Wind Loads Research Articles

An Overview of Current Optimization Approaches for Hybrid Energy Systems Combining Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Technologies

ABSTRACTThis study reviews recent developments in optimization techniques for hybrid solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems, particularly those using artificial intelligence (AI) and hybrid algorithms. Due to the global need for sustainable energy, the study compares both traditional and modern optimization techniques. It shows that hybrid algorithms, like, Gray Wolf–Cuckoo Search Optimization (GWCSO), can speed up convergence and reduce costs by up to 25% compared with other conventional methods, such as linear programming. The study groups optimization techniques into traditional, software‐based, AI‐driven, and hybrid approaches; assessing how well they improve system efficiency, reliability, and cost. It also outlines sizing methods and their economic, technical, and environmental effects, with results showing that AI‐driven methods can lower the levelized cost of energy by 10%–15% in complex microgrids (MGs). The study further provides a structured way to size MGs, addressing a gap in optimization methods for independent hybrid systems in remote locations. Greater flexibility of hybrid algorithms in handling complex optimization problems was emphasized. Ultimately, this study offers new insights into combining AI with traditional methods, suggesting future research directions for both smart grid and MG design.

Analysis and Modeling of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Microgrid Utilizing Wind, Solar, and Fuel Cell Technologies

The widespread reliance on conventional energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas has driven the focus toward developing renewable energy alternatives. Renewable sources like solar and wind energy are mature, cost-effective, and widely utilized. Additionally, fuel cell technology has reached an advanced stage of development. These energy sources are not only abundant and cost-free but also environmentally friendly. Combining these resources leads to the creation of a hybrid energy system. The proposed hybrid system, integrating solar energy, wind energy, and fuel cells, is highly effective for distributed energy production.

A Semi-Active Control Method for Trains Based on Fuzzy Rules of Non-Stationary Wind Fields

The stochastic fluctuation characteristics of wind speed can significantly affect the control performance of train suspension systems. To enhance the running quality of trains in non-stationary wind fields, this paper proposes a semi-active control method for trains based on fuzzy rules of non-stationary wind fields. Firstly, a dynamic model of the train and suspension system was established based on the CRH2 (China Railway High-Speed 2) high-speed train and magnetorheological dampers. Then, using frequency–time transformation technology, the non-stationary wind load excitation and train response patterns under 36 common operating conditions were calculated. Finally, by analyzing the response patterns of the train under different operating conditions, a comprehensive control rule table for the semi-active suspension system of the train under non-stationary wind fields was established, and a fuzzy controller suitable for non-stationary wind fields was designed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the running smoothness of the train was analyzed using a train-semi-active suspension system co-simulation model based on real wind speed data from the Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway line. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the running quality of the train. Specifically, when the wind speed reaches 20 m/s and the train speed reaches 200 km/h, the lateral Sperling index is increased by 46.4% compared to the optimal standard index, and the vertical Sperling index is increased by 71.6% compared to the optimal standard index.

Wind Effect on Single-Column Support Billboard

Billboards are one of the types of structures that wind load can be the dominant lateral load on this type of structures. Since billboards are usually placed in public places, destroying these structures under wind can cause irreparable damage. In this research, using wind tunnel testing and numerical modeling based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the effect of wind on single-plate, two-plate, and triangle billboards has been investigated. The models used in the wind tunnel are made using wood at a scale of 0.01. To find the critical loading pattern of wind load, the structure in the wind tunnel is rotated every 5 degrees concerning the wind direction, and the wind pressure values are recorded. The maximum displacement in single-plate, two-plate, and triangular billboards with tubular column sections is obtained at θ= 45°, θ= 45° and θ= 15°, respectively. Due to the nature of the wind flow, rectangular columns are unsuitable for billboards because the stiffness of the column also changes with the change of the wind angle relative to the billboard.

Structural dynamic equation informed LSTM to predict structural dynamic responses under wind load

Structural dynamic equation informed LSTM to predict structural dynamic responses under wind load

Influence of floating bridge motion and wind loads on bus users’ ride comfort and motion sickness

Influence of floating bridge motion and wind loads on bus users’ ride comfort and motion sickness

Seismic fragility analysis of offshore wind turbines considering wind and wave loads

Seismic fragility analysis of offshore wind turbines considering wind and wave loads

A study of combination factor of wind and snow loads on photovoltaic (PV) panels based on characterization of joint wind-snow hazard

A study of combination factor of wind and snow loads on photovoltaic (PV) panels based on characterization of joint wind-snow hazard

Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of corroded offshore wind turbine steel piles under extreme wind, wave, and current loads

Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of corroded offshore wind turbine steel piles under extreme wind, wave, and current loads

Fatigue analysis of wind turbine and load reduction through wind-farm-level yaw control

Fatigue analysis of wind turbine and load reduction through wind-farm-level yaw control

Approach to determine wind loads on small heliostats

Approach to determine wind loads on small heliostats

Effects of Rough Strips on Surface Wind Loads and Aerodynamic Forces on High-Rise Buildings

Effects of Rough Strips on Surface Wind Loads and Aerodynamic Forces on High-Rise Buildings

Terrestrial laser scanning based full-scale wind load test and numerical analysis of a tensile membrane structure

Terrestrial laser scanning based full-scale wind load test and numerical analysis of a tensile membrane structure

The Need for an Improved Wind Engineering Curriculum to Address Natural Disasters

The Need for an Improved Wind Engineering Curriculum to Address Natural Disasters

Comparative Study of Mivan Technology and Conventional RCC Structures in High Seismic Zones

The growing demand for rapid urban development, coupled with the increasing risk of earthquakes in certain regions, has necessitated the adoption of construction technologies that offer both structural safety and speed of execution. This research presents a comparative study between Mivan formwork construction and conventional Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) systems. A G+12 residential building model was developed and analysed under seismic and wind loads using advanced structural analysis software. Key structural parameters such as storey displacement, inter-storey drift, base shear, and natural time period were examined for both construction systems. The findings demonstrate that Mivan structures, due to their monolithic and joint-free construction technique, perform better under lateral forces, showing reduced displacement and drift. Moreover, the speed of construction and labour efficiency in Mivan technology make it a suitable choice for mass housing projects in seismic zones. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of structural systems for safe, efficient, and durable high-rise construction.

Use of PBridge for analysis and design of single span prestressed concrete bridge subjected to wind and thermal loads

The research introduced "PBridge," a computer program designed for the analysis and design of single span prestressed concrete bridges. These analyses and design were modeled based on the design procedures of Eurocode 1 2003 Part 2, EN 1991 Part 1-4 and Part 1-5. The bridge model is single span design with a main span of 25m length and two side spans of 7.2m carriageway of the proposed bridge consist in each direction of two notional traffic lanes of 3m each. It is expected to span a fresh water river such as River Niger in Onitsha located at Anambra State of Nigeria. The Total initial prestress force of 15330kN, Total prestress force of 21000kN that required 72 Number of strands for the single span prestressed bridge was obtained for both manual and PBridge results. The satisfied prestressed strand of Y1820S7G - 15.2mm diameter, 7 wire drawn strands was adequate for the single span. To further validate the authenticity of the obtained results, the Bending Moment and Share Force results for both the STAAD Pro and PBridge were compared in Table 4.17 for Single span. The percentage difference at 2.5 metre from the end support was 0.0048 for the moment of the single span and that of continuous span was 0.0044 at a distance of 5m from the end support. For Share Force, it was 0.075 for Single span at 2.5m. These imply that the developed programme can reliably be used for analysis and design of prestressed concrete bridge.

Aerodynamic Characteristics and Flow Patterns of Square Cylinders with Rounded Facets

This study experimentally investigates the effect of facet width on the static pressure distribution around a single square cylinder with rounded facets. Experiments are conducted in an open-circuit wind tunnel at a Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴, based on the side dimension of the cylinder subjected to a uniform flow velocity of 13.6 m/s. Five different dimensionless facet widths are systematically introduced to assess their influence on pressure distribution at varying angles of attack. Static pressure measurements are collected around the perimeter of the cylinder, and the resulting data are processed through numerical integration to determine the corresponding drag coefficients. The results demonstrate that incorporating facets significantly modifies the aerodynamic characteristics of the cylinder by reducing the drag coefficient compared to that of a sharp-edged configuration. The drag reduction is primarily attributed to delayed flow separation and a decrease in the size of the wake region. However, beyond a critical facet width, further increases produce only marginal improvements, indicating the presence of an optimal range for facet dimensions. This research demonstrates that facet modification is an effective and practical approach for controlling aerodynamic drag in bluff bodies. The findings offer valuable insights for optimizing structural designs subjected to wind loads, highlighting potential applications in civil engineering fields such as building design, bridge construction, and tower development. By deepening the understanding of how minor geometric alterations can impact flow behaviour, this work contributes to the development of safer, more efficient, and aerodynamically stable structures exposed to atmospheric winds.

Comparative Analysis between Reinforced Concrete Structures and Metal Structures in Small-Scale Buildings

This article presents a comparative analysis between two small-scale structures, one in reinforced concrete and the other in metal, in a garage with 5-meter beams and 2.5-meter columns. The goal was to evaluate the structural behavior of both under the effects of self-weight and lateral wind load. Structures with fixed and simple supports were modeled, and diagrams of normal, shear, and bending moments, as well as horizontal and vertical deformations, were calculated. The structural analysis software Ftool was used to ensure accuracy and precision. The reinforced concrete beam exhibited significantly higher internal forces and deformations due to its greater self-weight and lower stiffness, despite a higher moment of inertia. In contrast, the IPE 240 metal beam, with lower weight and an elasticity modulus eight times higher than that of concrete, showed greater stiffness and lower deformations, standing out for its structural efficiency. Thus, it is concluded that, for the same span and support conditions, metal beams are structurally more advantageous in terms of performance and load response, while concrete beams require more robust design to ensure safety and functionality

Structural Analysis and Redrawing of a Sailing Catamaran with a Numerical and Experimental Approach

This study investigates the structural behavior of a sailing catamaran subjected to wind, wave, and self-weight loads, with the ultimate goal of improving the structural design through redrawing techniques. A digital model was developed using Creo software 6 and analyzed through Finite Element Analysis (FEA), complemented by experimental deformation tests conducted under dry conditions and controlled loading. These tests provided a reliable dataset for calibrating and validating the numerical model. The analysis focused on the structural responses of key components—such as bulkheads, hulls, and beam-to-hull connections—under both isolated as well as combined load scenarios. Most structural elements demonstrated low deformation, confirming the robustness of the design; however, stress concentrations were observed at the connecting plates, highlighting areas for improvement. The vessel’s overall stiffness, though advantageous for structural integrity, was identified as a constraint in weight redrawing efforts. Consequently, targeted structural modifications were proposed and implemented, resulting in reduced material usage, construction time, and overall costs. The study concludes by proposing the integration of advanced composite materials to further enhance performance and efficiency, thereby laying the groundwork for future integration with digital and structural health monitoring systems.

Taxus baccata L. Under Changing Climate Conditions in the Steppe Zone of the East European Plain

The aim of the work is to analyze the survival strategy of Taxus baccata L., one of the promising plants for landscaping and the creation of woodlands, in the changing ecological conditions of the steppe zone of the Donetsk ridge. In order to achieve this goal, we used biomechanics methods, which help to understand the relationship between the physical and mechanical properties of living tissues and the overall stability of trees during interactions with environmental factors such as temperature, snow and ice storms, cyclic freeze–thaw processes, wind loads, and others. The work was based both on experimental studies on the estimation of the tissue elasticity modulus in response to temperature changes, the mechanical stability of plants, the field collection of materials, and studies on the modeling of forest stand conditions of English yew. As a result of the conducted experiments, it was established for the first time that at the absolute wood moisture content of 77 ± 5.1%, the density of wood tissues in the conditions of Donetsk is 907 ± 43 kg m−3. The modulus of elasticity of living tissues depending on the temperature factor varied in the following range: 8.8 ± 0.31 GN m−2 (T = 288 K), 11.5 ± 0.55 GN m−2 (T = 255 K) and 6.9 ± 0.47 GN m−2 (t = 308 K). It was revealed that during the local thawing of skeletal branches and tables, the mechanical resistance of T. baccata is reduced by 20–22% and this critically affects the overall plant resistance. It was established for the first time that T. baccata in the conditions of the steppe zone has an adaptive strategy of preserving the integrity of the organism under the action of environmental factors with limited loads. The secret lies in the formation of the shape memory effect, under the influence of critical loads. The plant, thus, chooses not migration, not death, but adaptation to changes in environmental conditions, which can become a serious factor in the use of T. baccata in the landscaping of urban areas and the creation of artificial forests.