor sanitation.

Village Women's Leadership in Encouraging Gender-Responsive Budgeting Planning

Gender-responsive planning and budgeting (PPRG) is one of the main strategies for integrating a gender perspective into development, particularly in the planning and budgeting stages. By adopting PPRG, we recognize that women and men have different needs, issues, and perspectives that must be accommodated to achieve equitable access, participation, control, and benefits (APKM). This is crucial to realizing gender justice and equality in society. However, the implementation of gender mainstreaming is often difficult due to various factors that hinder its effectiveness. One of the main factors that is very influential is the customs and culture that are still very patriarchal. This patriarchal culture is deeply rooted in many regions, including Bone Bolango District, hindering women's participation in decision-making processes and budget planning. This study aims to identify and analyze the leadership roles of village women in the planning and budgeting process and evaluate their effectiveness in promoting gender-responsive budgeting planning in Bone Bolango District. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method with female village heads and BPDs in Bone Bolango District and the head of the women's empowerment, child protection, population control, and family planning office of Bone Bolango District as key informants. The analysis found that women's involvement in leadership positions in the village has a positive impact on policies that are more inclusive and gender-equitable, especially in budget planning. Women's leadership provides a more sensitive perspective on issues experienced by women and other vulnerable groups. However, despite this, there are still significant challenges faced such as limited technical capacity, lack of understanding of gender-responsive budgeting, and a strong patriarchal culture.

The Evolution of Women's Roles and Status in Chinese Modern-Themed Films and Television Shows Between 2014 and 2024

Abstract: This paper devotes to study the changes in the role status and positioning of female characters in the context of modern Chinese film and television shows in the last ten years. This paper is based on the literature research method, case study, and comparative analysis method. Papers in related fields are studied to analyze the differences in the status and positioning of female characters in film and television works in various periods. In conclusion, this research finds that the evolution of female roles in modern Chinese film and television is a testament to the awareness and appreciation of gender diversity and female empowerment. As society continues to develop, future productions will embrace and celebrate the richness of women's careers and family lives. The film and television industry will continue to challenge and redefine traditional gender roles. The industry's response to audience feedback and the need for more realistic representations of women will elicit further innovation and diversity in the representation of female characters on screen.