Wireless Communication Technology Research Articles

A Cross-Layer Approach to Analyzing Energy Consumption and Lifetime of a Wireless Sensor Node

Several wireless communication technologies, including Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), are essential for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. WSNs employ a layered framework to govern data exchanges between sender and recipient, which facilitates the establishment of rules and standards. However, in this conventional framework, network data sharing is limited to directly stacked layers, allowing manufacturers to develop proprietary protocols while impeding WSN optimization, such as energy consumption minimization, due to non-directly stacked layer effects on network performance. A Cross-Layer (CL) framework addresses implementation, modeling, and design challenges in IoT systems by allowing unrestricted data and parameter sharing between non-stacked layers. This holistic approach captures system dynamics, enabling network design optimization to address IoT network challenges. This paper introduces a novel CL modeling methodology for wireless communication systems, which is applied in two case studies to develop models for estimating energy consumption metrics, including node and network lifetime. Each case study validates the resulting model through experimental tests, demonstrating high accuracy with less than 3% error.

Artificial intelligence detection system based on multi-sensor and wireless communication

In today’s world, Internet technology and wireless communication technology are becoming more and more mature, which has brought massive network information resources to all sectors of society. At the same time, the phenomenon of data loss caused by illegal network intrusion is becoming more and more common. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and deal with them in combination with IDS (intrusion detection system). The problem of data processing is also very important. Enterprises can build a data management system according to their own needs, and use this system to process data. With the help of science and technology, AI (Artificial Intelligence) technology has become more mature and applied in many industries. Therefore, this paper proposed to build an AI IDS, and combined the deep RL (reinforcement learning) algorithm to analyze the performance of the system. This paper tested and analyzed the system from the aspects of precision and recall. The experimental results showed that the average precision of the five data sets was 94.76%, and the average recall rate was 91.4%. From the above data, combined with the algorithm in this paper, the precision and recall of the system have been significantly improved. This paper also conducted benchmark energy consumption comparison experiments for different cloud data management systems. The results showed that in terms of loading, the benchmark energy consumption of HBase was the lowest, which was 86KJ. In terms of query, the benchmark energy consumption of GridSQL was the lowest, which was 56KJ. It can be seen that different systems have their own advantages in the benchmark energy consumption of loading and query.

Selecting Outdoor Wireless Solution for Bara Prima Borneo Using Analytic Hierarchy Process

The advancement of wireless communication technology is critical for improving the efficiency, safety, and productivity of mining operations. This study focuses on evaluating and recommending an optimal outdoor wireless network solution for Bara Prime Borneo (BPB) mining operations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for decision-making. The current Wi-Fi infrastructure faces significant challenges, including limited coverage, interference, and scalability issues, which hinder its effectiveness in the demanding mining environment. To address these challenges, the study employs a comprehensive approach to identify stakeholder expectations and value perceptions, explore alternative wireless network designs such as Private LTE and Kinetic Mesh, and systematically select the most suitable solution using AHP. Through discussions with subject matter experts and secondary data collection, the study outlines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) associated with the existing Wi-Fi network and potential alternatives. Using AHP, the study prioritizes various criteria such as coverage, reliability, cost, scalability, and security. The recommended design aims to bridge the gap between current capabilities and future needs, ensuring robust and extensive network coverage that supports various digital applications essential for modern mining. By selecting the proposed solution using AHP, BPB can achieve a more reliable and scalable wireless network, enhancing overall operational efficiency and safety while meeting the evolving demands of its mining operations.

A review of RIS-assisted wireless communication research

This paper presents a review of the research progress in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) assisted wireless communications. It begins by providing an overview of recent developments and trends in the field of wireless communications. The following sections introduce the fundamental principles of both RIS technology and wireless communication technology, providing a foundation for the subsequent comprehensive examination of the current research status of RIS-assisted wireless communication. This study then turns to an in-depth analysis of the advancements in RIS-assisted wireless communication research, encompassing hardware regulation, baseband algorithms, multi-access enhancement, and network design. Subsequently, this paper offers a concise examination of the opportunities and challenges associated with RIS in wireless communication. This paper closes with a summary of the field of RIS-assisted wireless communication, followed by an outlook on future directions.

Performance analysis of shared relay CR-NOMA network based on SWIPT

With the development of wireless communication technology, the number of devices accessing the communication network is increasing. This paper addresses critical issues such as low spectrum resource utilization and the energy constraints of devices. The investigation focuses on the system performance of the shared relay Cognitive Radio Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (CR-NOMA) network based on Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) network model. Unlike the existing CR-NOMA model in which the secondary network user do not participate in the transmission of information from the primary network, we consider the secondary network near user as shared relay. The shared relay utilizes SWIPT technology to harvest energy using a nonlinear energy harvesting model. Additionally, the shared relay assists in transmitting information from the primary network base station to primary user, as well as from the secondary network base station to far user of the secondary network. Subsequently, we conduct a series of simulations to analyze the effects of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), power distribution factor, interference threshold, and time-switching (TS) factor on system performance. Furthermore, we compare and analyze the performance of our proposed network model against CR-NOMA network across three dimensions: outage probability, throughput, and energy efficiency. Our results demonstrate that the proposed network model exhibits superior outage performance and enhances user throughput compared to the CR-NOMA network. Additionally, it demonstrates improved energy efficiency compared to the shared relay CR-NOMA network, leading to an overall improvement in network performance.

Polydopamine‐coated iron‐nickel alloy and epoxy composites for electromagnetic interference shielding

AbstractWith the development of electronic devices and wireless communication technology, the quality of human life has improved. However, shielding from electromagnetic interference (EMI) is required due to device malfunctions and harmful effects on human health. Polymer‐based shielding materials getting much attention due to their light weight, flexibility, good processability, and other desirable traits. However, achieving consistent dispersion of conductive fillers and optimizing the balance between electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties remain challenges despite the advantages of polymer‐based materials. Especially, epoxy resins are promising polymer materials for EMI shielding applications due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and excellent adhesive properties. Additionally, epoxy resin exhibits remarkable processability allowing for various fabrication techniques such as casting, molding, and three‐dimensional printing. However, one of the significant drawbacks of epoxy resin is the difficulty in achieving uniform dispersion of conductive fillers within the epoxy matrix. In this study, we propose an iron‐nickel alloy (FeNi) embedded in an epoxy matrix (FeNi/Epoxy) for EMI shielding material. It is manufactured by facile fabrication process due to the advantages of epoxy, which has excellent processability. EMI shielding effectiveness at 12 GHz is enhanced from 9.12 to 17.86 dB by the increase of FeNi concentrations. Furthermore, thermal and mechanical properties were improved by the increase of FeNi concentration. Thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation is increased from 0.63 to 1.49 Wm−1 K−1. Moreover, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as a surface coating material for FeNi to overcome the non‐uniform dispersion of FeNi particles in the epoxy matrix. Surface coating by PDA significantly enhanced the dispersion uniformity and strengthened the adhesion between the filler and matrix. Elastic modulus is greatly increased from 83.03 MPa to 1.29 GPa by the surface coating. The enhancement of mechanical properties is derived from the chemical bonds between the filler and matrix.

A Study on a Radio Source Location Estimation System Using High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS).

Currently, there is a system in Japan to detect illegal radio transmitting sources, known as the DEURAS system. Even though crackdowns on illegal radio stations are conducted on a regular basis every year, the number of illegal emission cases still tends to increase, as ordinary citizens are now able to handle advanced wireless communication technologies, e.g., via software-defined radio. However, the current surveillance system may not be able to accurately detect the source in areas where large buildings are densely packed, such as urban areas, due to the effects of reflected waves. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a system for estimating the location of the source of transmission using a high-flying unmanned aerial vehicle called HAPS. The simulation results using numerical analysis software show that the proposed system can estimate the location of the source over a wider area and with higher accuracy than conventional monitoring systems.

Dependency-aware online task offloading based on deep reinforcement learning for IoV

The convergence of artificial intelligence and in-vehicle wireless communication technologies, promises to fulfill the pressing communication needs of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) while promoting the development of vehicle applications. However, making real-time dependency-aware task offloading decisions is difficult due to the high mobility of vehicles and the dynamic nature of the network environment. This leads to additional application computation time and energy consumption, increasing the risk of offloading failures for computationally intensive and latency-sensitive applications. In this paper, an offloading strategy for vehicle applications that jointly considers latency and energy consumption in the base station cooperative computing model is proposed. Firstly, we establish a collaborative offloading model involving multiple vehicles, multiple base stations, and multiple edge servers. Transferring vehicular applications to the application queue of edge servers and prioritizing them based on their completion deadlines. Secondly, each vehicular application is modeled as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) task with data dependency relationships. Subsequently, we propose a task offloading method based on task dependency awareness in deep reinforcement learning (DAG-DQN). Tasks are assigned to edge servers at different base stations, and edge servers collaborate to process tasks, minimizing vehicle application completion time and reducing edge server energy consumption. Finally, simulation results show that compared with the heuristic method, our proposed DAG-DQN method reduces task completion time by 16%, reduces system energy consumption by 19%, and improves decision-making efficiency by 70%.

Joint Optimization-Based QoS and PAPR Reduction Technique for Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO System

Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is an innovative wireless communication technology that significantly enhances the capacity and efficiency of data transmission in modern networks. Massive multiple input multiple output, despite benefits, faces difficulties in managing numerous antennas affecting signal quality, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and energy efficiency due to its scale and complexity. However, overcoming these complexities is vital for unlocking massive multiple input multiple output’s potential in high-quality, energy-efficient wireless communication. A proposed joint optimization-based technique aims to address these issues in massive MIMO systems. In phase 1, joint optimization with quality of service maximizes capacity via power distribution, employing the hybrid spider wasp Fick’s law algorithm. In phase 2, zero-forcing with symbol-level linear precoding, especially the stacked convolutional sparse bidirectional long short-term memory autoencoder (SCS–BiLSTMAE) network, efficiently reduces peak-to-average power ratio, collaborating for reduced bit rate error and peak-to-average power ratio through adaptive mapping. Refining the model involves precise hyperparameter tuning using the enhanced influencer buddy optimization algorithm. The proposed framework not only demonstrates exceptional performance, but the metrics also underscore the model's effectiveness in addressing diverse challenges, establishing it as a robust solution for quality enhancement, peak-to-average power ratio reduction, and energy efficiency. Additionally, the proposed model attains 28.14% greater system capacity than existing methods.

Multifunctional microwave absorption materials: construction strategies and functional applications.

The widespread adoption of wireless communication technology, especially with the introduction of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, has greatly improved our quality of life. However, this progress has led to increased electromagnetic (EM) interference and pollution issues. The development of advanced microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) is one of the most feasible solutions to solve these problems, and has therefore received widespread attention. However, MAMs still face many limitations in practical applications and are not yet widely used. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current status and future prospects of MAMs, and identifies the various challenges from practical application scenarios. Furthermore, strategies and principles for the construction of multifunctional MAMs are discussed in order to address the possible problems that are faced. This article also presents the potential applications of MAMs in other fields including environmental science, energy conversion, and medicine. Finally, an analysis of the potential outcomes and future challenges of multifunctional MAMs are presented.

Application of Medical Implants for Public Health Monitoring and Treatment

The World Health Organisation (WHO) reports that diabetes affects roughly 180 million people worldwide and that cardiovascular illnesses account for nearly 30% of all fatalities worldwide. Applications involving radio frequency (RF) or microwave technology are crucial to medical diagnosis and illness prevention. The most recent developments in the field of implantable medical devices (IMDs), such as biomedical telemetry, allow biosignals to be monitored remotely via wireless communication technology. Providing correct information to the external monitoring station is the primary function of the health maintenance monitoring scheme. Because wireless communication lessens the invasiveness of electromagnetic (EM) medical equipment, it is extremely helpful in improving patient comfort during treatment. The first swallowable pills with sensing capabilities and the introduction of pacemakers in the early 1960s both demonstrated the significance of implantable medical devices (IMDs), which enable disease monitoring and therapy. Using IMDs with wireless connection has allowed for the monitoring of both system performance and patient status. IMDs have been widely employed in healthcare systems to gather real-time signals from biosensors or preprocessed physiological bio-signals for early disease identification, improving treatment quality and promoting healthy living.

Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces

Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for providing high-data-rate wireless connections through the large license-free bandwidth available. A key challenge in OWC systems, similar to high-frequency Radiofrequency (RF) systems, is the presence of dead zones caused by obstacles like buildings, trees, and moving individuals, which can degrade signal quality or disrupt data transmission. Traditionally, relays have been used to mitigate these issues. Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) have recently emerged as a promising solution, enhancing system performance and flexibility by providing reconfigurable communication channels. This paper presents an overview of the application of IRSs in OWC systems. Specifically, we categorize IRSs into two main types: mirror array-based IRSs and metasurface-based IRSs. Furthermore, we delve into modeling approaches of mirror array-based IRSs in OWC and analyze recent advances in IRS control, which are classified into system power or gain optimization-oriented, system link reliability optimization-oriented, system data rate optimization-oriented, system security optimization-oriented, and system energy optimization-oriented approaches. Moreover, we present the principles of metasurface-based IRSs from a physical mechanism perspective, highlighting their application in OWC systems through the distinct roles of light signal refraction and reflection. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and potential future directions for integrating IRS with OWC systems, providing insights for further research in this promising field.

Developing a BIM based digital twin system for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure

Abstract The utilization of building information modeling (BIM) within digital technology facilitates the creation of three-dimensional representations for monitoring data in large-scale civil infrastructure. In response to the need for intelligent structural management, this study establishes a structural health monitoring (SHM) system and foundational framework based on digital twins. This framework integrates information from various sources and facilitates collaborative efforts for structural operation and maintenance. Additionally, the SHM system integrates actual monitoring measurements and early warning mechanisms to consolidate multi-source monitoring data with BIM. Through real-time analysis, the system provides insights into the operational status of bridges, capturing geometric, physical, and performance evolution characteristics. To construct the system, engineering challenges are initially digitized, with appropriate sensors deployed on real bridge structures to monitor dynamic (acceleration) and static (strain, displacement) physical information during bridge operation. Subsequently, through wireless communication and data storage technologies, the monitored physical data serves as input for mode identification and early warning algorithms, facilitating the acquisition of structural performance information. Finally, three-dimensional display technology enables real-time calculation and rendering of BIM models, fostering the exchange and interaction of monitoring and BIM information, thus enhancing the intelligence of SHM system.

Study on Power Equipment Control Using Low-Latency, High-Reliability Wireless Communication Technology

Study on Power Equipment Control Using Low-Latency, High-Reliability Wireless Communication Technology

Enhancing greenhouse strawberry irrigation: integrating IoT technologies and low-cost moisture sensors in substrate

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, particularly sensor-based systems, is revolutionizing agriculture, including strawberry cultivation in greenhouses. Furthermore, the use of wireless communication technologies, alongside efficient data storage and visualization platforms, can enhance monitoring and decision-making capabilities. This study aimed to calibrate and verify the real-time operation of the low-cost SKU SEN0193 V2.0 sensor and the SHT20 in strawberry cultivation substrate, evaluating IoT technologies for data transmission, including LoRa, InfluxDB for storage, and Grafana for visualization and monitoring. The adaptability and accuracy of the SHT20 and SKU SEN0193 V2.0 sensors were tested in laboratory and greenhouse strawberry crops. Water retention curves in the substrate were determined using the Haines Funnel, while recording sensor measurements simultaneously for calibration. For real-time monitoring, sensors were placed in two slabs with strawberry plants in a greenhouse. InfluxDB stored the data, and Grafana visualized it. While the SHT20 sensor showed limited suitability for substrates due to its lack of response to moisture variations, SKU SEN0193 V2.0 produced excellent results, detecting changes in moisture content in both laboratory and greenhouse tests. Sensor-specific calibration for greenhouse slabs is crucial. The utilization of data storage and visualization tools like InfluxDB and Grafana facilitated real-time data manipulation, demonstrating their potential for enhancing irrigation management in greenhouse strawberry production.

Research on extremely low frequency electromagnetic wave model and simulation in wellbore communication

Over recent years, as digitalization and intelligence in oil wellbore have increased, so have the stricter requirements for wireless communication technology in terms of distance, accuracy, and portability. As a result, it’s necessary to rely on more advanced and efficient wireless communication technologies to meet the industry’s needs. However, traditional communication technologies such as cables and optical fibers have inherent shortcomings in construction, data interpretation, and cost. ELF electromagnetic waves are an ideal solution for communication in complex wellbore conditions due to long-distance communication and strong penetration capabilities, making it a highly effective option. Based on the theory of network splitting, this paper establishes a polygonal multiple-delays uncertainty coupled complex network model of ELF electromagnetic waves propagating through the casing in layered media and designs a controller, including expressions for the intensity of the magnetic and electric fields in different directions, and the propagation and distribution characteristics in different media. We determined that the optimal transmitting frequency of ELF electromagnetic waves under general conditions is 12.7 Hz. Based on field experiments, we verified that ELF electromagnetic waves can enable wireless wellbore communication within 1500 m without relays. We also analyzed the impact of casing thread deformation on ELF electromagnetic wave propagation due to high-temperature and high-pressure environments. We used simulation experiments to solve the distribution relationship between the electric and magnetic fields of the solenoids through casing and strata, as well as the coupling coefficients between the transmitting and receiving solenoids, and explore how different transmitting frequencies affect the efficiency of signal propagation. Both theories and experiments have verified the correctness of the model, and have also demonstrated the reliability and continuity of using ELF electromagnetic waves to achieve wireless wellbore communication, which provides a theoretical basis and feasibility for subsequent engineering applications.

Single-carrier 220-Gbit/s sub-THz wireless transmission over 214 m using a photonics-based system.

We have demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a single-carrier 220-Gbit/s wireless link over 214-m distance within hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit using a 300-GHz-band photonics-based system incorporated with on-line digital signal processing (DSP). The approach to obtaining these results was to optimize the transmission system by using a low-noised two-tone laser system to the transmitter and receiver and to apply the unique Fresnel region of the antenna to achieve longer distances. These research results are expected to serve as a low-cost and basic communication system technology for promising backhaul wireless communications in the sixth-generation era.

RF technology in wireless communications:From transceiver architecture to subsystem specifications

Radiofrequency (RF) technology is essential to wireless communication.The demand for RF technology research is growing as mobile, satellite, radar, and other fields advance. In recent years, the development of 5G and 6G technologies has raised the bar for in-depth RF technology research, requiring greater frequency and data transmission efficiency, among other things. In addition to providing a brief overview of the transceiver's components, the signal chain, and an introduction to the major RF technologies, this paper will concentrate on the architecture of RF transceivers in RF systems and the specification of sub-systems. It will also include references for the RF sub-system specifications and integration techniques. The comprehensive study of communication technology will benefit greatly from an in-depth grasp of the transceiver's capabilities. Lastly, an overview of the layout and features of RF transceivers is provided, along with a prediction of the future application-focused path of RF technology.

Design of RF Communication Control Module Based on FPGA

As society enters the era of the information explosion, the amount of information consumed per day has increased almost exponentially. At the same time, the corresponding transmission quality has also become higher and higher. These increasing indicators have promoted the continuous improvement of the standards of the carrier medium. At this stage, the vigorous development of the wireless communication field has brought about the rapid development of wireless communication technology, and technologies such as LTE and 5G have followed. While communication equipment continues to develop to solve the problems caused by the increase in the amount of information, more problems are constantly emerging: the wide variety of communication equipment causes great troubles for later maintenance and management; the imbalance of hardware resource allocation causes Too much waste of resources; more communication interference seriously affects communication quality... and many other problems. Therefore, the research on high-efficiency and high-performance wireless communication technologies and wireless communication systems is of great significance.

Performance improvement of slot antenna with metamaterial for modern wireless communication

A slot antenna has been widely used for multifunction in modern wireless communication technologies such as WLAN, WiMAX, IoT, and GSM. Generally, slot antennas can operate in wideband. Nevertheless, this antenna type was limited in terms of lower gain because of wideband operation. Therefore, this paper presents a slot antenna designed for operation frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 6.5 GHz and a study of the performance improvement of slot antennas with metamaterials to increase antenna quality. The utilization of metamaterials can improve the performance of slot antennas by increasing gain levels, reducing sidelobe levels, and optimizing reflection coefficients (S11). As a result, determine the metallic hole structure and wire medium structure put behind the slot antenna for comparing performance. All of them act like reflectors for reflected radiation from the back to the front, which improved the average gain of all operating frequencies from 3.41 dBi to 7.33 dBi for metallic hole structure and 7.42 dBi for wire medium structure. Moreover, the simulation and measurement gave great results. These proposed metamaterials provided enhanced gain and reduced sidelobe level.