Human Nose Research Articles

Anthropometric Study of Nasal Index Among the Youth of Madheshis Community of Nepal

Introduction The nose is one of the important component of the face which is considered as the major clue for the ethnic origin. The proportion of the nose is determined on the same principal as that of the skull.The external nose extends the nasal cavities onto the front of the face and positions the nares so that they point downwards. The shape of the nose is pyramidal with its apex anterior in position. The upper angle of the nose between the openings of the orbits is continuous with the forehead. Materials and Methods This study was carried out among residents of Ramnagar Gaupalika-7, Sarlahi,Nepal, one of the core region of Madhesh Nepal dated Jan 2021 to April 2021.The cohort consists of independent adults of age group 17-45 and consenting adults from the metropolis. Ethical approval was sought prior to conducting the study from the supervising ethical committee of the Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. Written consents were taken from the subjects for the recruitment in the study. Results The present study involved 100 subjects of equal males and females subjects of age groups 17-45 years from Madheshis community of Nepal. The table 1, table 2, table 3 below shows the values obtained for different parameters for males and females. The mean value of nasal height for male and female is 52.59±1.89 and 50.27±2.16 mm and the nasal width for male and female is 37.64±1.72mm and 35.42±2.04mm and the value of mean nasal index for both the sexes are 71.59±2.31and 70.58±3.04 respectively. The dominant type of the nasal morphology in both the sexes are the mesorrhine type and the leptorrhine type as well. Conclusion The human nose is a dominant feature in facial region which differs in anatomy and morphology among racial groups and of the most characteristic differences during the analysis of ethnic and racial differences. The dominant type of the nasal index is the mesorrhine type in both the male and female of the Madheshis community. Hence the data obtained here will be useful for the differentiation of different ethnic groups of Nepal as well as in the field of forensic science and rhinoplastic surgery.

Symptoms, causes, and treatment options of geriatric nose

With increasing age, structures of the internal and external nose change. Many elderly patients complain about rhinitis with nasal obstruction, endonasal crusting, epistaxis, intermittent rhinorrhea, and olfactory disorders. These symptoms are mainly caused by atrophy of the mucosa and the olfactory epithelium, but may also be an expression of drug side effects. Additionally, there are changes in the shape of the nose (continuous growth, altered elasticity of supporting structures) and in the dermis, which may develop tumors due to its sun-exposed position. These multiple internal and external changes of the nose can be summarized by the collective term "aging nose," whose treatment options are complex. These range from conservative (nasal care, medication changes, hemostatic measures) to surgical lines of therapy (septorhinoplasty, tumor excision, vascular ligation) and will require further scientific study in the future.

Application of island flap and its combined flap on repairing nasal alae defects

Objective: To evaluate the application of island flap and combined flap in one-stage reconstruction of nasal alae defects after external nasal tumor resection. Methods: Data of 11 patients with perforating or full-thickness defects of the alae after nasal tumor resection in XuanWu Hospital, Capital Medical University between June 2016 and February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 7 males and 4 females, and the ages ranged from 51 to 89 years. Island flap, island flap combined with nasolabial flap or V-Y advancement flap, and island flap combined with bilobed flap were applied according to the range of defects. Descriptive statistical method was applied to analyze the treatment effects. Results: All flaps of the 11 patients were successful survival and the incisions were primary healing. Being followed up for 5 to 59 months, the patients had satisfying appearance and ventilation function, and no tumor relapsed. Conclusion: For the patients with nasal alae defects after external nose tumor resection, selecting suitable island skin flap or combined skin flap can be used to reconstruct the ideal nasal appearance and function of the nose.

The distance education at the department of otolaryngology of I. Horbachevskyy Ternopil national medical university

The article describes a possible set of free electronic equipment and software with which the authors broadcast the process of examination and treatment of patients with ear, throat and nose diseases via the Internet in case of the distance educational process. The Microsoft Teams software can be used for conducting practical classes and lecturing at a distance, as it provides the ability to fully transfer all the necessary information from clinical disciplines, but its effectiveness is not the same as in offline training.

The impact of second-hand smoke on ear, nose, and throat diseases and head and neck cancers in Japan: a cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and secondary data from the national health and nutrition survey

Background The risk of head and neck cancers (HNCs) and ear, nose, and throat (ENT) diseases due to second-hand smoke (SHS) have not been fully assessed. Objective To determine which ENT diseases or HNCs are associated with SHS. Material and methods Data from a survey of a cross-sectional sample of ENT patients (n = 1228) on SHS exposure were compared to control-subject data (n = 6598) from a Japan National Health Survey. Multivariate logistic regression and estimated odds ratios (ORs) determined whether SHS-disease associations were related to exposure location and disease occurrence. Results SHS was significantly associated with acute tonsillitis (OR in workplaces, 2.24 [95% CI, 1.34–3.75]; OR in restaurants, 4.24 [95% CI, 2.50–7.19]; OR in leisure places, 4.72 [95% CI, 2.93–7.62]); recurrent tonsillitis (OR in restaurants, 4.24 [95% CI, 2.52–7.13]; OR in leisure places, 5.29 [95% CI, 3.31–8.46]); facial palsy (OR in home, 2.18 [95% CI, 1.25–3.81]; OR in leisure places, 3.41 [95% CI, 1.97–5.89]); hypopharyngeal cancer (OR in home, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.18–5.36]; OR in workplaces, 2.53 [95% CI, 1.24–5.15]); and laryngeal cancer (OR in home, 2.44 [95% CI, 1.04–5.68]; OR in leisure places, 2.25 [95% CI, 1.00–5.07]). Conclusions and significance SHS may contribute to HNCs and ENT diseases, suggesting that merely being in the presence of smokers could increase the risk of head and neck morbidities.

THE FIRST REPORT OF GEOSMIN AND 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL PRODUCER CYANOBACTERIA FROM TURKISH FRESHWATERS

Water users consider the safety of water according to its aesthetic properties, primarily taste and odour. Geosmin (GEO) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are the most common taste and odour compounds in freshwaters which cause an earthy and musty odour in water. Since human nose can detect these compounds in concentrations as low as 10 ng/L, it is essential to monitor drinking waters before consumer complaints and to produce a timely solution. Therefore, it is necessary to identify GEO and MIB producers to manage the problem at its source. Cyanobacteria are one of the main producers of these compounds in freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed 13 samples (9 cyanobacteria cultures from Bafa Lake, Elmalı Dam Lake, İznik Lake, Küçükçekmece Lake, Manyas Lake and Taşkısığı Lake, and 4 environmental water samples from Erfelek and Günpınar Waterfalls and Ömerli Dam Lake) for GEO and MIB production by HS-SPME (Head space-solid phase microextraction) coupled with GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). The presence of Cyanobacteria-specific GEO and MIB synthase genes were also analyzed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Taste and odour production was confirmed in 2 samples by GC-MS while 4 samples yielded positive results by PCR. All positive samples were environmental samples (3 samples from waterfalls from Günpınar and Erfelek Waterfalls, 1 sample from Ömerli Dam Lake -a drinking water reservoir) which were dominated by Nostoc Vaucher ex Bornet & Flahault, Phormidium Kützing ex Gomont and Pseudanabaena Lauterborn. This is the first report of GEO and MIB producing cyanobacteria in Turkish freshwaters by combining microscopy, analytical and molecular techniques.

Animal Welfare Consequences of Organic Boar Fattening and Occurrence of Boar Taint on Five Commercial Farms

Simple SummaryThe usual castration of male fattening pigs is under discussion, especially in organic farming, because of the negative effects on the pig’s welfare and integrity. Nevertheless, it is feared that boars show more aggressive and mounting behaviours, resulting in stress, painful injuries and lameness, and that their meat has an unpleasant odour/taste (called “boar taint”). Therefore, it was examined to which extent these concerns come true under commercial organic conditions. Additionally, influences from management and husbandry were investigated, in order to identify conditions in organic fattening systems with low risk to welfare and meat quality. Despite more agonistic and mounting behaviours in boars compared to castrates, especially if housed next to females, no increased numbers of skin lesions, lame pigs, disease treatments or deaths were observed. Less skin lesions occurred when more space was provided. A moderate rate of wounds on penises was found, but not on farms with bulky straw bedding. A small number of carcasses (1.44%) were excluded from processing because of boar taint. In conclusion, boar fattening under the examined organic conditions appears to be a feasible alternative to castration, but penile injuries should be monitored at slaughter.The welfare of male fattening pigs may be improved by refraining from castration, but may be compromised, in turn, by harmful social behaviour in groups of boars. In addition, boar taint may be problematic. This study aimed to evaluate these potential problems in boar fattening under commercial organic conditions. In total, 625 boars were compared with 433 barrows and 83 gilts regarding their social behaviour, lesions and lameness at 80 kg, before and after split marketing. The mixed-model analysis showed that significantly more short agonistic interactions, fights and mounting behaviours were observed in groups of boars. Agonistic interactions were reduced in spring/summer and when boars grew older. Fights and mounts were increased when boars had contact to female pigs in the neighbouring pen. No effect of split marketing, growth rate, homogeneity of groups, group size, feeding space and illumination hours could be detected. Increased interaction frequencies did not result in significantly more skin lesions, lameness, treatments or mortality. Increased space allowance reduced skin lesions. On 9.8% of the dissected boars’ penises, wounds were detected; they were absent on two farms with generous litter provision. Boar taint prevalence, as detected by human nose method, was 1.44%. Under the studied organic husbandry conditions, boar fattening appears to be practicable, although penile injuries should be monitored at slaughter.

Paper-in-Facemask Device for Direct Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Respiratory Aerosols and Environmental Exposures via Wearable Continuous-Flow Adsorptive Sampling: A Proof-of-Concept Study.

Facemasks are considered safe and wearable devices that cover the human mouth and nose for filtering exhaled aerosols and inhaled environmental exposures; various chemical and environmental residues thus can remain in facemasks. Therefore, direct analysis of residues in facemasks can be used to investigate the wearer's health and behavior. Here, we developed a simple paper-in-facemask sampling method for adsorbing a wearer's respiratory aerosol and environmental exposures by fixing paper strips at the outside and inside surfaces of facemasks, and the paper strips were then analyzed by paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS) for directly detecting adsorbed analytes without any sample pretreatment. The applicability of this device was demonstrated by directly analyzing exhaled aerosolized saliva, breath metabolites, and inhalable environmental exposures. The technical aspects, including sampling time, sampling position, paper property, and spray solvent, were investigated. The sampling process was revealed to involve a continuous-flow adsorptive mechanism. These findings motivated us to extend this work and build a wearable sampling device that is capable of simultaneously monitoring both exhaled and inhaled biomarkers in situ to investigate human health and environmental exposure. This work highlights that facemasks are promising platforms for aerosol collection and direct MS analysis, which is expected to be a promising method for monitoring human health, diseases, and behaviors.

Improving Nasal Symmetry with Alar Composite Graft: Technique and Outcome Assessments in Cleft Patient

PurposeResidual cleft nasal deformities after initial cleft repair can have long-term cosmetic and psychological impact on patients. The authors describe a novel technique of an alar composite graft for patients with cleft lip and/or palate and assess the surgical outcomes with respect to symmetry of individual anatomical components. Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study of patients with a history of cleft lip/palate who underwent rhinoplasty with alar composite graft placement by the senior author from March 2014 to January 2021. Patients who had high-quality pre-operative and postoperative 3D imaging were included. Patient age, sex, surgical history, cleft side, cleft details, and operative details were recorded. The primary operative technique includes the following: 1) Weir and sill excision at the donor side, 2) composite graft harvest, 3) Weir and sill incision at the recipient side, 4) graft placement, 5) closure of the incision sites. Three-dimensional imaging was obtained pre-operatively and postoperatively using Vectra M3 3D Imaging (Canfield Imaging System, Fairfield, NJ). Linear and surface area measurements were made on donor and recipient sides. The difference in measurements was calculated to analyze the degree of similarity across sides, and this difference was compared pre-operatively to postoperatively.1,2 Symmetry of the patient's nostrils and overall nasal symmetry was compared pre-operatively and postoperatively using root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), with smaller values indicating more symmetry. Differences between preoperative and postoperative measurements were calculated with a paired T-test. ResultsOut of 10 patients undergoing the surgery, 8 were able to be included in this study. On lateral view, the donor and recipient sides were more similar postoperatively compared to pre-operatively with respect to lateral alar-columellar disproportion (1.040 versus 3.324, P = .005) and nostril area (0.466 versus 1.065, P = .001) . On basal view, postoperative results showed more similar measurements comparing the donor and recipient sides in nostril height (1.461 versus 3.542, P = .012), nostril width (0.956 versus 2.222, P = .033), nasal dome height (1.597 versus 3.822, P = .024), and nostril surface area (0.188 versus 0.531, P = .015). On symmetry analysis, the overall external nose was more symmetrical after placement of the alar composite graft (1.094 vs 1.772, P = .015). ConclusionCleft lip and palate can cause significant asymmetry related to the nostrils, ala, and overall appearance of the nose. The alar composite graft is a useful technique to improve symmetry over a wide range of dimensions on lateral, basal, and frontal views.

Septoplasty alone is not suitable for most structural nasal obstructions

Septoplasty is widely used in the treatment of structural nasal obstructions, and it also has a good effect and a high degree of postoperative satisfaction. However, there a large number of structures demonstrate abnormalities related to structural nasal obstruction, including the external nose, maxilla, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Nasal septum deviation is only one signs of structural nasal obstruction and does not represent all possible structural abnormalities of the nasal cavity and its surrounding structure. Septoplasty is only performed to correct deviations of the nasal septum, which in many cases is obviously insufficient in restoring the symmetry of the nasal structure. Therefore, septoplasty alone is not suitable for the treatment of most structural nasal obstructions. Nasal ventilation expansion surgery, which typically covers more abnormal structural correction procedures than septoplasty, should be used when describing the treatment of structural nasal obstruction.

Republication de : Letter on the article: “Removal of solitary neurofibroma of the external nose by intranasal approach”

Republication de : Letter on the article: “Removal of solitary neurofibroma of the external nose by intranasal approach”

A Useful Approach to I-Shaped Crooked Nose Correction: Cross-Spreader Graft Technique.

Correction of crooked nose with long-term functional and aesthetic success remains a great challenge for rhinoplasty surgeons. The aim of this study was to present the aesthetic and functional results of the cross-spreader graft technique applied for the correction of I-shaped crooked nose. A retrospective examination was made of 25 patients applied with open technique rhinoplasty using cross-spreader graft for the correction of I-shaped crooked nose between March 2016 and June 2019. The functional results of the patients were evaluated using the Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation scale. The Rhinoplasty Outcomes Evaluation was used to evaluate the subjective aesthetic results, and the external nose deviation angle was measured from the frontal aspect to evaluate the objective aesthetic results. Evaluation was made of 25 patients comprising 11 males and 14 females with a mean age of 26.64±7.08 years. The post-operative mean NOSE and ROE scores were significantly improved compared to the preoperative values (p<0.001). A statistically significant improvement was determined in the deviation angle values from preoperative to postoperative (p< 0.001). According to the current study functional and aesthetic results of the cross-spreader graft technique applied for the correction of I-shaped crooked nose, this new technique appears to be an effective method for the treatment of I-shaped crooked nose deformity. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Ambiguity, Ambivalence, and Affective Encounters: An Ethnographic Account of Medical Detection Dog–Trainer Relationships

ABSTRACT A relatively novel application of dogs’ olfactory capabilities involves training them to detect and alert to the odor of human diseases. Drawing on research using ethnographic methods of participant observation and semi-structured interviews at two medical detection dog training and research facilities, this paper examines interspecies relationships and knowledge production during the medical detection dog training process. This study aimed to understand how trainers experience this work. However, the analysis moves beyond a wholly anthropocentric focus by considering the agency of both human and nonhuman animal. Within the medical detection dog domain, ambivalent human perceptions towards the dogs are identified. On the one hand, the dogs are perceived as machine-like, extra-sensory tools that can be employed to identify odors imperceptible to the human nose. Simultaneously, however, the trainers understand the dogs as agentic individuals: a perception associated with the potential for unpredictability or ambiguity in a dog’s search behavior. To overcome such ambiguity, trainers learn to “listen” to the dogs and rely on interpretive flexibility in order to successfully interpret a dog’s behavior. The analysis finds medical detection dog training encounters to be mutually affective as both parties are changed in the process. In this context, knowledge is produced collaboratively, though not equally as attention to the power relations that underpin this interspecies work reveals asymmetries reflected in the training system. This study builds on previous literature that shows ambivalence to be central to the relationships between humans and other species, and extends our understanding of interspecies work practices.

Therapeutic effects of botulinum toxin type A in subjects with gummy smile: A longitudinal sEMG approach

To evaluate the response of the myoelectric activity of levator labii superioris (LLS), levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN), and minor zygomatic (Zm) muscles in individuals with gummy smile, volunteers to botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) application, with a follow-up of 6 months. Thirteen individuals were submitted to clinical evaluation and photographic records to monitor the variations of the gingival display (GD) during posed smile. The recording of the surface electromyography (sEMG) signal of muscles studied was performed in three tasks: posed smile (PS), upper lip elevation (ULE) and nose wing elevation (NWE). The root-mean-square value, an amplitude sEMG signal parameter, was extracted from the sEMG signals. One and three-way ANOVA were applied, and the level of significance set at 5%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the sEMG signal activity from the control condition (before BTX-A application - T0) to the 8th week of follow up, which was accompanied by clinical evaluation for the gingival display (P<0.05). The peak of the reduction in sEMG signals occurred 2 weeks after T0 for all the studied tasks, with the exception of the left hemiface in the PS, which showed a peak of reduction 4 weeks after T0. BTX-A led to a decrease in the sEMG signal amplitude over 2 to 4 weeks after application in the muscles, although differently concerning each hemiface when recruited to perform other mouth tasks. During the PS, the recruitment level of the upper lip elevator muscles was compatible with the clinical response obtained in the follow-up period in this study, which corroborates the sEMG assessment to clinical data.

Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Part II. Hazard assessment of carcinogenic effects

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) compounds have been studied extensively and several agencies have described their toxicological profile. In the past, personnel of the Dutch Ministry of Defence may have been exposed to Cr(VI) during maintenance activities on NATO equipment. To investigate if this exposure may have caused irreversible adverse health effects, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) summarized all available knowledge from previous evaluations. This information was complemented with a scoping review to retrieve new scientific literature. All scientific evidence was evaluated in workshops with external experts to come to an overview of irreversible adverse health effects that could be caused by occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds. This review provides the hazard assessment for occupational exposure to Cr(VI) and carcinogenic effects by integrating and weighting evidence provided by international agencies complemented with newly published studies. It was concluded that occupational exposure to Cr(VI) can cause lung cancer, nose and nasal sinus cancer in humans. Cr(VI) is suspected to cause stomach cancer and laryngeal cancer in humans. It is currently insufficiently clear if Cr(VI) can cause cancer of the small intestine, oral cavity, pancreas, prostate or bladder in humans.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Rhazya Stricta (Apocynaceae) Extract Prepared with Different Solvents on Staphylococcus Aureus (Staphylococcaceae) Isolated from Humans

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the first major concern in the 1960s, has reappeared worldwide over the past 20 years. Because these bacteria are not resistant to various conventional therapies, the medicinal and herbal plants used in different countries should be evaluated for their therapeutic potential. These valuable biological resources are a repository of complex active molecules. Therefore, in this study, we tried to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans.Methods: Rhazya stricta was collected and their species were identified in the botanical laboratory of University of Zabol. To prepare plant extract, 40 g of dried leaves were used in 400 cc of solvent (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hydro-alcoholic). The various strains of Staphylococcus aureus used in this study were isolated from the human nose and identified by biochemical, bacteriological and growth tests as well as standard tests. Antimicrobial effects were investigated by well diffusion method in Muller Hinton agar medium. Statistix ver10 software was used for statistical calculations. Mean comparison was performed using the LSD at the level of one percent and Excel software was also used to draw the shapes.Results: Rhazya stricta extracts had different inhibitory zone diameters against Staphylococcus aureus at 100 ppm dilution (p <0.01). R. stricta ethanolic extract had the greatest effect (average 8.3 mm) on inhibiting the growth of 6 strains of S. aureus. Then aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts with an average of 7 mm were in the next ranks. The ethyl acetate extract had the lowest effect on the inhibition of S. aureus. The lowest MIC of R. stricta ethanolic extract against S. aureus samples was 3.1 ppm, which was inhibited by four strains. The lowest MBC was 6.2 ppm.Conclusion: Considering the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotics as well as the potential effect of ethanolic extract of Rhazya stricta on Staphylococcus aureus, it is recommended to use ethanol solvent to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of R. stricta.

Low-Intensity Laser Therapy As a Method to Reduce Stress Responses after Septoplasty.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) to minimize acute pain in the early postoperative period in patients after septoplasty. In total, 62patients underwent septoplasty under general anesthesia (40 men and 22 women, 18-44 years old) followed by nasal tamponade. Patients of the 1st group did not undergo PBMT, and patients of the 2nd group received PBMT 3, 6, and 24 h after septoplasty (infrared pulsed laser radiation, λ = 0.890 μm, P = 10 W, 2min in the projection of the wings of the nose). After 48 h, after the removal of tampons, intranasal PBMT with a nozzle in the red range, with λ = 0.63 μm, P = 8 mW, 2 min. ULF, HF, LF, and total power of heart rate variability (HRV), pain syndrome was assessed. ULF, LF, HF, total HRV power were significantly lower in group 2, compared to group 1. In the period from 6 to 24 h after septoplasty, patients of group 1 experienced higher pain than patients with PBMT (p < 0.001). The use of PBMT after septoplasty against the background of nasal tamponade helps to reduce the severity of pain syndrome and the inflammatory response to surgical stress and, consequently, leads to less pronounced changes in the autonomic nervous system in response to surgical stress.

A REVIEW ON ASCHYOTANA THERAPY AND ITS YOGAS

Shalakya Tantra is one among the eight branches of Ayurveda which deals with Urdhwajatru Vikaras and their treatment. Urdhwajatru Vikaras include diseases of eye, ear, nose, mouth, and throat. Among them, Ophthalmology comprises major part of Shalakya Tantra. Kriyakalpas are the treatment modalities mentioned exclusively for eye diseases. It includes Aschyotana, Seka, Tarpana, Putapaka, Pindi, Vidalaka and Anjana. Aschyotana is considered as first line oftreatment in Netra Vikaras by Acharya Vagbhata. In this present era due to pollution and changing lifestyles there are manifestation of eye disorders. Many of this disease can be managed in their early stage itself by doing Aschyotana. Also, many simple and effective Aschyotana Yogas are mentioned in our classics by different Acharyas. In this paper an effort is taken to compile the references regarding Aschyotana therapy along with its Yogas (formulations) mentioned in Brihattrayis.

Analysis of clinical effect of nasal endoscope-assisted nasal columella approach for simultaneous correction of nasal septum deviation and crooked nose deformity

Objective:To analyze the clinical effect of nasal endoscope-assisted nasal columella approach in the correction of nasal septum deviation and crooked nose deformity. Methods:The clinical data of 33 patients with deviation of nasal septum with crooked nose deformity in First Affiliate Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January 2016 to June 2019 were collected. All patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia. Nasal columella inverted "V" incision was used to expose and release. The deviated nasal septum cartilage and bone were removed with the assistance of nasal endoscope. Twelve（36.4%） patients underwent osteotomy of nasal bone and frontal process of maxilla at the same time, 13（39.4%） patients used autologous nasal septum to reshape the tip, back and external nose. Results:During a follow-up of 18 months to 60 months, 30（90.9%） patients were satisfied with the improvement of postoperative nasal function, 3（9.1%） patients were basically satisfied; 23（69.7%） patients were satisfied with the appearance of the nose after operation, 8（24.2%） patients were basically satisfied, and 2（6.1%） patients were dissatisfied. No postoperative complications such as nasal adhesion, nasal septum perforation, nasal septum hematoma and nasal dorsal collapse occurred in all patients. Conclusion:The nasal endoscope-assisted nasal columella approach and the correction of nasal septum deviation and crooked nose deformity can solve the nasal deformity and nasal ventilation function at the same time, realize the unity of cosmetology and function, and reduce the frequency and cost of surgical treatment at the same time. The effect is good, and the patients benefit greatly.

Determination of the Vertical Dimension and the Position of the Occlusal Plane in a Removable Prosthesis Using Cephalometric Analysis and Golden Proportion

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use and the effectiveness of cephalometry and golden proportions analysis of the face in planning prosthetic treatments in totally edentulous patients. In order to apply this method, latero-lateral and posterior-anterior X-rays must be performed in addition to the common procedure. Two main concerns for totally edentulous patients are the establishment of the vertical dimension and the new position of the occlusal plane. The divine proportion analysis was carried out by the use of a golden divider. The prosthetic protocol was divided into three steps and a case was selected for better understanding. Referring to the golden relations, if the distance from the chin to the wing of the nose is 1.0, the distance from the nose to eye is 0.618. This proportion is useful and effective in determining the correct prosthetic vertical dimension. The incisal margin of the lower incisor must be positioned between Point A (A) and protuberance menti (Pm) according to the gold ratio 0.618 of the total height A-Pm. Posteriorly the occlusal plane must be placed 2 mm below the divine occlusal plane (traced from the incisal margin of lower incisors to Xi point). A prosthesis made in accordance with cephalometric parameters and divine proportions of the face helps to improve the patient’s aesthetics, function and social personality.