This paper presents an adaptive frequency control method for wireless power transfer systems, which monitors the resonant frequency variations caused by changing operating conditions and guarantees optimal system performance. The system is evaluated both at fixed frequency and with the proposed adaptive control approach in a simulation environment. It is then physically designed and tested. The simulation results show that the system automatically adapts to the resonance condition at different winding distances with adaptive frequency control, and higher output power is obtained compared to the fixed frequency structure. In the tests performed on the physical prototype, lower power transfer was observed compared to the simulation due to the low voltage components and application-specific mounting, alignment, and environmental effects. The developed system is also capable of wireless control of a door lock mechanism through a radio frequency communication based, battery-free portable controller. The results show that adaptive frequency control provides significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency and power transfer in wireless power transfer systems.

Systemic chemotherapy remains central to cancer treatment but is limited by nonspecific biodistribution, dose- limiting toxicity, and poor penetration into solid tumors. Nanomedicine has improved pharmacokinetics and targeting, yet most nanoparticles fail to accumulate meaningfully within tumors due to biological clearance and stromal barriers. Implantable drug-delivery systems (IDDS), particularly micro-reservoir platforms enabled by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these limitations by placing therapeutics directly at or within the tumor site. This review synthesizes the evolution of implantable devices from early passive polymers and osmotic pumps to modern programmable microchips with electronically triggered reservoirs, wireless control, and integrated sensors. The engineering foundations of reservoir architecture, membrane activation, and energy management are discussed in relation to pharmacological benefits, including high intratumoral concentrations, reduced systemic toxicity, improved drug stability, and precise spatiotemporal control of mono- and multi-agent regimens. Preclinical evidence across breast, pancreatic, glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate, head-and-neck cancers, and sarcomas demonstrates enhanced tumor penetration and therapeutic efficacy with substantially lower systemic exposure. Emerging smart implants incorporating real-time monitoring and AI-assisted dosing represent the next step toward adaptive, patient-specific therapy. Despite strong promise, translation to the clinic requires addressing challenges in biocompatibility, foreign-body response, drug stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory pathways, and patient acceptance. Overall, micro-reservoir implantable systems offer a transformative path toward precision local oncology by shifting therapeutic control from systemic circulation to the tumor microenvironment itself, enabling more effective and individualized cancer treatment.

The article is devoted to eliminating the main operational drawback of the technological process of semi-stationary sprinkler systems, which lies in the manual switching of irrigation nozzles. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of existing technical solutions for remote irrigation control was conducted, revealing that radio control is currently the most promising and economically feasible approach. The development of an automated irrigation control system (AICS) based on radio transmission was carried out taking into account the key criteria, including a data exchange rate of no more than 1 second, a stable communication range of at least 2000 meters, and the capacity to manage no fewer than 200 devices from one control unit. Based on the described criteria, a structural layout of the AICS was developed, consisting of a control unit and receiver nodes. The control unit includes a programming and command transmission module mounted on the central tower. A receiver node comprises a control module with a battery pack, fixed on a support tripod, and an electromagnetic valve replaceable with a disc shutter. The component base for the control module was selected, including a microcontroller, radio module, display, keyboard, and antenna. An electromechanical relay for switching the power circuit of the solenoid valve is additionally installed in the receiver node. The operating algorithm of the AICS, involving the sequential switching of sprinklers, is described. It is implemented by transmitting commands from the control unit to a specific receiver module to open or close the water supply regulating valve. The developed system provides autonomy for at least 150 days with a signal transmission range of up to 6000 meters. Modernizing semi-stationary systems with the AICS does not require high capital costs due to the adaptability of its design solutions, while significantly reducing labor input compared to manual switching.

Conventional diabetes management requires frequent invasive procedures such as finger-prick blood sampling and subcutaneous injections to coordinate glucose monitoring and medication. Here, we propose a novel, flexible, wearable, battery-free skin patch that synchronizes painless glucose monitoring and regulation capabilities with smartphone-mediated wireless control. This patch integrates bendable fluorescent hydrogel microneedles for minimally invasive glucose monitoring (50 to 450 mg/dL range) and thermoresponsive microneedles for metformin delivery. In diabetic mouse models, it accurately tracked interstitial glucose levels and, upon hyperglycemia detection, reduced blood glucose within 1 h (effects lasting 5–6 h). This system provides glucose monitoring with wireless data transmission and precise drug administration while eliminating pain, infection risk, and high costs. Its lightweight, disposable design offers a practical solution for improved diabetes care.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a six-leg walking robot integrated with Bluetooth communication and obstacle detection capabilities. The robot is developed to demonstrate interdisciplinary applications of mechatronics, combining mechanical design, embedded electronics, and software control. The walking mechanism is based on a hexapod gait, ensuring stability and adaptability to uneven terrain. Bluetooth modules enable wireless control via mobile devices, while ultrasonic sensors provide real-time obstacle detection and avoidance. The methodology includes system architecture design, wiring schematics, and programming of microcontrollers for gait sequencing and sensor integration. Experimental results validate the robot’s ability to navigate autonomously while maintaining user control through Bluetooth. The proposed system contributes to robotics research by offering a low-cost, scalable platform for automation and mobility applications.

Precise, wireless control of battery-free implantable neurostimulators using light offers a promising avenue for treating neurological disorders, while the strong tissue absorption, scattering, and alignment uncertainties under in vivo conditions limit their reliability. Here, we harness the deep tissue penetration of second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1400nm) light to develop a NIR-II light-activated neurostimulation based on integrated photothermal and pyroelectric energy conversion with a special broad-angle lens-free light concentrator. The flower-inspired light concentrator enables efficient harvesting of scattered, non-collimated light deep within tissues and eliminates the angular dependence common to existing systems. The synergistic photothermal-pyroelectric conversion mechanism enables effective utilization of diffuse 1064nm NIR-II laser illumination and facilitates substantial device miniaturization, resulting in an exceptionally high voltage-to-volume output ratio. In vitro and in vivo evaluations confirm its biocompatibility and ability to precisely activate the nerve and modulate limb motion in frogs. Furthermore, in vivo studies in rabbits demonstrate that the device, following subcutaneous implantation, enables immediate light-triggered electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve through pulsed 1064nm NIR-II laser irradiation. This work establishes a robust and minimally invasive paradigm for light-controlled neuromodulation, offering broad applicability in next-generation bioelectronic systems.

Models of the ring antenna array were developed and the main characteristics of this antenna array were analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the considered variants of the microwave ring antenna array with discrete scanning of azimuthal radiation patterns, taking into account weight, dimensions and electrical characteristics, look promising for use in equipment of radiocommunication, radar and radio control systems. Also, a method for correcting the distortions of the direction diagrams of the ring antenna array, formed as a result of the interaction, was proposed. To implement this technique, an algorithm was developed for changing the amplitude distribution of the electromagnetic field strength from the phase distribution of the electromagnetic field strength to compensate for the distortion of the parameters resulting from the deviation in the radiation diagram.

Abstract: One of the main environmental issues for lakes and ponds, particularly those located in urban and semi-urban areas, is floating solid waste-generated water pollution. Because it involves direct contact with contaminated water, cleaning water bodies by hand is ineffective, time-consuming, and dangerous. This paper introduces Aquabot, a small robotic platform-based lake cleaning system that can remove floating debris. Propulsion motors, a conveyor-based waste collection system, a floating structure, and a smart bin monitoring unit make up the system. Bluetooth communication via a mobile application is used to accomplish wireless control. Stable navigation, effective waste collection, and dependable bin level monitoring are revealed by experimental evaluation. The suggested system provides a practical, safe, and affordable way to keep water bodies cleaner. Keywords: Aquabot, Lake cleaning robot, Floating Waste, Arduino Uno, Bluetooth control

This study addresses the need for safer, more hygienic, and energy-efficient control of electrical loads in residential, healthcare, and industrial environments by developing a multi-switching contactless system. Conventional single-mode switching systems are limited by network dependency, restricted range, and inconsistent reliability, creating a demand for a multi-switching solution that ensures redundancy and responsive operation. The proposed system integrates an Arduino Uno as the central controller, a 433 MHz RF sensor for local wireless control, an ESP-32 Wi-Fi module for remote management, and a 5V relay module to switch multiple electrical loads. Users can operate the system via a mobile application or an RF remote, providing flexible and contactless interaction. The development involved hardware assembly, Arduino and ESP-32 firmware programming, mobile app integration, and structured testing including unit, integration, and functional evaluations to ensure performance and reliability. Experimental results demonstrated mean response times of 118 ms for RF and 176 ms for Wi-Fi control, an RF open-space range of up to 98 meters, command execution success rates of 98.5% (RF) and 97.1% (Wi-Fi), and safe load handling up to 1200 W with relay temperatures remaining below 48°C. These findings confirm that the system operates reliably under diverse conditions while maintaining low latency and thermal safety. In conclusion, the multi-switching contactless system offers a scalable, dependable, and practical solution for smart automation, enhancing hygiene, convenience, and energy management, with potential for future enhancements including voice control, improved security, and expanded load capacity.

Abstract Tensegrity structures, celebrated for their lightweight design, high efficiency, and shape adaptability, and have broad application prospects in structural engineering, aerospace, robotics, and other interdisciplinary fields. Due to the geometric structure of the classic 6-bar 24-cable tensegrity robot (TR-0624), which leads to poor steering control and significant path deviation during path planning, this paper introduces a 6-bar 18-cable tensegrity robot (TR-0618) based on truncated tetrahedron to address this issue. Firstly, the dynamic equation of TR-0618 is developed, and the Jaya algorithm is applied for single-objective optimization focusing on centroid offset, as well as dual-objective optimization considering centroid offset alongside energy or internal space. The Jaya algorithm in MATLAB is employed to determine an effective driving strategy for the basic gait of TR-0618. Next, a weight-based dual-objective optimization method is proposed to identify the driving strategy for the basic gait characteristics of TR-0618. By combining the basic gaits, a comparison is conducted on the 4m straight path and across four geometric paths with TR-0624. Finally, the physical model of TR-0618 is designed and manufactured, followed by wireless control experiments to validate its basic gait and path-planning capabilities, the effectiveness of the TR-0618 motion control multi-objective optimization methods is verified.

Toward intelligent immune microneedles: Strategies for sensing, therapy, and immune regulation.

As human-computer interfaces are constantly evolving day by day, hand gesture recognition (HGR) systems are becoming reliable and cost-effective. The interfaces for natural interaction allow users to convert their gestures into commands for a computer system. Multirotor drones are usually controlled using radio controllers, which require good experience and training. It is dif?cult for novice users to properly handle the multirotor using such controllers. This paper builds upon our previously developed architecture for drone control via hand gestures [1]. While the initial work demonstrated the feasibility of using a vision sensor, this study expands its scope by exploring sensor-based and vision-based approaches of HGR. It has been done by integrating and testing three hand gesture data acquisition devices. The aim is to evaluate the performance and usability of these sensors under varying conditions, including indoor and outdoor environments. Experiments, initially conducted in simulation and then with a real drone, show that such devices can be used to train novice users to maneuver the multirotor. Results reveal significant differences in accuracy and practicality, providing actionable insights for selecting sensors based on application needs. This comparative study highlights the adaptability of the existing architecture and its potential for future advancements in human-computer interaction.

Joint smooth trajectory design and wireless communication control for mobile internet of vehicles assisted by a UAV and ground RISs

The sixth generation (6G) of wireless communication systems is envisioned to be inherently AI-native, integrating intelligence into every network layer to support unprecedented capabilities, including terabit-per-second data rates, submillisecond latency, and pervasive sensing . This ambition re- quires managing extreme complexity introduced by revolutionary technologies such as Terahertz (THz) communication, Ultra- Massive MIMO (UM-MIMO), and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) . Machine Learning (ML) is recognized as the computational backbone for this transformation, enabling adaptive, self-optimizing, and context-aware wireless environments that fundamentally redefine how networks operate . This paper presents a systematic review, mapping ML across three progressive integration paradigms: AI for Network (AI4NET), Network for AI (NET4AI), and AI as a Service (AIaaS). We detail ML’s pivotal role in enhancing the physical layer through deterministic Wireless Environment Control (WEC) and robust channel estimation using generative models . Furthermore, we elaborate on distributed intelligence architectures, such as Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL), which are essential for balancing high computational demands with data privacy and resource constraints in the emerging Computing Power Network (CPN) . Finally, we argue that the core viability of 6G depends on embedding trustworthiness into its architecture, emphasizing the mandatory roles of Explainable AI (XAI) for operational accountability and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for immutable data provenance .

Wireless cellular stimulation has been widely applied for bioengineering and bidirectional communication with the brain. Different technologies, such as photoelectrical stimulation as an alternative to optogenetics, have emerged for a wide range of remote therapeutic applications using light. Metasurfaces enable pixel-wise control of electric field distribution by engineering absorption and wavefront shaping, with responses tuned to incident light polarization, frequency, and phase, offering precise stimulation and wireless control in retinal, cochlear, and cardiac implants. Moreover, by leveraging terahertz (THz) band patches, reconfigurable metasurfaces controlled via FPGA and holography, and virtual reality-assisted designs, these interfaces can revolutionize bioelectronic medicine.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a cost-effective voice-controlled home automation system using Arduino Uno and Bluetooth technology. The proposed system allows wireless control of household electrical appliances through voice commands from a smartphone. Bluetooth communication enables seamless connectivity, and Arduino handles the control logic and switching operation via relays. The system is designed to aid physically challenged and elderly individuals by providing an easy and hands-free method of controlling home devices. This project demonstrates an integration of embedded systems and IoT principles to create an intelligent and accessible home automation solution.

ABSTRACT Photothermomechanical polymer film actuators stand out among the dynamic components available for soft robotics due to a combination of assets, such as capability for rapid energy transduction, wireless control, and ease of miniaturization. Despite their anticipated superior performance, several design challenges remain. These include high operational temperatures, inadequate mechanical output relative to the radiation energy provided, limited durability during repeated use, and high production costs; such factors hinder the scalability of these actuating materials in practical applications. Here, we report a viable solution by substituting performance‐enhancing nanoparticles with MXenes—carbon‐based, 2D materials known for their theoretical photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 100%. This led to the development of MXene‐dispersed polymer trilayer actuators (MPTAs). Extensive photothermal and thermomechanical characterization demonstrated superior performance compared to previously reported actuators, with a reduced shed power demand (0.1 mW cm −2 °C −1 ), substantial bending capacity per irradiation power per time (0.1° mW −1 cm 2 s −1 ), and enhanced cyclic longevity, with fatigueless operation of at least 1000 cycles. We demonstrate three applications: A kirigami‐inspired flower, parallel manipulator, and soft gripper. Additionally, these materials are cost‐effective; thus, they are the optimal choice for long‐term, reversible operation with efficient heat‐to‐work transduction.

Microrobots with multimodal locomotion offer distinct advantages in adapting to complex environments. However, achieving both untethered and controllable crawling and jumping within a centimeter-scale platform remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a fully untethered microrobot inspired by the jumping mechanism of click beetles. The robot measures 3.3 cm in height, weighs 2.6 g, and combines piezoelectric-driven differential actuation for directional crawling with a compact, electrically triggered catapult mechanism for high-performance jumping. The jumping mechanism, based on a heated fuse release, enables the robot to leap up to 29 times its body height (95 cm), while the isolated catapult design achieves a record-setting jump height of 230 times the body length, outperforming previously reported untethered systems. Under wireless control, the robot demonstrates smooth crawling-jumping-crawling transitions to overcome obstacles in unconstructed terrain. This research advances the design of centimeter-scale microrobots and highlights the potential of integrated multimodal locomotion in untethered microrobots.

the demand for adaptability in dynamically changing conditions, and the desire for enhanced precision in remote operations. These factors necessitate the deployment of highly dexterous robotic hands for mechanical tasks, with humans in the loop for high-level planning and decision-making. Despite their potential in healthcare, manufacturing, space, disaster response, and agriculture, widespread adoption of telerobotic hands is limited by high costs, restricted motion, and control challenges. To address this, a prototype low-cost, 3D-printed, three-finger telerobotic hand was developed. The development process began with the conceptual design of the hand’s mechanical structure, followed by design theories to determine finger length, grasping capability, load-carrying capacity, and power requirements. A 3D CAD model was created using SolidWorks and fabricated with a 3D printer, while circuit layout of the components was developed in Fritzing. The assembled components were integrated with electronic modules and programmed in the Arduino IDE to receive servomotors control signals from a joystick-based wireless controller and transmit force-sensitive resistor (FSR) force signals to the robotic hand via Bluetooth communication. The wireless controller itself was designed for ergonomic use. It features adjustable joysticks positions for different hand sizes, signal mapping strategies, and micro-vibration motors for haptic feedback. The platform for its hardware assembly was modeled in SolidWorks and fabricated via 3D printing. The circuit layout of the components was developed in Fritzing. The assembled components were integrated with electronic modules and programmed in the Arduino IDE to transmit servomotors control signals to the robot hand and receive micro-vibration motors control signals generated from FSRs via Bluetooth communication. The hand supports four distinct ranges of motion, namely flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, and includes fingertip FSRs to measure the force exerted on objects. Experimental results show the telerobotic hand effectively replicated human thumb, index, and middle finger movements as controlled by the joysticks. The system achieved 96.2% motion accuracy resulting from flexion (99.1%), abduction (95%), and adduction (94.5%), with minimal deviation. It attained an 87% grasping success rate with an average grasp time of 2.17 seconds. A positive correlation between measured force and vibration intensity validated the haptic feedback's effectiveness. User feedback indicated an 84% average satisfaction across responsiveness, ease of use, comfort, haptic feedback, fatigue, and task completion. The prototype successfully demonstrated its ability to replicate human finger motions and provide intuitive control with meaningful force feedback.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the design and implementation of a Smart Line Following Robot using Arduino, developed to automate the delivery of audio messages to classrooms within an educational campus. The robot autonomously follows a predefined black line detected by infrared (IR) sensors, while an ultrasonic sensor provides real-time obstacle detection and avoidance for smooth navigation. A 4×4 matrix keypad enables users to input a classroom number, which is displayed on a 16×2 LCD screen for confirmation. Upon reaching the target classroom, a voice playback module (ISD1820) plays a pre-recorded message such as announcements or alerts through an integrated speaker. Motion is controlled by stepper motors driven by motor driver modules, all coordinated by the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The proposed system offers a cost-effective and efficient solution for automating message delivery in educational institutions, minimizing manual effort, enhancing communication efficiency, and providing a scalable platform for future enhancements such as wireless control, real-time tracking, and smart classroom identification. Index Terms: Line Following Robot, Arduino, Infrared Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Automation, Voice Playback Module, Educational Communication.