Wireless Handheld Devices Research Articles

Two‐element printed PIFA‐MIMO antenna system for WiMAX and WLAN applications

In this study, a printed dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is presented for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. Two symmetric printed inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) are considered here as radiators. One of the open-circuited radiating arms of the PIFA is loaded with a folded resonator to achieve dual-band characteristics. Two symmetric stepped `L'-shaped open ground slots have been introduced to enhance the isolation at the lower operating band. This also realises diagonal orthogonal radiation patterns of the antenna elements a results low correlation between them. Measurement reveals that the proposed MIMO antenna system has two 10 dB return loss bandwidths in the ranges of 2.6-3.08 and 5.48-6.12 GHz with isolation >21 dB over the operating bands. Respective gains are 2.5 and 3.48 dBi at the lower and upper resonant frequencies, respectively. Promising diversity performances are also investigated in terms of different MIMO parameters (total active reflection coefficient, envelope correlation coefficient, diversity gain, mean effective gain, and channel capacity loss), which are found within their acceptable range. Furthermore, the characteristics of the antenna have been investigated in the presence of a large ground plane, USB connector, and housing to ensure the applicability of the proposed antenna in handheld wireless devices.

4-Element Concentric Pentagonal Slot-Line-Based Ultra-Wide Tuning Frequency Reconfigurable MIMO Antenna System

In this communication, a novel, compact, ultrawideband tuning, concentric pentagonal slot-line-based frequency-reconfigurable multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is presented. It consists of a four-element antenna design on a commercially available FR-4 substrate with the dimensions of $60\times 120\times 1.56$ mm3. All the antenna elements are planar in structure, which are etched out from ground plane. Frequency reconfigurability is achieved using varactor diodes by reactively loading the antennas. Each capacitance value of the varactor diode results in the triband operation. Proper capacitive reactance loading enables the antenna to resonate over a wide frequency band. The proposed MIMO antenna system is tuned over an ultrawide frequency band, and a smooth variation of the resonance frequencies is observed from 1.32 to 1.49 and 1.75 to 5.2 GHz. Moreover, the unique feature of the proposed antenna system is the effectiveness of reactively loading the slot over all the resonating bands. The proposed antenna system is compact and suitable to be used in wireless handheld devices and mobile terminals for cognitive radio applications. The envelope correlation coefficient did not exceed 0.186 in the entire operating band of the MIMO antenna operation. The maximum measured gain of the MIMO antenna is 4.5 dBi with a maximum efficiency of 81%.

An Empirical Investigation of Adopters’ Perceptions Toward M-Commerce: The Case of Bulgarian University Students

Mobile commerce (m-commerce) is a fact. Nowadays, numerous transactions take place via mobile devices. At the same time, m-commerce is considered as one of the fastest growing subgroups of e-commerce. Characteristically, it is estimated that about 45% of mobile users have made at least one purchase via a wireless hand-held device. Therefore, it plays and will continue to play a vital role in the global economy. The aim of this research paper is to investigate the perceptions of mobile commerce users focusing on Bulgarian University students. Specifi cally, it intends to reveal the perceived advantages and disadvantages of m-commerce, the factors that motivate students to make online transactions via a hand-held device, as well as the issues that hinder them from doing so more often. The paper is expected to provide tangible results to both academia and the industry about a developing economy.

Dual band microstrip patch antenna array loaded with split ring resonators and via holes

Reduction in antenna size by using multi-band radiators play a vital role in the miniaturization of present world wireless handheld devices, as dual band behaviour of the antennas result in the integration of more than one communication standard in a single system and thus, saving the installation space required for separate antennas. In this context, this communication presents a shorted-pin dual band metamaterial inspired microstrip patch antenna array. Under the unloaded conditions, the traditional patch antenna array resonates at 5.8 GHz with gain of 9.8 dBi and bandwidth of 540 MHz. However, when each patch of this traditional antenna array is loaded with split ring resonator (SRR) and a metallic via hole is introduced in the patch, the same antenna array produces an additional resonant frequency in IEEE 802.11b/g/n 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi band with bandwidth and gain of 290 MHz and 5.6 dBi, respectively, while the initial resonant frequency (i.e. 5.8 GHz) gets shifted to IEEE 802.11ac 5 GHz Wi-Fi band, providing the gain and bandwidth of 11.4 dBi and 510 MHz, respectively. The proposed antenna array has been fabricated, and the measured results are presented to validate the proposed array. Moreover, the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna array has been designed and analyzed to validate the simulated, measured and theoretical results. Attainment of dual band characteristics by incorporating the metamaterial with single band traditional patch antenna array makes this structure novel, as this has been achieved without any extra hardware cost, size and loss of structural planarity. Also, both the frequency bands of this proposed metamaterial inspired antenna array possess considerable gain and bandwidth.

A Dual-Band Frequency Reconfigurable MIMO Patch-Slot Antenna Based on Reconfigurable Microstrip Feedline

In this paper, a novel microstrip feedline-based dual-band frequency reconfigurable multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) patch-slot antenna design is presented. The antenna has a planar structure and comprises four symmetrically placed rectangular patch antenna elements. A dual-purpose hexagonalshaped defected ground structure (DGS) is introduced into the ground plane for antenna size reduction and isolation enhancement. The overall size of the antenna is compact with total substrate area of 120 × 60 × 1.6 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> and is printed on FR4 substrate. Varactor diodes are integrated within feedline to achieve frequency reconfigurability. The proposed antenna design exhibits a wide continuous dual frequency reconfigurable characteristic from 1.3 to 2.6 GHz with isolation of more than 12 dB for entire band. The proposed design is verified by presenting the simulation and measured results of S-parameters, radiation pattern, efficiency, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and displaying good agreement. ECC of less than 0.2 between the ports is achieved. The compact size and dual-band frequency reconfigurable characteristics make the proposed design potential candidate for wireless handheld devices and other multiband MIMO applications.

Optimal Video-Distortion Network Utility and Lifetime Tradeoff for Wireless Multimedia Networks

An ever-increasing activity on social networks has led to tremendous increase in the use of wireless handheld devices, and this tendency is expected to continue in the future as well. Using these portable devices, a significant percentage of information exchange activity is either downloading or sharing of multimedia content. However, this raises new challenges, and for efficient transmission of information, both energy efficiency and quality-of-service assurance are imperative. The processing capability of these devices allows them to achieve efficient usage of both battery, as well as bandwidth, while not compromising the multimedia content quality. This paper proposes a joint network lifetime, utility and distortion management based on the multiobjective optimization framework. For that purpose, the notion of distortion-margin is introduced that can provide a certain level of robustness, which we can tradeoff with bandwidth and lifetime performance parameters. Based on sensitivity analysis, an appropriate selection of objective function for video quality robustness is made. An optimal performance tradeoff among contending objectives is evaluated for a distributed realization, and the evaluation results verify the performance gains.

A Two Concentric Slot Loop Based Connected Array MIMO Antenna System for 4G/5G Terminals

In this paper, an integrated design with a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) applications is presented. The proposed design contains a two-element slot-based MIMO antenna system for 4G and a connected antenna array (CAA)-based two-element MIMO antenna system for a potential 5G band. Two rectangular loops are etched on the periphery of the ground plane. The top and bottom portions of the thin loops act as the two 4G MIMO antennas, while parts of their sides are acting as 5G arrays. The antenna system is fabricated on a commercially available Roger 4350 substrate with $\epsilon _{r}$ equal to 3.5, while the dimensions of the board are $100\times 60 \times 0.76$ mm3 representing a typical smart phone back plane size. The integrated antenna system covers multibands at 4G with a combined bandwidth of 1.565 GHz (−6 dB BW) in addition to the band between 16.50 and 17.80 GHz for 5G. The design is planar, low profile, simple, and compact in structure making suitable for wireless handheld devices and mobile terminals. The measured gain at 3.46 GHz was at least 2.22 dBi and at 17 GHz was 8 dBi for the 4G and 5G MIMO antenna systems, respectively. The envelope correlation coefficient was also calculated from the measured 3-D patterns and showed good MIMO performance. This is the first integrated 4G/5G MIMO antenna system with below 6 GHz and above 10-GHz covered bands using CAA.

A novel very wideband integrated antenna system for 4G and 5G mm‐wave applications

AbstractIn this work, a novel very wideband 4‐element monopole based multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system with single connected antenna array (CAA) is presented. The CAA is based on a single slot which is etched on the ground plane. A 2 × 1 power divider/combiner is used to excite the slot to act as a CAA. The proposed design covers the 4G bands between 1850 and 3700, and the 28 GHz 5G band. The covered bandwidths are 1462 and 240 MHz from 1843 to 3305 MHz and 3500 to 3740 MHz, respectively, for 4G applications. A bandwidth of 1.22 GHz from 27.5 to 28.72 GHz is obtained for 5G applications. The proposed antenna system is designed on a double layer RO4350B substrate with height of 0.76 mm and dielectric constant of 3.5. The total size of the design is 115 × 65 × 0.76 mm3. It is compact, low profile and suitable for wireless handheld devices. The MIMO performance metrics such as isolation and ECC are evaluated and good agreement between simulations and measurements is achieved.

Dual resonance shorted stub circular rings metamaterial absorber

In this research work, the design characterization of metamaterial absorber (MMA) has been analysed for a unit cell structure of shorted stubs circular rings metamaterial absorber. The simulated results show that dual resonance peaks occur at 17GHz and 18GHz with absorbance peak response of 99.99% and 99.83%, almost unity absorbance. The corresponding full width at half maximum (FWHM) bandwidth at these resonant frequencies are 4.90% and 5.07% respectively. A parametric study has been done to analysed the effect of variation of circular ring radius, shorted stubs length and rectangular bar length upon the resonance frequency. The analysis shows that we can achieve a lower resonant frequency with almost unity absorbance. Moreover, the resonant frequency drifts to lower value without affecting absorbance. The effect at oblique angle of incidence and polarization sensitivity is also considered for both TE and TM modes. So, this unit cell structure acts asa controllable and tunable MMA structure. The dual resonances MMA structure are becoming a prime technology for many present and future wireless communication systems such as radar cross section (RCS) reduction for stealth technology, satellite navigation systems, radar frequency identification and wireless handheld devices.

4G/5G antenna system with dual function planar connected array

An integrated design consisting of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system for fourth generation applications and a planar connected array (PCA) for fifth generation applications is presented. The proposed design contains a 4-element printed-inverted-F antenna-based MIMO antenna system and a slot-based PCA. The antenna system is fabricated on a commercially available RO-4350 substrate with er equal to 3.5. The dimensions of the board are 100 × 60 × 0.76 mm 3 representing a typical smart phone backplane size. The antenna system covers 2.1 and 12.5 GHz frequency bands via its MIMO and PCA parts, respectively. The design is planar, low profile and compact in structure that is suitable for wireless handheld devices and mobile terminals. The PCA also serves as a defected ground structure at 2.1 GHz thus having two functions. Isolation is improved by at least 4 dB. The PCA consists of a 4 × 3 radiating slots fed via a corporate feed structure. The measured gain and efficiency values at the centre frequency are at least 3.4 dBi and 74%, respectively, for the MIMO antenna system and 8 dBi and 80% for the PCA. The envelope correlation coefficient did not exceed 0.2824 for all antennas showing good MIMO performance.

Craving and acute effects of alcohol in youths' daily lives: Associations with alcohol use disorder severity.

Identifying factors associated with the progression from recreational to pathological drinking in youth holds high clinical and theoretical importance. The present study tested cross-sectional associations of alcohol use disorder (AUD) severity with putative mechanisms of AUD progression among youth ages 15-24 years, namely acute subjective effects of alcohol and craving. Male (n = 44) and female (n = 42) youth completed ecological momentary assessments when not drinking, just before drinking, and while drinking in the natural environment via handheld wireless devices. Youth were recruited from the community and were frequent and heavy drinkers, the majority (93%) with at least 1 AUD symptom (M = 3.4, SD = 2.4). Findings from youths' daily lives suggested that how youth feel while they drink depends, in part, on their severity of AUD pathology. In support of hypotheses, youths with more progressed drinking pathology (i.e., those with more symptoms of AUD) reported greater reductions in craving and tension while drinking, relative to nondrinking times. In partial support of hypotheses, males with greater AUD symptomatology reported marginally attenuated increases in stimulatory states while drinking; however, contrary to hypotheses, females with greater AUD symptomatology reported enhanced increases in stimulation while drinking. This research leveraged ecological momentary assessment methods to study subjective responses to alcohol and craving in youths' daily lives and to cross-sectionally test putative associations with AUD etiology. This work adds to literature supporting subjective responses to alcohol in the pathogenesis of alcoholism, specifically by highlighting their importance during the period in life when alcohol problems typically first emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record

Analysis of Public Datasets for Wearable Fall Detection Systems

Due to the boom of wireless handheld devices such as smartwatches and smartphones, wearable Fall Detection Systems (FDSs) have become a major focus of attention among the research community during the last years. The effectiveness of a wearable FDS must be contrasted against a wide variety of measurements obtained from inertial sensors during the occurrence of falls and Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). In this regard, the access to public databases constitutes the basis for an open and systematic assessment of fall detection techniques. This paper reviews and appraises twelve existing available data repositories containing measurements of ADLs and emulated falls envisaged for the evaluation of fall detection algorithms in wearable FDSs. The analysis of the found datasets is performed in a comprehensive way, taking into account the multiple factors involved in the definition of the testbeds deployed for the generation of the mobility samples. The study of the traces brings to light the lack of a common experimental benchmarking procedure and, consequently, the large heterogeneity of the datasets from a number of perspectives (length and number of samples, typology of the emulated falls and ADLs, characteristics of the test subjects, features and positions of the sensors, etc.). Concerning this, the statistical analysis of the samples reveals the impact of the sensor range on the reliability of the traces. In addition, the study evidences the importance of the selection of the ADLs and the need of categorizing the ADLs depending on the intensity of the movements in order to evaluate the capability of a certain detection algorithm to discriminate falls from ADLs.

Cyber Security Threats to IoT Applications and Service Domains

We are currently living in the post-PC era where smartphones and other wireless handheld devices are changing our environment, making it more interactive, adaptive and informative. Termed as Internet of Things (IoT) evolving into Internet of Everything, the new ecosystem combines wireless sensor networks, cloud computing, analytical data, interactive technologies, as well as smart devices, to provision solutions in which the objects are embedded with network connectivity and an identifier to enhance object-to-object interactions. IoT innovation is advancing and provides diverse smart solutions or applications. From e-transport to e-health; smart living to e-manufacturing and many other e-solutions. In this environment, the rising trend of cyber attacks on systems infrastructure coupled with the system inherent vulnerabilities presents a source of concern not only to the vendors, but also to the consumer. These security concerns need to be addressed in order to ensure user confidence so as to promote wide acceptance and reap the potentials of IoT. From the perspectives of firmware, hardware and software infrastructure setups, this paper looks at some of the major IoT application and service domains, and analyze the cybersecurity challenges which are likely to drive IoT research in the near future.

MINING AND AGGREGATION OF CULTURAL DATA IN SOCIAL NETWORKS

The explosive growth of the Internet, the emergence of social networks and recent technological advances enabled an enormous user population to become actuators in this new emerging cultural environment. Handheld wireless devices, like smartphones and tablets, which can be internet-connected, allow users to join the Internet community from any place at any time. Users are of various and diverse cultural profiles. Social networks form a modern global environment where all these users can actually become cultural actuators in the sense that they socialize, communicate, announce and reproduce information promoting local, national and international activities closely related to their cultural background. Modern social networks, like Facebook or Twitter, form active and vivid channels of cultural information circulation. Thousands of single users or user groups make frequent announcements about special cultural events, related to music, dance, theater, cinema, gastronomy, performances, exhibitions, gatherings of a special cultural character. In addition, such announcements made in the form of short, inclusive posts bear unique online features so that their audience can immediately exploit them. However, it remains an important challenge to efficiently mine useful data from such populated, diverse and vaguely structured spaces. Motivated by the case of Santorini Island, Greece and a strong recent observation that local traditional activities or special (multi-)cultural events and activities tend to be absent from touristic guides and plans, we present a WordPress-based website which automatically collects cultural data from Facebook and presents it in a comprehensive way for promoting cultural activity in Santorini. Lack of information implies lack of knowledge which consequently results in a reduced interest and decision space. Utilizing keywords spanning a variety of cultural activities and events, our system serves as an aggregator for Facebook posts of particular cultural interest. While several, mainly not collaborating, entities – like for instance Facebook users or groups, websites, Twitter users or groups - do release this sort of information, lack of organization and timely viewing makes it extremely inefficient for interested entities to locate, evaluate and exploit this highly distributed and unstructured material. The experimental use of our system so far – as an application offered from the Department of Cultural Heritage Management and New Technologies of the University of Patras – shows that technology can indeed serve an important role towards efficient cultural management and fruitful intercultural cooperation.

Design and development of a stacked complementary microstrip antenna with a “π”-shaped DGS for UWB, UNII, WLAN, WiMAX, and Radio Astronomy wireless applications

The proposed research paper presents the design, development, and experimental testing of a broadband stacked complementary microstrip antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) (5.28–5.85 GHz), Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure band (UNII) (5.25–5.825 GHz), wireless local area networks (WLAN, IEEE802.11a, 5.15–5.35 GHz), and IEEE 802.11b (5.75–5.85 GHz), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access band (5.25–5.85 GHz), and Radio Astronomy band (6.6–6.75 GHz) wireless applications. The main aim of this paper is to obtain an UWB behavior from the combined effect of two resonances exhibited by the driven and parasitic patches of a stacked complementary antenna geometry. Circularly polarized radiations are also emitted by the antenna by the addition of an orthogonal stub to its feed line. The proposed three-layered antenna structure (without air gap) is fabricated on commercially available glass-reinforced epoxy laminate, FR4 substrate. The topmost layer of FR4 has a square-shaped patch parasitic patch printed over it; this patch has a square slot etched out from it. The middle layer of the antenna has a square-shaped driven patch of approximately the same dimensions as that of the slot in parasitic patch. The antenna is fed using aperture-coupled feeding mechanism. Therefore the lowermost layer of FR4 has a ground plane on its top with a “π”-shaped slot etched from it and a feed line with an orthogonal stub at its bottom forming a “T”-shaped geometry. The antenna is fed by the electromagnetic coupling between the antenna layers .The proposed antenna has a compact structure with overall volumetric dimensions of 4.7 × 3.82 × 0.483 cm3. The antenna design and simulations are carried out using CSTMWSV'10 with perfect boundary (electric and magnetic) estimations. This designed antenna shows an UWB behavior from 5.14 to 5.85 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 710 MHZ and a fractional bandwidth of 12.62% at the center frequency of band at 5.5 GHz. The radiating antenna also possesses a good gain of 4.59 dBi at the central frequency of 5.50 GHz and a 1 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 820 MHz from 5.16 to 5.98 GHz. The validation of results is done by fabrication and experimental testing of the antenna using a vector network analyzer and placing the antenna in an anechoic chamber for gain measurements. The measured results show close matching with the simulated ones and this makes the antenna well suited for the proposed wireless applications of interest, specifically in small handheld wireless communication devices.

Wideband RF Filters Using Medium-Scale Integration of Lithium Niobate Laterally Vibrating Resonators

This letter presents wideband spurious-free microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) filters based on shear horizontal (SH0) mode Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) laterally vibrating resonators. The filters, monolithically fabricated on the same chip, have center frequencies at 400 and 750 MHz. The measured performance exhibits in-band ripple-free response, a low insertion loss (IL) of 1.7 dB, a 30-dB shape factor of 1.41, and a 3-dB fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 9.6 %-the largest reported for MEMS-resonator-based filters. The high performance was collaboratively enabled by the LiNbO3 material and filter design. The excellent piezoelectric coupling and low acoustic loss in LiNbO3 thin film ensure the low IL and large FBW, while the medium-scale integration of 200 spurious mode-free resonators fully harnesses the potential of LiNbO3 material without introducing spurious response. The filters have a device footprint less than $360 \times 350\,\,\mu \text{m}^{2}$ , thus suitable for RF frontends in handheld wireless devices.

Annular Slot-Based Miniaturized Frequency-Agile MIMO Antenna System

In this letter, a miniaturized annular slot-based multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is presented. The proposed frequency-agile antenna exhibits wide tuning range operation by covering several well known wireless standards including GSM1800/LTE/UMTS/WLAN along with several others. The resonance frequency varies from 1.8 to 2.45 GHz. The structure of each antenna element consists of a combination of annular and circular slots, and the antenna is made reconfigurable using a varactor diode within its annular slot. Only one varactor diode is used in achieving this wide tuning band of operation. The four-element MIMO antenna system is realized on a $\text{60} \times \text{120}\times \text{0.76}$ -mm $^3$ RO4350 substrate. The proposed design is suitable for wireless handheld devices and mobile terminals as well as cognitive radio front ends. The measured results show maximum gain of 2.43 dBi and maximum efficiency ( $\eta$ ) of 73%. The envelope correlation coefficient did not exceed 0.186 across the complete operating bands.

Adolescents’ sources for food safety knowledge and trust

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate where students in a Swedish compulsory school acquire their knowledge of food safety and how trustworthy they deem them to be.Design/methodology/approachA survey of students’ self-reported sources of and trust in food safety knowledge was performed. A student response system was used for data collection, and the students were asked to answer questions presented on a PowerPoint presentation using a small wireless handheld device: a clicker. A questionnaire with 24 questions was used, and the responses were collected at 18 different schools with a total of 529 participants attending school Year 9.FindingsMothers were reported as being the most important source of food safety knowledge (38 per cent), especially among girls, and were also given high credibility (36 per cent). Boys reported trusting home and consumer studies (HCS), fathers and media to a higher extent. Girls reported cooking at home more often but, for all students, it was more common to rarely or never cook at home, which is why HCS teaching can be seen as valuable for many students. HCS teaching needs to be improved in order to raise its credibility. About half of the students (51 per cent) reported to have the highest trust for their source of knowledge.Research limitations/implicationsThe students could only choose one source of knowledge and trust, although it is usual to learn from many different sources.Practical implicationsHCS teaching needs to get higher credibility among students as a counterweight against other sources.Social implicationsEducated consumers could influence their health.Originality/valueLimited research has been performed on food safety knowledge among adolescents.

Compact 4G MIMO antenna integrated with a 5G array for current and future mobile handsets

A novel integrated antenna solution for wireless handheld devices is proposed for the existing 4G standards and upcoming 5G systems for broadband, high data rate communications. The complete antenna system is a unique combination of a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system at microwave frequencies and a millimetre (mm)-wave antenna array. The MIMO antenna system consists of two reactive loaded monopoles while the mm-wave array consists of a planar 2 by four slot antennas. The integrated antenna system covers the frequency bands from 1870 to 2530 MHz for 4G standards along with the upcoming 5G mm-wave band at 28 GHz. In addition, the integrated antenna system is planar and is designed for typical smart phone devices with a standard 60 mm by 100 mm by 0.965 mm back plane. Excellent field correlation values were obtained across the 4G band while realised peak gain values of 4 and 8 dBi were, respectively, measured for the MIMO and mm-wave antenna arrays. The proposed antenna design may also be useful for other compact implementations that support 4G and 5G communications.

Hardware Implementation of Intrusion Detection System for Ad-Hoc Network

&lt;p&gt;New technologies have been developed in wireless adhoc network need more security. To widespread the adhoc networks we turn in the attention of wireless hand held device mobile phones communicate with short distance using wireless lan card or Bluetooth. The performance of mobile phone are improved greatly for last few years .so security is more important for mobile networks In this paper hardware implementation of single hop ad-hoc network is implemented and analysed using microcontroller. The protocol implemented in this paper is primarily based on, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector routing. We adopt On Demand Distance Vector routing solely based on source routing and “On Demand” process, so each packet does not have to transmit any periodic routing information. We implemented intrusion detection system with five different nodes and the performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, throughput, delay are computed with attacker and without attacker and on demand distance vector routing protocols is proposed to implement in hardware using Zigbee&lt;/p&gt;