Human Nose Research Articles

Framework for Microdosing Odors in Virtual Reality for Psychophysiological Stress Training.

To better cope with stress in emergencies, emergency personnel undergo virtual reality (VR) stress training. Such training typically includes visual, auditory and sometimes tactile impressions, whereas olfactory stimuli are mostly neglected. This concept paper therefore examines whether odors might be beneficial for further enhancing the experience of presence and immersion into a simulated environment. The aim is to demonstrate the benefits of VR civilian stress training for emergency personnel and to investigate the role of odors as stressors by manipulating the degree of perceived psychophysiological stress via olfactory impressions. Moreover, the current paper presents the development and validation of a convenient and portable fragrance dosing system that allows personalized odor presentation in VR. The presented system can transport reproducible small quantities of an air-fragrance mixture close to the human nose using piezoelectric stainless steel micropumps. The results of the fluidic system validation indicate that the micropump is suitable for releasing odors close to the nose with constant amounts of odor presentation. Furthermore, the theoretical background and the planned experimental design of VR stress training, including odor presentation via olfactory VR technology, are elucidated.

Qualitative and Quantitative Sex-Related Differences in the Perception of Single Molecules from Coffee Headspace.

One of the still-debated topics regarding the olfactory function concerns the presence or absence of sex-related differences in individuals. In this study, we checked for a relationship between the olfactory function of females and males and their ability to perceive single molecules, and researched how this can influence the intensity with which the complex odor formed by a set of single molecules is perceived. First, females and males were classified as normosmic or hyposmic based on the TDI olfactory score obtained using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Subsequently, the headspace of roasted coffee beans, as a complex olfactory stimulus, was broken down into single molecules by means of a chromatographic column; these were simultaneously conveyed to a mass spectrometer (for their subsequent classification) and to the human nose, which acts as a chemical sensor by means of an olfactometer port. The results obtained with this gas chromatography-olfactometry approach show both qualitative and quantitative differences between females and males, with females performing better than males. In addition, the odor intensity reported by females when sniffing pen #10, containing coffee aroma, is significantly higher than that reported by males. In conclusion, these data highlight that the human ability to perceive both single compounds and complex odors is strongly conditioned, not only by the olfactory function of individuals, but also by their sex.

The free style “Twin V/Y Nasal Perforator Flaps”. An alternative to the forehead flap for nasal tip reconstruction. A case control study

IntroductionReplacing the skin along the nasal tip remains a challenge.Depending on the extent of the skin loss different local or regional flaps are available for reconstruction. If cutaneous replacement involves the nasal tip, the forehead flap can be used successfully. However, it requires a multi-stage procedure and can leave considerable scarring on the patient’s forehead. As an alternative, the authors present the free style “Twin V/Y Nasal Perforator Flaps” (TVYNPF), which can be used as a one-stage procedure for nasal tip reconstruction. Material and MethodsA series of five patients aged between 69 and 89 years with extensive basal cell carcinomas (BCC) at the nasal tip are presented (Table 1). The surgical procedure is explained in detail. Follow up ranged from 8 to 12 months. ResultsHealing was uneventful for all five patients and the shape, symmetry and aesthetical unity of the nasal tip and the alae of the nose were preserved in all patients without any functional impairment. All scars presented inconspicuous. ConclusionIn selected patients the free style TVYNPF proved to be a good alternative to the forehead flap for one-stage reconstruction of significant skin loss along the nasal tip, while preserving the aesthetics and function of the nose.

Biomimetic supported polyoxometalate structures designed and its applications for the ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization of fuels

Inspired by the fact that human nose cilia can effectively contact with particles to prevent their entry into our body, this kind novel biomimetic structures are designed and synthesized to enable the loading efficiency between the polyoxometalate catalytic species (POMs) and the carrier, thereby improving their loading rate and promoting their catalytic performance. The mullite whiskers-uniformed cordierite (CMW) is used as a carrier to support POMs, in which mullite whiskers regarding as the cilia in our nose, this kind catalyst could not only overcome the shortcomings of simple POMs with low specific surface and easy to self-agglomerate, but also could greatly increase their contact probability with the carrier. At the same time, the advantage of the cordierite block structure also greatly conducive to their actual application value on the reusing operation. A series of Keggin-type POM-loaded bulk materials, POM@CMW, [VimAm]Br@POM@CMW, [DVim]Br@POM@CMW, have been developed with various ionic liquid-based POMs (ionic liquid = ILs, chosen these two kinds of [VimAm]Br and [DVim]Br) to a comparative study. The oxidative desulfurization reaction (ODS) for fuels was performed using the obtained materials as catalysts and H2O2 as oxidant, without the additional extractants for the existing of ILs in catalyst. Through experimental evaluations, [DVim]Br@POM@CMW was found the excellent efficiency on the Sulfur removal, with an DBT removal of 96.34 % at 70 °C for 120 min. According to the FT-IR and SEM results after the reaction, the catalyst could retain their original structure and the dibenzothiophene (DBT) removal could still be maintained above 95 % after 7 reuses. Furthermore, the oxidation reactivity of different substrates was in the following order: DBT > 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) > thiophene (BT) and the high activity in actual diesel oil could be also exhibited. The enhanced reaction activity, excellent structural stability, and recyclability can be attributed to the abundance of active sites and outstanding mechanical properties provided by cordierite/mullite whiskers as a carrier, indicating their potential in the novel biomimetic-structured POMs-loaded catalysts.

Environmentally stable, Adhesive, Self-healing, Stretchable and Transparent Gelatin based Eutectogels for Self-Powered Humidity Sensors

Intrinsic environmental and stability limitations of hydrogels have inhibited their practical applications as a flexible wearable device due to water evaporation or freezing in complex environments such as low temperatures and arid environments. In this work, a multifunctional gelatin based ionic conductive eutectogel with double network structure is designed via ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) (acrylic acid (AA), choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG)). In this system, the introduction of ethylene glycol (EG) can be used to dissolve gelatin. The resulting DESG eutectogel exhibited excellent adhesion, mechanical robustness, anti-freeze, anti-drying, and self-healing. Interestingly, the DESG gels showed high humidity sensitivity in a wide humidity detection range (11 %–83 %), which can be assembled as a self-powdered humidity sensor to monitor human mouth and nose breathing. This work is expected to bring new prospect to construct high performance humidity sensors using gelatin based humidity-responsive materials for a wide range of potential applications in respiratory diagnostics, sleep monitoring, electronic skin and wearable electronics.

469 Reducing crude protein levels with amino acid supplementation in the finishing diets of heavy Duroc sire line pigs: Effects on carcass and meat traits in males and females

Abstract Nutrition represents 70% of pig production costs, particularly protein; therefore, decreasing protein costs is of capital importance. Reducing crude protein (CP) contents to levels below recommended whilst supplementing with amino acids (AAs) is an interesting strategy to reduce costs without decreasing production performances. It has been conducted essentially in lean genotypes during the growth stage. Few studies address heavy genotypes or sex differences during the finishing period. Our objective is to study carcass and meat (loin) traits of heavy [Duroc X (Landrace X Large-White)] male and female pigs during the finishing stage under a 2% CP reduction with crystalline AA supplementation, hypothesizing that both sexes will be affected equally. In total, 60 males and 60 females, 9 wk old animals were used and allotted in split-sex pens (6 pigs/pen) with water and dry feed ad libitum. At 15 wk of age, when pigs weighed an average of 68 kg, two isoenergetic diets with different CP levels were provided (145 and 125 g CP/kg, control and low-CP) during the last 42 d of fattening. In the low-CP diet, crystalline AAs were added. On last day of the trial, animals weighed 116.5 kg on average and were slaughtered. Hot carcass weights and yields, ham fat thickness, lean meat percentage and boar taint by human nose scoring were determined. Loin samples (one per pen) were used to determine thawing losses, pH, color, Texture Profile Analysis (TPA: hardness, cohesiveness, springiness) and chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein, collagen, fat, and saturated fat). Data were analyzed using the simple least squares models that included dietary treatment and sex and their interaction as fixed effects with the pen as the experimental unit. Carcass weights were greater in control males than in females (91.2 vs 85.7 kg; P < 0.05). No effect of sex or diet was detected on carcass yields, lean contents or ham subcutaneous fat thickness. There was a great impact of sex for loin subcutaneous fat thickness, with males having 7 to 8% greater values in both dietary treatments (P = 0.011). Low-CP females had a greater percentage of carcasses of greater lean content compared with the three other groups (P < 0.05). Boar taint, carcass pH, color traits, chemical analysis and TPA did not differ across diets. A strong dietary influence was noticeable with animals of both sexes in the Low-CP diets having greater fat and saturated fat contents than animals in the control groups (P = 0.02). In conclusion, the 20g/kg CP reduction supplemented with AAs can efficiently be used in heavy Duroc sire line genotype during the finishing phase without leading to major impairments in carcass or meat traits, regardless of sex.

Three-Layer Reconstruction of a Full-Thickness Nasal Alar Defect after Basal-Cell Carcinoma Removal

Restoring the integrity of the external nose presents a complex surgical challenge due to its three-dimensional structure and subunit divisions. The most frequent causes of nasal defects include basal or squamous cell carcinoma, animal bites and trauma. The reconstruction approach varies depending on factors such as the defect’s size, the affected subunit of the nose, the condition and quality of the surrounding tissues and the surgeon’s expertise. Commonly employed surgical techniques for nasal reconstruction include the forehead flap, nasolabial flap, Rieger flap, bilobed flap, and free autologous skin graft. We present a clinical case of a patient with a full-thickness nasal alar defect who underwent three-layer reconstruction with a combination of an inverted skin flap- for the internal lining, a conchal graft to substitute the missing alar cartilage and a forehead flap for external coverage. One of the challenges of nasal reconstruction surgery is to restore a full-thickness defect, especially the internal nasal lining. We offer a different perspective on this problem, showcasing considerable advantages, as there are limited literature data on this method.

Organic rearing of non-castrated male pigs: welfare indicators, carcass traits, pork quality and boar taint in Duroc and Pietrain crossbreds

The main principles of organic farming as presented by the European organisation for organic food and farming are health, ecology, fairness and care, but the intrinsic quality of products is also important for consumers. Pig genotype was tested as a lever to improve animal welfare and pork quality (meat tenderness, processing ability) of organic, non-castrated males while controlling the risk for boar taint. Non-castrated Large White × Duroc (D, n = 47) or Large White × Pietrain NN (P, n = 34) males were involved in two batches, each including one group of pigs per genotype. Each group was reared in a pen from the same building on deep straw bedding (1.3 m2/pig), with a feeding zone (0.2 m2/pig) and an outdoor area (1.0 m2/pig), from 28 kg BW until slaughter at ca. 125 kg BW. All pigs received ad libitum the same growing and finishing diets, and hay. Overall, health and welfare indicators showed few problems, but the proportions of pigs with skin scratches, and tail lesions at the end of the finishing period, were lower in D than in P pigs (P < 0.05). Growth rate and final BW did not differ between genotypes. The D pigs had lower carcass lean meat content (P < 0.001) and relative proportions of ham and loin (P ≤ 0.01), and higher proportions of belly and backfat (P ≤ 0.001) than P pigs. Compared to P, loin (Longissimus muscle) of D pigs was less light and exudative and had higher chroma (P < 0.05), but pH 24 h and glycolytic potential did not differ. Loin meat of D pigs had higher intramuscular fat content (P < 0.001) and tended to have a lower shear force (P = 0.09), but cooking loss did not differ. In the ham muscles, D pigs had higher chroma than P pigs in the Gluteus medius, whereas pH 24 h did not differ in the Gluteus medius and Semimembranosus. D pigs had higher backfat concentrations of androstenone (P < 0.001), and skatole and indole (P < 0.05) than P pigs, suggesting a higher risk of rejection by consumers due to boar taint. However, only one D carcass was detected as tainted by human nose test. Altogether, organic farming of non-castrated Duroc crossbred males appears to be favourable for animal welfare, technological and several sensory pork properties provided that the risk of undesirable odours is limited through management practices.

Electrospun PLGA composite hydrogel scaffold loaded with 3D extracellular vesicles for nasal septal cartilage defect repair

The nasal septum plays an important role in the growth and support of the human nose, and defects can cause nasal deformities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown great potential in tissue repair, especially cartilage repair, and stem cell EVs are widely used in the repair of articular cartilage defects but have not been reported in the repair of nasal septal cartilage defects. At the same time, due to the low yield of EVs, which are easy to lose during in-situ injection, better preparation methods are needed to obtain EVs and more suitable carriers for the sustained release of EVs in wounds. Firstly, swelling and degradation experiments were conducted on the scaffold, as well as mechanical performance testing, including observation of the scaffold morphology under SEM. Subsequently, in vitro cell experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of 3D EVs to promote chondrocyte proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix formation. Finally, Gel-PLGA loaded with EVs was implanted into the nasal septum defect site of rabbits in vivo animal experiments to observe the repair effect on the defect. In vitro experiments showed that the biological scaffold exhibited good biocompatibility and could effectively promote the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes. In vivo, a composite biological scaffold loaded with EVs was implanted into the nasal septum defect of rabbits, and the tissues were tested at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. The results indicate that composite scaffolds loaded with EVs can effectively promote the repair of defect sites. The results showed that 3D EVs could promote tissue repair and healing, which provided a new idea for the clinical treatment of nasal septal defects.

The microbiome-derived antibacterial lugdunin acts as a cation ionophore in synergy with host peptides.

The vast majority of antimicrobial peptides produced by members of the microbiome target the bacterial cell envelope by many different mechanisms. These compounds and their producers have evolved side-by-side with their host and were constantly challenged by the host's immune system. These molecules are optimized to be well tolerated at their physiological site of production, and their modes of action have proven efficient in vivo. Imbalancing the cellular ion homeostasis is a prominent mechanism among antibacterial natural products. For instance, over 120 naturally occurring polyether ionophores are known to date, and antimicrobial peptides with ionophore activity have also been detected in microbiomes. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the membrane potential-dissipating activity of the thiazolidine-containing cycloheptapeptide lugdunin, the first member of the fibupeptides discovered in a commensal bacterium from the human nose, which is a promising future probiotic candidate that is not prone to resistance development.

Rhinophyma – Case Report of a 67-Year-Old Male with Extensive Nodular Changes of the External Nose in the Course of Rosacea

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Rhinophyma is a particularly advanced form of rosacea. It typically affects middle-aged and elderly men. It develops due to significant hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and connective tissue of the nasal skin. The external nose becomes enlarged, with the skin becoming thickened, fibrous, and oily. When pressure is applied, a mixture of sebum and blood may be expelled. Facial deformity often leads to social withdrawal in affected individuals. In extreme cases, it can lead to nasal passage obstruction.&lt;b&gt;Case report:&lt;/b&gt; This paper discusses the case of a 67-year-old male patient with a long history of rosacea. A diagnosis of rhinophyma was established, and surgical treatment was employed, yielding satisfactory results. Various methods of treating rhinophyma are described.&lt;b&gt;Discussion:&lt;/b&gt; The diagnosis of rosacea is based on medical history and characteristic skin changes on the face, with histopathological examination being decisive in doubtful cases. The etiopathogenesis of the condition is not well understood. Risk factors may include a positive family history of rosacea, improper treatment of rosacea, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The treatment of choice for rhinophyma is surgical intervention. Patients should be informed about the possibilities that modern medicine offers in the treatment of rhinophyma. This can improve both nasal patency and external appearance, significantly enhancing the patient’s psychological comfort.

4. Genetic study of the use of a human nose panel as phenotypes to detect boar taint

4. Genetic study of the use of a human nose panel as phenotypes to detect boar taint

The case of development of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with skin and lung lesions

A clinical case of HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma with skin and lung lesions is presented. A patient referred to the Perm Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases complaining of rash on the skin of the right wing of the nose, forehead, in the right axillary and right inguinal areas, on the shins. The first skin changes occurred in December 2020 on the right wing of the nose, later the pathological process spread to other areas of the skin. HIV was revealed in 2009 and the patient had not received specialized medical care until 2022 as he had been in prison. Since March 2022, the patient has been registered at the dispensary and regularly receives antiretroviral therapy. In April 2022, PET/CT tests and histological examination of a biopsy of skin rashes were performed. On the basis of these findings the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma with skin and lungs lesions was made. HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma is accompanied by lesions of the skin and internal organs. Skin changes in Kaposi's sarcoma are characterized by the primary localization of foci on the face and upper extremities, and without antiretroviral therapy, by rapid progression and generalization of the pathological process. Visceral lesions worsen the course of the disease and complicate its prognosis. Patients with HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma need dynamic monitoring and complex therapy from infectious diseases specialists, dermatovenerologists, oncologists.

INTRODUCTION TO VEDANGAS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION IN AYURVEDA

Ancient Indian literature has a large body of religious texts composed in various languages; among them, some of the Vedic literature is written in Sanskrit, ‘Devanagari Lipi’. An introduction to' Vedangas' has been made to help readers understand and correct the interpretation of Vedic literature. Vedangas are composed of two words: Veda means ‘Knowledge’, and Angas means ‘Limbs’, collectively known as ‘The Limbs of Knowledge’. Among the four Vedas, ‘Ayurveda’ is Upaveda of ‘Atharvaveda’. Ayurveda not only deals with Pranirogaharam but also helps to attain Purushartha. Samhita of Ayurveda is also composed in verse format, describing the vastness of Sanskrit literature. For Arthaprapati of these verses effortlessly and trace out the exact meaning of verses, these six fields of studies mentioned by Maharshis, known as ‘Vedangas’, i.e., Shiksha, Vyarkarana, Chhandas, Nirukti, Kalpa, Jyotisha have been used. For a deeper understanding of these Vedangas, they are co-related with six parts of the human body, i.e., nose, face, legs, ear, hand and eyes, respectively, termed as ‘Veda Purusha’, have been explained by ‘Paniniya Shiksha’. Shiksha, Vyarkarana, Chhandas, and Nirukti in Ayurveda give clarity on Swara Uccharana, Patha or Akshara Suddhi, grammatical analysis of verses, clarity in understanding Pada, Paada, etc., their origin and meaning and lastly memorizing it effortlessly. The importance of Kalpa and Jyotisha can be apricated throughout the Shastras of Ayurveda. Hence, an effort has been put forth to determine the applicability of these Vedangas in Ayurveda.

Experimental evidence supports the ability of spotted lanternfly to hitchhike on vehicle exteriors as a mechanism for anthropogenic dispersal.

Historically, anecdotal observations support the likelihood of human-assisted invasive insect dispersal to new environments. No previous studies have investigated the ability of insects to remain attached to moving vehicles; however, such information is critical for prioritizing research, mitigation activities and understanding anthropogenic effects on biotic communities. Lycorma delicatula (White), spotted lanternfly (SLF), an invasive insect whose range is currently expanding throughout the United States, is commonly observed in urban settings and near transportation hubs. We developed a novel method to test SLF's ability to remain on vehicle surfaces including bonnet, nose wing, windscreen, wipers and scuttle panel using laminar wind flow from 0 to 100 ± 5 km h-1. We found all mobile life stages (nymphs and adults) could remain on the vehicle up to 100 km h-1. First instar nymphs and early season adults remained attached at significantly higher wind speeds than other stages. A brief acclimatization period prior to wind delivery increased attachment duration for all life stages except later season adults. The importance of outliers in the success of invasive species is well established. Given these results, any hitchhiking SLF could potentially establish incipient populations. This methodology will be beneficial for exploring human-assisted dispersal of other invasive arthropods.

Filament formation mechanisms in yield-stress fluid-enabled embedded ink writing

Embedded ink writing (EIW), an emerging material extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing strategy, has demonstrated great potential for diverse applications. EIW consists of three key components: support bath, ink, and printing conditions. Filament formation in EIW is significantly affected by the coupling effects of these components, which is still unclear. This work aims to fundamentally unveil the filament formation processes and mechanisms within support bath materials with various rheological properties. A broader range of path speed is utilized to ensure the formation of diverse representative filaments from low- and high-viscosity hydrogel inks. By varying the combination of support bath, ink, and printing conditions, ten types of filaments are observed during EIW and their formation mechanisms are explained in detail. Particularly, when designing a support bath for EIW, thixotropic time serves as the baseline to determine the functionality of the bath. A relatively long thixotropic time can facilitate the formation of well-defined filaments. In addition, the support bath’s yield stress decides the allowed maximum path speed. High yield stress is necessary if path speed is targeted in a higher range. Based on the experimental findings, a position-shape-size evaluation system is established and proposed for comprehensively evaluating printed filaments, which is helpful in filtering suitable filaments for EIW. Finally, complex 3D structures including a human nose and a human ear are printed at a high speed within the support bath with suitable rheological properties to bridge the gap between filament formation mechanisms and practical 3D printing applications.

To assess the effectiveness of treatment methods for patients of different age groups with basal cell cancer of the skin of the nose and ears

The relevance of the problems of diagnosis and treatment of skin cancer is currently determined not only by the high incidence rate, but by the existing difficulties in differential diagnosis and treatment with traditional methods. For localizations of basal cell skin cancer (BCSC) that are "inconvenient" for treatment, such as the external auditory canal, auricle, and wing of the nose, treatment is associated with certain difficulties and the possible appearance of a cosmetic defect, therefore, when choosing a treatment method, the anatomical features of these organs are taken into account. It has been determined that the effectiveness of treatment for primary BCSC of the nose and auricles is higher than recurrent one, and among the various treatment methods, the most effective and radical is the surgical method. The immediate results of treatment of BCSC in the form of PR by surgical method were 86.7%, which is statistically significant compared with other types of treatment (p < 0.05). Long-term treatment results with the surgical method are also higher (77%) compared to other methods, which is also statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Shape analysis of the nasal complex among South African groups from CBCT scans

Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical extraction techniques could help the forensic anthropologist in a precise and inclusive assessment of biological phenotypes for the development of facial reconstruction methods. In this research, the nose morphology and the underlying hard tissue of two South African populations were studied. To this end, a 3D computer-assisted approach based on an automated landmarking workflow was used to generate relevant 3D anatomical components, and shape discrepancies were investigated using a data set of 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The anatomical landmarks were placed on the external nose and the mid-facial skeleton (the nasal bones, the anterior nasal aperture, the zygoma, and the maxilla). Shape differences related to population affinity, sex, age, and size were statistically evaluated and visualised using geometric morphometric methods. Population affinity, sexual dimorphism, age, and size affect the nasal complex morphology. Shape variation in the mid-facial region was significantly influenced by population affinity, emphasising that shape variability was specific to the two population groups, along with the expression of sexual dimorphism and the effect of ageing. In addition, nasal complex shape and correlations vary greatly between white and black South Africans, highlighting a need for reliable population-specific 3D statistical nose prediction algorithms.

A Morphometric Study of Nasal Index among Owo Indigenes of Ondo State, Nigeria

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphometric characteristics of the nasal index among the Yoruba people of Owo, in Ondo State of Southern Nigeria, and to ascertain whether there is sexual dimorphism in their nasal characteristics.Methods: The study adopted the multistage, descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. A random sample of 130 males and 130 females between the ages of 18 – 55 years was taken.For each subject, the nasal height was measured and recorded as distance between nasion and subnasale while the nasal width was measured and recorded as distance between the most lateral points of right and left ala of the nose using a sliding digital caliper. Data obtained were analysed using both descriptive statistics (Mean and Standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test) to describe the nature of the data.Results: Data analyses showed that the mean nasal height was 42.34 ± 0.54 for males and 42.14 ± 0.56 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p&lt; 0.05). The mean nasal width was 40.77 ± 0.85 for males and 40.41 ± 0.42 for females and that the difference was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). The mean nasal index was 96.68 ± 2.91 for males and 95.43 ± 1.66 for females, and that the difference between both groups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Among the male respondents, 3.8%, 24.6% and 71.5%exhibited the Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types, while for the female respondents, the respective proportions were 5.4%, 28.5% and 66.1% for Leptorrhine, Mesorrhine and Platyrrhine nose types.Conclusion: We observed sexual dimorphism in the nasal characteristics of Owo indigenes in Nigeria and the Platyrrhine type of nose was prevalent among them.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 165-169

An adjoint-based approach for the surgical correction of nasal septal deviations

Deviations of the septal wall are widespread anatomic anomalies of the human nose; they vary significantly in shape and location, and often cause the obstruction of the nasal airways. When severe, septal deviations need to be surgically corrected by ear–nose–throat (ENT) specialists. Septoplasty, however, has a low success rate, owing to the lack of suitable standardized clinical tools for assessing type and severity of obstructions, and for surgery planning. Moreover, the restoration of a perfectly straight septal wall is often impossible and possibly unnecessary. This paper introduces a procedure, based on advanced patient-specific Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, to support ENT surgeons in septoplasty planning. The method hinges upon the theory of adjoint-based optimization, and minimizes a cost function that indirectly accounts for viscous losses. A sensitivity map is computed on the mucosal wall to provide the surgeon with a simple quantification of how much tissue removal at each location would contribute to easing the obstruction. The optimization procedure is applied to three representative nasal anatomies, reconstructed from CT scans of patients affected by complex septal deviations. The computed sensitivity consistently identifies all the anomalies correctly. Virtual surgery, i.e. morphing of the anatomies according to the computed sensitivity, confirms that the characteristics of the nasal airflow improve significantly after small anatomy changes derived from adjoint-based optimization.