Wireless Charging Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Comprehensive Analysis for Electromagnetic Shielding Method Based on Mesh Aluminium Plate for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems

As an epoch-making technique, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology has been used in electric vehicle charging devices in recent years, but the electromagnetic leakage problem has always plagued numerous researchers. The traditional wireless charging systems use a solid metal aluminium plate to shield electromagnetic leakage generally. Although it has a good shielding performance, it will seriously reduce the transmission efficiency of wireless charging systems. In this paper, an aluminium plate with a series of mesh holes of different sizes is proposed to weaken the eddy current in partial areas on the plane. Therefore, without changing the maximum magnetic induction intensity of the shielded magnetic field, the influence of the aluminium plate on the electrical parameters of the wireless power transfer system is minimized, and the transmission efficiency of the system is improved. The Ansys Maxwell software has been adopted to simulate the transfer and shielding performance. Finally, the experimental results have verified that the optimized mesh aluminium plate can reduce the interference to the transmission performance of electric vehicle wireless charging system and further improve the electromagnetic environment of the system effectively at the same time.

Optimized design of the detection coils for the metal foreign object detection system applied to wireless power transfer

In order to improve the safety and reliability of electric vehicle wireless charging, foreign object detection is an indispensable auxiliary function. In this paper, the equivalent model of foreign object detection circuit is firstly established, and then the foreign object detection principle based on active detection coil is analyzed from the angle of the circuit and magnetic circuit. Then the optimization scheme of metal foreign object detection coil is proposed through simulation comparison and analysis. The results show that the design proposed in this paper can increase the maximum value of |Bz| to 3.6 mT, effectively improving the accuracy of metal foreign object detection.

A Bibliometric Survey of Research Output on Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles

Wireless charging modules for electric vehicles are being increasingly studied. Previous research has focused on developing more effective wireless-charging modules for electric vehicles in order to pave the way for a more sustainable urban transportation. The objectives of the study were to identify the social structure of the field by mapping of research collaborations among authors and countries, measure the influence of authors and sources, identify the interactions between different researchers and the most influential authors, sources, documents and organizations. To achieve these objectives, a bibliometric search in the SCOPUS database was conducted using a combination of keywords and Boolean operators. The initial keyword search returned 2163 documents. The documents retrieved were manually filtered for further analysis. A scientometric analysis was carried out on the remaining 1367 documents using co-authorship, co-citation, and citation analyses for a number of measurement units. The results showed that “object detection” and “shielding effectiveness” were the most current research topics. Authors who were widely cited did not generally produce a large number of papers or collaborate with other authors. Authors from China, the United States, and the United Kingdom have all co-authored published works on the topic, indicating that they have all contributed considerably to the field’s achievements. This strongly highlighted the amount of funding localized in developed countries towards such technologies. The number of international co-authored studies conducted was low. This is most significant with no research conducted in this field in the less developed world. The most cited and influential scholars were G. A. Covic, J. T. Boys, and C. C. Mi. The most influential sources were IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics and IEEE Trans. on Induction Electronics, while the most productive sources were Energies and IEEE Access. The most influential documents were those by Covic G.A. (2013a) and Covic G.A. (2013b). Finally, emerging trends in charging and energy storage in electric vehicles were also discussed.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle

The paper overviews novel method for wi-fi charging gadget of electrical automobile. As the battery of the electrical automobile is charged wirelessly through inductive coupling technique which may be very handy considering the fact that excessive ability battery isn't always required and it is able to get replaced with the aid of using small battery of decreased weight. Considering the exploitation of the traditional sources the provision of current fuel and petrol is depleting . This paves the improvement of electrical automobile. In electric powered automobile charging of battery via charger and twine is inconvenient, dangerous and expensive. The carried out wi-fi charging gadget of battery for Electric automobile with the aid of using inductive coupling technique has been offered on this paper. The popular generation of wi-fi EV battery charging is primarily based totally at the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) among coupled coils, one linked to the electric grid and the opposite one linked to the rechargeable battery. The transmitter coil circuit is flip ON and OFF on every occasion the automobile is gift and absent respectively. Through IPT, the electrocution hazard usually springing up from energy cords is averted and the battery charging operation can routinely start. Using the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) sticky label affixed at the wind display of the electrical automobile which permits the clients to make the charging price at once from the account linked.

Multi-Objective Active Shielding Coil Design for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

In this article, a dual-loop active shielding coil directly connected in series with the primary coil is proposed to reduce the leakage magnetic field while eliminating the additional coupling between the shielding coil and the receiving coil of a wireless electric vehicle (EV) charging system. Parameter design strategy featuring system efficiency improvement and shielding coil cost reduction using multi-objective optimization algorithm is proposed. Finally, a 1.5 kW with 19 cm air gap prototype is fabricated to verify the analytical results and investigate the influence of the shielding coil over the system parameters. The results prove that the proposed active shielding coil shows its advantage on the system transmission performance and the shielding effectiveness on the target surface comparing to conventional aluminum shielding.

Frequency and Parameter Combined Tuning Method of LCC–LCC Compensated Resonant Converter With Wide Coupling Variation for EV Wireless Charger

The characteristics of inductive power-transfer (IPT) systems are sensitive to the variation of the coupling coefficient caused by misalignment conditions or different gaps. This results in a reduction in transferred power and efficiency. The output characteristics considering frequency modulation applied in series–series (SS), inductor–capacitor–capacitor (LCC)-S and LCC–LCC compensated IPT systems have been explored, revealing that high-order compensation topologies hold limited power regulation ability if coupling varies significantly. The parameter sensitivity of LCC–LCC-compensated topology is investigated through the singular values (SVs) analysis. It is found that the variation of the parallel-compensated capacitors has the greatest impact on the output power. Aiming at alleviating the power drop caused by the coupling variation, a parameter offline tuning method realized by switching the parallel-compensated capacitance for a detuned LCC–LCC resonant converter is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging. Analytical expressions have been derived in aiding the design of modified value of capacitance ensuring primary zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation. Thus, the detuned parameter combinations, which deliver rated power even with the worst coupling, are obtained. Finally, a 6.6-kw prototype has been built to verify the validity of the proposed topology, which can deliver 6.1 kW with an efficiency of 94% even when the coupling drops from 0.3 to 0.15.

Predictive Modeling for Detection of Source of Electromagnetic Disturbances in Inductive Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

The effects of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) in Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) for electric vehicle charging circuits are elaborated with Common Mode (CM) emission. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) has to be sustained in the circuits such that it is prone to the effects of interferences, noises and disturbances. These issues can be addressed at the initial product development stage, with accurate identification of the parameters that influence the CM emission in the circuit. The analysis of EMI focuses on three features, namely Source of EMI, Coupling path and Receptor. In the IPT model, the primary source of the EMI is the power converter used for high-frequency supply to the inductive coils. The power converter switches and the heat sink with its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) design are predominant in power electronic circuits. This paper facilitates the reduction of EMI without including complex filters. The system is tested for the violated standard SAEJ2954. In addition, the article corroborates precognitive modeling by implementing compensation networks used in IPT applications and their effectiveness in reducing the leakage current caused by the converters and the coils. The paper insights the air gap variation of the coil with the power transfer efficiency and its influence on electromagnetic interferences. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis used in PSIM shows leakage current and harmonic reduction with the compensation network and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. The fabrication model for the front end power supply to the IPT is tested. The electrical noise emission is estimated using predictive modeling.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle

The paper overviews novel method for wi-fi charging gadget of electrical automobile. As the battery of the electrical automobile is charged wirelessly through inductive coupling technique which may be very handy considering the fact that excessive ability battery isn't always required and it is able to get replaced with the aid of using small battery of decreased weight. Considering the exploitation of the traditional sources the provision of current fuel and petrol is depleting . This paves the improvement of electrical automobile. In electric powered automobile charging of battery via charger and twine is inconvenient, dangerous and expensive. The carried out wi-fi charging gadget of battery for Electric automobile with the aid of using inductive coupling technique has been offered on this paper. The popular generation of wi-fi EV battery charging is primarily based totally at the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) among coupled coils, one linked to the electric grid and the opposite one linked to the rechargeable battery. The transmitter coil circuit is flip ON and OFF on every occasion the automobile is gift and absent respectively. Through IPT, the electrocution hazard usually springing up from energy cords is averted and the battery charging operation can routinely start. Using the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) sticky label affixed at the wind display of the electrical automobile which permits the clients to make the charging price at once from the account linked.

Wireless charging of electrical vehicles

The purpose of this paper is to suggest and provide important ideas for static wireless charging of electric vehicles, which are generally more time-saving and more efficient. The main ideas of innovation are discussed, such as capacitance, electromagnetic fields, and magnetic transmission. The pros and cons of each technology for charging electric vehicles are analyzed. The most recent breakthroughs, key technological challenges, barriers, and cutting-edge research are highlighted. The main ideas of the technology are discussed, such as capacitance, electromagnetic fields, and magnetic transmission. The advantages and disadvantages of each electric vehicle charging technology are explored. The most recent advances, major technical challenges, obstacles, and current research are discussed.

Preparation of Papers for International Conference on "Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle"

Preparation of Papers for International Conference on "Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle"

Critical Review of Recent Advancement in Metamaterial Design for Wireless Power Transfer

With increasing penetration of wireless charging technologies comes an ever-rising demand for wireless power transfer (WPT) structures that demonstrate high power transfer and power transfer efficiency (PTE), especially over wide transfer distance. The concern with reliability in adopting wireless charging technologies in consumer and industrial applications (including mobile chargers and dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles, EVs) stems from fluctuating output power and low power transfer efficiency (PTE). Moreover, the inherently high resonant frequency of existing metamaterial (MM)-based WPT designs imposes a high switching stress on power semiconductors and passive components, resulting in high power dissipation, especially in high power applications. This manuscript presents a critical survey of recent studies and developments in MM-based WPT systems. First, the fundamental concepts and classification of WPT technologies based on magnetic resonant coupling (MRC), inductive coupling etc. are discussed. Going forward, key MM design considerations, including resonance operating frequencies, effective permittivity ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\epsilon _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), effective permeability ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu _{r}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), numerical modeling, equivalent circuit representations, and 3D fabrication technologies are widely analyzed and critiqued. Additionally, the performance enhancing effect of integrating different MM designs with existing WPT systems are explicitly discussed. Finally, the technical challenges associated with the resonant operating frequencies of MM, miniaturization of MM design footprint, and 3D prototyping are investigated while also presenting potential solutions.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle

Transmission Optimization Model for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

The purpose of this paper is to study of electric vehicle transmission system of wireless charging, through the analysis of the electromagnetic coupling principle to further understanding of the factors affect the wireless power transmission system, and builds multivariate constrained optimization model for the optimized, among them, mainly concerns the transmitting frequency, the impedance matching, transmission distance and coil deviates four factors, combined with computer simulation, Get more objective quantitative analysis data evidence.

Leakage Magnetic Field Calculation and Optimization of Double Inverse Series Coil Structure of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems

Leakage Magnetic Field Calculation and Optimization of Double Inverse Series Coil Structure of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems

Shielding Optimization of IPT System Based on Genetic Algorithm for Efficiency Promotion in EV Wireless Charging Applications

For an inductive power transfer (IPT) system used in electric vehicle (EV) charging, the receiving coil is usually equipped with a shielding structure to reduce iron loss and electromagnetic interference in the chassis. However, the addition of a shielding structure may significantly reduce self-inductance and mutual inductance, and the eddy current on the shielding pad can also produce power loss. To maximize the efficiency of the IPT system used for EV charging and sufficient shielding, this study first analyzed the equivalent circuit model of the IPT system. A 3-D model of an IPT system, with a steel plate and aluminum shielding, is established and investigated in the finite-element analysis (FEA) domain, in which the shielding structure is modeled with some parametric sizes to simplify the modification of the parameters on a shielding structure. The simulation result shows how the ohmic loss on coils and the iron loss on steel plate changes after adding the shielding structure. Afterward, a practical method for optimizing aluminum shielding structure's parameters is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the IPT system, taking iron losses in a steel part and aluminum shielding into account. Furthermore, considering that the optimization procedure becomes complex since the different resonant capacitances are required due to the variable inductances, a new efficiency calculation method by FEA is presented to simplify the optimization procedure. Experimental validation is finally performed on a 3-kW wireless charging prototype; thus, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

Dual-Side Phase-Shift Control for Strongly Coupled Series–Series Compensated Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Systems

Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles is an emerging technology and a future trend. To increase power density, the coupling coefficient of coils can be designed to be large, forming a strongly coupled WPT system, different from the conventional loosely coupled WPT system. In this way, the power density and efficiency of the WPT system can be improved. This paper investigates the dual-side phase-shift control of the strongly coupled series–series compensated WPT systems. The mathematical models based on the conventional first harmonic approximation and differential equations for the dual-side phase-shift control are built and compared. The dual-side phase-shift angle and its impact on the power transfer direction and soft switching are investigated. It is found that synchronous rectification at strong couplings can lead to hard switching because the dual-side phase shift in this case is over 90°. In comparison, a relatively high efficiency and soft switching can be realized when the dual-side phase shift is below 90°. The experimental results have validated the analysis.

Optimal Design of Fully Integrated Magnetic Structure for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles

Optimal design of a fully integrated magnetic structure for electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging is proposed in this article. The proposed approach helps save ferrite material, reduce the implementation cost, shrink the size of the converter, and improve the cost and power density. Typically, in a wireless charging system, an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> resonant network and the receiver dc–dc converter are used, which require a bulky inductor in their structures. The integration of resonant inductor with the transmitter-side coil has been studied in the literature to reduce the overall cost and improve the power density of an EV wireless charger. The integration of the dc–dc inductor with the vehicle-side receiver coil is also introduced in the literature. However, the full integration of both resonant inductor and dc–dc inductor into the transmitter and receiver coils of the wireless charging system creates new design challenges that have not been addressed before. In this article, the proposed fully integrated magnetic structure and its design challenges are studied in detail. A procedure for achieving the optimal design of the fully integrated structure is presented. An optimization problem is defined to design the best magnetic structure and select the best values for the resonant elements and dc–dc inductor. The outcome of this integration is an all-integrated magnetic structure, compact converter, and efficient wireless charger. A 2.2-kW/85-kHz system is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed integrated wireless charging system, and its performance is evaluated through the experiment.

Dynamic Wireless Charging of Medium Power and Speed Electric Vehicles

For a broad range of industrial, service, and household electric vehicles, dynamic charging is a viable option for energy replenishing that could reduce the size of the onboard energy storage, remove range limitations, and increase operating time. For these systems, timely detection of an approaching vehicle and the detection of strong coupling conditions between transmitter and receiver coils are of prime interest. A novel method is proposed in this article, which utilizes the existing embedded transmitter coil and power electronics modules to establish a precise detection system based on the power footprint of a traveling receiver. Next, a control algorithm is proposed to control charger activation and deactivation time accurately and deliver the required energy during the maximum coupling of the coils. The proposed sigmoid-curve-based control algorithm achieves a robust, speed-independent, smooth transition between two states while providing fast dynamics for aligned and misaligned conditions. Finally, a novel approach to test high-speed dynamic charging in laboratory conditions based on the receiver emulator is developed and used for experimental validation. The vehicle detection and control techniques have been validated through simulations and experimentally on a speed-controlled dynamic charging test station for a wide speed range. The proposed method does not require any additional hardware, sensing devices, or high-speed communication between the vehicle and the charging infrastructure.

Triple-Coil-Structure-Based Coil Positioning System for Wireless EV Charger

In this article, a triple-coil-based coil positioning approach is proposed for the wireless electric vehicle charger to realize the accurate coil positioning with low electromagnetic field. Based on the working principle of the proposed triple-coil architecture and the discussion of the sensing-coil configuration, the received signal strength (RSS) equations are derived, revealing the way of enhancing the positioning signals by taking advantage of the quality factor (Q <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</sub> ). Thereafter, an RSS fingerprint positioning algorithm is proposed for obtaining coordinates in x-, y-, and z-direction. Specific considerations are also given for designing the exciting frequency and the coil parameters. Finally, the proposed positioning system is tested on a 3.3-kW wireless charger. The RSS of the proposed positioning system has been proved to be 3.2 times as that of the state-of-the-art one, whereas the excitation current is reduced by more than half. A number of positioning cases, with the targeted coil placed in an area of 32 cm × 32 cm, are tested in the lab. The experimental results show that more than 95% of these test cases have been well positioned with test errors less than 1.5 cm.

New Structure Design of Ferrite Cores for Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging by Machine Learning

In this article, a machine learning algorithm is applied for the first time in inductive power transfer (IPT) to find a ferrite core structure with high magnetic coupling between transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) coils for an electric vehicle (EV) wireless charging system. Since formula-based theoretical design is not available due to the nonlinear magnetic field distortion stemming from the presence of the ferrite core in an IPT system, the proposed core structure design has been achieved through finite-element analysis simulation-based data learning. The proposed design methods are so general that they can be applied to any conventional IPT coil design. Furthermore, it can optimize the core structures for high coupling coefficient, mutual inductance, desired magnetic flux density in the specific area, etc. By training only 0.011% data out of the total possible cases, it is verified by simulation and experiment that the ferrite core structure obtained by the proposed method has a mutual inductance that is 0.6% higher than that of the conventional design level in the case of 15 cm distance between the Tx and Rx coils, even though the volume of the ferrite cores are reduced to 90%. Also, a prototype 3.0 kW stationary EV wireless charging system was implemented and showed fairly better performance than a conventional case.