Society's Willingness Research Articles

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RAINFALL AND CROP YIELD AND BEST PRACTICES ADOPTION USING PARTICIPATORY APPROACH.

Crop yield is a standard measurement for the amount of agricultural production. Sustainable agriculture demands an increase in crop yield. This study deals with rainfed agriculture; hence, precipitation becomes the driving factor for crop yield. Heat maps are used to examine the rainfall and crop yield correlations. ML is an essential tool in decision-making, and many ML algorithms are available for prediction. This study uses the ML algorithms to predict whether the crop yield will increase with increased rainfall. Logistic regression, Decision tree classifier, Random Forest classifier, and XGBoost classifier are the algorithms chosen for analysis. Altogether this region consists of forty crops but focuses on five predominant annual crops. Implementation-based results are the universal goal of every research which society needs. The chances of implementation are associated with two major components: the reliability of the results and society's willingness. Analysis of these components needs ground truthing and Participatory Rural Appraisal, respectively. Farmers and villagers filled out a questionnaire about the details required for this study. The survey was an active approach to collecting necessary information from the participants. The survey showed positive results among one hundred and fifty samples from six blocks. Finally, cashew nut, sugarcane, and turmeric showed good dependency on the precipitation, and around 88% of villagers are ready to implement the results derived from ML algorithms.

Wpływ religii i kultury na przestrzegania obostrzeń COVID-19 na przykładzie Malezji

Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of religion, religious leaders, and cultural differences (individualism and collectivism in power distance relationships) on compliance with COVID-19 restrictions, using Malaysia as an example. Culture and religion play key roles in identifying disease adherence, helping to find behaviors and relationships, and determining society's willingness to apply measures to counter the spread of the pandemic. Therefore, cultural beliefs, faith and values can contribute to the success or failure of global efforts to curb the spread of epidemics. Identifying and incorporating cultural parameters and religions may be essential for developing an effective strategy to control pandemics and "shuttle down countries" by implementing restrictions. Methods: In this article, based on a retrospective of events in the selected country of Malaysia, the problem posed will be solved. Based on Hofstede's research, empirically universal cultural dimensions for the analyzed country were extracted (dimensions of national cultures: collectivism - individualism, and power distance). The choice of the country was deliberate and follows the cultural model, because Malaysia, as a country with a high rate of power distance, has a low rate of individualism. In countries characterized by high-power distance, the importance of hierarchy, the pursuit of centralization, among other things, are emphasized. In countries with a high distance from power, there is a significant relationship between society and power. The research conducted used data from Oxford University's "Covid-19 Government Response Tracker" project, in which the author participated. "Covid-19 Government Response Tracker" contains a set of cross-country measures of government response to a pandemic around the world. Using Malaysia as an example, it shows the level of implementation of government restrictions that affected religious gatherings and mass gatherings in correlation to the number of infections per 100,000 people. Results: Based on the analysis carried out in connection (superimposition) of cultural models on the analyzed problem of human behavior, it was possible to show that in countries with a collectivist nature and a high distance from the authorities, with respect for the role of religious leaders, the voice of each religious leader is heard, and the cooperation that existed in this crucial period made it possible to save many lives through wise and prudent decisions made in religious communities. It was also possible to see the high responsibility of religious conductors who allowed practices in religious rites in a slightly different style (with restrictions, caused by restrictions). The measures outlined helped the Malaysian government in its fight against the pandemic. Coclusion: Religion and cultural beliefs have a strong influence on basic health values. Many groups view health and illness holistically, meaning it is a condition that integrates body and mind. For example, in Arab culture, health can be seen as a gift from God, while illness is caused by bad luck, germs, unrest in the family, and an imbalance between heat and cold. Other cultures, on the other hand, condition health and illness on group membership and its influence on an individual's well-being. The reaction of a person, a citizen (society), to the messages issued by the authorities of the health care system is shaped by cultural differences (cultural dimensions, according to Hofstede), including religious beliefs. It should be noted, no less, that in any culture, the role of the religious leader is important because he can instill views of rationality among the congregation that there is no conflict between the protective measures used (introduced), infectious diseases and religious beliefs. Religious leaders who speak skillfully in public have a great contribution to make in communicating with the faithful. They can influence thinking and shape social values and social responsibility through their preaching. On many occasions, religious leaders have made public pronouncements that set an example and called on followers to set a rational example. Oryginality: A scientific article presenting the results of original research of an empirical, theoretical and analytical nature Keyword: Religion, culture, Malaysia, religious leader, collectivism, power distance, COVID-1

A Framework for the Fair Pricing of Medicines.

As high-cost medicines put increasing pressure on public health care budgets, the need to identify 'fair' prices for medicines has never been greater. This paper proposes a framework, built upon fundamental economic principles, that allows for the consideration of 'fair' prices for medicines. The framework incorporates key considerations from conventional supply-side and demand-side approaches for specifying a cost-effectiveness 'threshold', including the health opportunity cost borne by other patients ([Formula: see text]) and society's willingness to pay for marginal improvements in population health ([Formula: see text]). The costs incurred by manufacturers in developing and supplying new medicines are also considered, as are the incentives for manufacturers to strategically price up to any common price per unit of benefit (cost-effectiveness 'threshold') specified by the payer. The framework finds that, at any 'fair' price, a medicine's dynamically calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) lies below [Formula: see text]. When pricing medicines collectively, the framework finds that a common price below [Formula: see text] is required to maximize population health (consumer surplus) or to maximize total welfare (consumer and producer surplus). This framework has important policy implications for payers who wish to improve population health outcomes from constrained health care budgets. In particular, existing approaches to 'value-based pricing' should be reconsidered to ensure that patients receive a 'fair' share of the resulting economic surplus.

How to Solve Problems in Dictionary Use: The Georgian Case

The present article was inspired by the plenary lecture given by Rufus Gouws at the XX International Congress of EURALEX in Mannheim: "Dictionaries: Bridges, Dykes, Sluice Gates" (Gouws 2022). His emphasis on the lack of a dictionary culture and the responsibilities that not only lexicography has towards society, but that society also has towards lexicography is an important perspective that is relevant for many societies, including Georgian society. While Gouws uses this term as an umbrella term to refer to both the user-friendliness of dictionaries, on the one hand, and the ability and willingness of society to use dictionaries and their knowledge of dictionary-use skills, on the other, in the present article we concentrate more on the latter aspect of the term dic­tionary culture. Numerous studies conducted in the field of dictionary use since the 1970s have revealed that many users did not know how to use dictionaries, were not familiar with the structure of entries, could not identify what part of speech this or that word was, had no idea of homonymy, polysemy and related issues; this led to errors in comprehension, translation and other tasks related to for­eign language acquisition. These studies, conducted in different countries, also clearly showed the need to teach dictionary use in schools and universities. Unfortunately, despite efforts from lexi­cographers and educators to improve this situation, and despite some positive steps taken in this direction which will be discussed in the paper, there is still no satisfactory teaching of dictionary use in educational institutions that would help create or sustain dictionary culture. The aim of this article is to discuss problems in dictionary use in the Georgian context and share our experience of introducing the teaching of lexicography and developing dictionary-use skills at Georgian universities. Keywords: dictionary culture, teaching dictionary use, diction­ary use skills, exercises, dictionary didactics, English–Georgian dictionary

Society's willingness to pay its way to soil security

Soils are a crucial part of terrestrial ecosystems, holding most of the soil carbon, one-quarter of the biodiversity, and are essential for food production. Human forcings, including climate change and land use pressures, threaten the security of the soil for the provision of a whole range of soil functions. Soil capability to carry out important functions has seldom been evaluated in economic terms. Importantly, the existing economic studies have not been embedded in the soil security framework. Therefore, we have limited knowledge of how the general population values these soil functions and whether they wish to see their maintenance and improvement as part of public policy. Consequently, in this study, we aim to contribute to filling this gap by providing an estimation of the value, expressed in monetary terms, that individuals place on several soil functions and compare such values across large regions of two G20 countries. We present here an estimate of willingness to pay for two publicly-funded soil management strategies: the creation of biodiversity credits based on soil microbial diversity and soil carbon insetting for achieving net-zero agriculture. We show via a discrete choice experiment addressing 3,000 citizens that societies in the distant and contrasting regions of Veneto in Italy and New South Wales in Australia are willing to pay for soil security and financially support soil management practices that improve soil functions in their regions. Further analysis shows that the stated willingness to pay corresponds to socio-demographics and attitudes toward soil protection and general environmental concerns. The aggregated monetary value of the selected soil functions for the entire population is $244 M for Veneto and twice as much for New South Wales. Our research findings give decision-makers and resource managers insights into societies' willingness to make trade-offs in favour of increased soil security. In contrast to climate change and loss of biodiversity, soil degradation and loss of soil functions have received much less attention. In this empirical research, we provide evidence of the importance of accounting for soil functions in resource management, as societies benefit from them and are willing to pay for their conservation.

Biodiversity and pollination benefits trade off against profit in an intensive farming system.

Agricultural expansion and intensification have boosted global food production but have come at the cost of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Biodiversity-friendly farming that boosts ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control, is widely being advocated to maintain and improve agricultural productivity while safeguarding biodiversity. A vast body of evidence showing the agronomic benefits of enhanced ecosystem service delivery represent important incentives to adopt practices enhancing biodiversity. However, the costs of biodiversity-friendly management are rarely taken into account and may represent a major barrier impeding uptake by farmers. Whether and how biodiversity conservation, ecosystem service delivery, and farm profit can go hand in hand is unknown. Here, we quantify the ecological, agronomic, and net economic benefits of biodiversity-friendly farming in an intensive grassland-sunflower system in Southwest France. We found that reducing land-use intensity on agricultural grasslands drastically enhances flower availability and wild bee diversity, including rare species. Biodiversity-friendly management on grasslands furthermore resulted in an up to 17% higher revenue on neighboring sunflower fields through positive effects on pollination service delivery. However, the opportunity costs of reduced grassland forage yields consistently exceeded the economic benefits of enhanced sunflower pollination. Our results highlight that profitability is often a key constraint hampering adoption of biodiversity-based farming and uptake critically depends on society's willingness to pay for associated delivery of public goods such as biodiversity.

Revolt against Time: Jean Améry on the Constitution of the Self

This article offers a new reading of Jean Améry’s idea of resentment, identifying resentment against time as another dimension of the concept alongside resentment against the perpetrators and the willingness of society to move on. This new facet of resentment is elaborated by showing the centrality of Frantz Fanon’s thought for Améry’s theory of self-constitution. In highlighting the relation between resentment and counterviolence, the article shows how Fanon’s influence on Améry goes beyond what has been recognized in current scholarship. Améry agreed with Fanon that counterviolence and revenge reattain the dignity of the victim. The problem of resentment emerges for Améry when revenge is no longer possible. Resentment is in this sense a revolt against time as an unstoppable force that blocks the way to revenge and hence to the reattainment of the dignity of the victim.

LEGAL CULTURE DECONSTRUCTION IN INDONESIAN LEGAL SYSTEM

Along with the reformation development in Indonesia, the new demand was created and realized with the implementation of law in society. The implementation of laws and regulations is a critical component of law enforcement. It entails legal officers' and society's willingness to enforce the law in order to maintain social order and establish justice. This research is normative juridical research that provides a qualitative analysis of discussed material by analyzing theories, legal principles, and law. From the research result, it found that the law and regulation in Indonesia is still weak and need to be improved. With the implementation of law and regulations in Indonesia, there are many obstacles and problems faced in its enforcement. As an example, the court justice is still doubt in issuing the law or regulations for the government or any political parties. Legal system consists of three components: legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture. These three elements are interconnected and have positive implications for the development of a responsive legal system. According to the research findings, the Indonesian legal system is repressive because the three elements of the legal system demonstrate its equality.

Coupling analysis between cost and carbon emission of bamboo building materials: A perspective of supply chain

Bamboo building materials with carbon storage potential are considered to be the key to low carbon emissions and sustainable development in the construction industry. However, the willingness to pay and the carbon storage effect of bamboo materials still face major obstacles, and the supply chain needs to be optimised as it affects the economic and green benefits of bamboo building materials. This study aims to investigate the carbon emission and cost distribution of bamboo building materials, analyse the key influencing factors and propose an equilibrium optimisation strategy. Results indicate that ‘Carbonisation’, ‘Glue application’ and ‘anti-mould, anti-corrosion and drying’ in the production phase are the major contributors to carbon emissions, which are mainly generated by biomass fuel carbonisation kiln, adhesives and anti-mould preservatives. ‘Transportation from front-end factory to back-end factory” and ‘Transportation from back-end factory to construction site” in the supply phase are the largest obstacles to cost, and transportation distance is the key factor. The results were accepted by the manufacturer and facilitated the screening of the best equilibrium control strategy: clean energy replacement, use of new adhesives and anti-mould products and adjustment of transport distances. After the implementation of the optimisation strategy, carbon emissions were reduced by 40.10% and costs were reduced by 35.31%, indicating that the effect of the optimisation strategy is obvious. This study explores the carbon reduction potential of bamboo building materials, provides actionable guidance for producers of building materials and architects, and promotes the willingness of society to accept payment.

Trust and user acceptance of pilotless passenger aircraft

This study examines the empirical relations between trust and society's willingness to accept an emerging technology in air travel. This paper extracts attitudinal factors related to trust from the Remotely Piloted Passenger Aircraft Attitude Scale. The analyses identified “trust in remotely piloted aircraft” and “trust in on-board pilot and aviation regulators”, among other variables such as age, gender, and perceived risk, to influence aviation consumer's acceptance of a pilotless aircraft. The modelling reveals asymmetrical and diminishing effects of trust, where an incremental improvement in trust from the mean has a limited effect on acceptance, while the equivalent loss of trust from the mean significantly reduces acceptance. Moreover, trust in on-board pilot and regulators increases the probabilities of "very likely" and "very unlikely" acceptance at the expense of neutrality. While polarisation in acceptance is consistent with earlier findings in cognizant context, this study provides empirical insights on the dimensions of trust closely linked to such polarisation.

Cost-utility analysis of shockwave lithotripsy vs ureteroscopic stone treatment in adults.

To assess the cost-effectiveness, resource use implications, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and cost per QALY of care pathways starting with either extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or with ureteroscopic retrieval (ureteroscopy [URS]) for the management of ureteric stones. Data on quality of life and resource use for 613 patients, collected prospectively in the Therapeutic Interventions for Stones of the Ureter (TISU) randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN 92289221), were used to assess the cost-effectiveness of two care pathways, SWL and URS. A health provider (UK National Health Service) perspective was adopted to estimate the costs of the interventions and subsequent resource use. Quality-of-life data were calculated using a generic instrument, the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L. Results are expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. The mean QALY difference (SWL vs URS) was -0.021 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.033 to -0.010) and the mean cost difference was -£809 (95% CI -£1061 to -£551). The QALY difference translated into approximately 10 more healthy days over the 6-month period for the patients on the URS care pathway. The probabaility that SWL is cost-effective is 79% at a society's willingness to pay (WTP) threshold for 1 QALY of £30,000 and 98% at a WTP threshold of £20,000. The SWL pathway results in lower QALYs than URS but costs less. The incremental cost per QALY is £39 118 cost saving per QALY lost, with a 79% probability that SWL would be considered cost-effective at a WTP threshold for 1 QALY of £30 000 and 98% at a WTP threshold of £20 000. Decision-makers need to determine if costs saved justify the loss in QALYs.

The Impact Of Online Misinformation On Covid-19 Vaccines: A Literature Review

The spread of COVID-19 misinformation has contributed to what has been labelled as a crisis of trust. This decline in trust has been reinforced by legitimate criticism of government responses to the pandemic and the exacerbation of pre-existing mistrust in governments and health services, particularly amongst marginalized groups. This study aims to analyse the COVID-19 vaccines misinformation and its impact to the life aspect of the society. This study was a literature review discussing about COVID-19 vaccines misinformation and its impact. Based on the database and keywords, 15 articles were obtained, but only 7 articles had relevant topics. COVID-19 vaccines misinformation can lead to several impacts namely the damage on the prevention and control action regarding to COVID-19. Moreover, this misinformation also can be as the stimulus undermines the COVID-19 individual responses that will affect the willingness of society’s vaccines uptake. Misinformation of COVID-19 vaccines can be classified into several types such as misleading contents, manipulated content, false content and fabricated content. Those misinformation lead to the condition of society’s acceptance toward COVID-19 vaccines and damage the management of COVID-19 prevention and control actions that are conducted by the Government.

Knowledge and Awareness of Sickle Cell Anemia: Cross Sectional Study among the General Population in Saudi Arabia

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder. The red blood cells are sickle in shape by polymerization of the Hemoglobin molecule caused by a β-globin gene defect that leads to Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position 6 of the β-globin. It's an autosomal recessive inherited hematological disease. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of the sickle cell gene in the adult population is (4.2%) for sickle-cell trait and (0.26%) for SCD, with the highest prevalence was found in the eastern region. Consanguineous marriage gave a high incidence of the disease. The aim of the current study was to build interest to Knowledge assessment & awareness of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) in different regions in Saudi society and try to spread more information about it. Also, assessing the willingness of society to do premarital testing to prevent genetical diseases.Results: A total number of 400 participants filled in the present study questionnaire. The overall percentage of awareness was 60.16%

Urban-rural income gap and air pollution: A stumbling block or stepping stone

China is in a critical period of economic transformation currently. However, it is still facing the widening urban-rural income gap and the deterioration of air quality. It not only hinders the construction of urban-rural integration but also restricts the pace of moving from economic growth to high-quality economic development severely. We use PM2.5 concentration to characterize the degree of air pollution and construct a quantile regression model to empirically analyze the urban-rural income gap and air pollution by using Chinese provincial panel data from 2005 to 2018. The main findings are as follows: (1) the urban-rural income gap does not change the shape of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve), but delays the decoupling of economic growth from air pollution. (2) By extending the EKC curve, there is a significant positive U-shaped curve relationship between the urban-rural income gap and air pollution. The urban-rural income gap is a “stumbling block” for air pollution when the urban-rural Thiel index is less than 0.03, but it is a “stepping stone” for air pollution when it exceeds 0.03. Narrowing the urban-rural income gap will enhance the willingness of society as a whole to pay for the environment. (3) The regional heterogeneity results show that the eastern region is consistent with the national regression results. The central region has a positive U-shaped trend, although it is not significant statistically. Western region shows a significant positive linear characteristic.

Life cycle assessment and society willingness to pay indexes of food waste-to-energy strategies

Food waste (FW) has received increasing attention because of its immense production quantities and significance to resource and environmental impacts related to disposal approaches. We combined life cycle assessment (LCA) with society's willingness to pay (WTP) index to evaluate energy, water, and environmental impacts on three food waste-to-energy (FWTE) options in China. For anaerobic digestion (AD) mode, the results showed that 1140 MJ of energy consumption could be saved by power generation from methane, power transmission, and biodiesel production from per ton of FW; the cost of climate change for treating FW was 137.8 kg CO2e t−1 FW, failing to be climate-sound due to the end life of digestate in practice. The total impact to AD mode in the form of monetized value for WTP was 13.3 CNY t−1 FW, of which the collection and transportation, pretreatment, AD reaction, wastewater treatment, biodiesel production, and residue landfilling stages contributed by 10.5%, 6.5%, 19.3%, 27.6%, 4.7%, and 75.7%, respectively, while biogas utilization offset it by 43.9%. Notably, a considerable amount of water used in AD prevented it from showing an advantage compared to incineration (−5.1 CNY t−1 FW), which performed best overall attributing to the generated electricity compensated for primary energy demand, water, and terrestrial acidification to a great extent. Landfilling turned out to be an unappealing FW disposal method due to the low landfill gas capture ratio. Given that AD is touted for its environmental benefits, potential approaches—such as developing a reliable and supportive technology to facilitate digestate recycling into agriculture—were discussed to improve its competitiveness and attractiveness. Our study employed a way to accumulate and compare impact indicators to better interpret FW management impacts and advantages, considering energy recovery, resource recycling, and the environment.

Not apologising for a community: young people’s responses to misrecognition and stigma

ABSTRACT This article considers the experiences of four groups of young people (from Germany, Estonia, Russia and the UK) whose ‘mode of being’ is reduced or distorted in different ways as a result of misrecognition or stigmatisation. It argues that the responses young people make to this form of social subordination are enabled or constrained by the recognition status – misrecognition, absence of recognition or stigmatisation – they experience. It demonstrates that the experience of misrecognition and stigmatisation, in some cases, may constitute a resource to act and stimulate social change but that the institutional response to it may also work to re-embed the stigma or misrecognition that young people’s action sought to counter. It argues that stigmatisation and misrecognition are more than the accumulation of negative representations of individuals or groups. They reflect the configuration of power relations that underpin the institutionalisation of the labelling of specific groups as unworthy of respect and deny them the opportunity to participate equally in social life. The outcome of the struggle for recognition is thus not a matter of young people ‘choosing’ a positive identity or showing the desire to engage but the willingness of society to open itself to that engagement.

Primary trabeculectomy versus primary glaucoma eye drops for newly diagnosed advanced glaucoma: TAGS RCT.

Patients diagnosed with advanced primary open-angle glaucoma are at a high risk of lifetime blindness. Uncertainty exists about whether primary medical management (glaucoma eye drops) or primary surgical treatment (augmented trabeculectomy) provide the best and safest patient outcomes. To compare primary medical management with primary surgical treatment (augmented trabeculectomy) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma presenting with advanced disease in terms of health-related quality of life, clinical effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness. This was a two-arm, parallel, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Secondary care eye services. Adult patients presenting with advanced primary open-angle glaucoma in at least one eye, as defined by the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson classification of severe glaucoma. Primary medical treatment - escalating medical management with glaucoma eye drops. Primary trabeculectomy treatment - trabeculectomy augmented with mitomycin C. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life measured with the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 at 2 years post randomisation. Secondary outcomes were mean intraocular pressure; EQ-5D-5L; Health Utilities Index 3; Glaucoma Utility Index; cost and cost-effectiveness; generic, vision-specific and disease-specific health-related quality of life; clinical effectiveness; and safety. A total of 453 participants were recruited. The mean age of the participants was 67 years (standard deviation 12 years) in the trabeculectomy arm and 68 years (standard deviation 12 years) in the medical management arm. Over 65% of participants were male and more than 80% were white. At 24 months, the mean difference in Visual Function Questionnaire-25 score was 1.06 (95% confidence interval -1.32 to 3.43; p = 0.383). There was no evidence of a difference between arms in the EQ-5D-5L score, the Health Utilities Index or the Glaucoma Utility Index. At 24 months, the mean intraocular pressure was 12.40 mmHg in the trabeculectomy arm and 15.07 mmHg in the medical management arm (mean difference -2.75 mmHg, 95% confidence interval -3.84 to -1.66 mmHg; p < 0.001). Fewer types of glaucoma eye drops were required in the trabeculectomy arm. LogMAR visual acuity was slightly better in the medical management arm (mean difference 0.07, 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.11; p = 0.006) than in the trabeculectomy arm. There was no evidence of difference in safety between the two arms. A discrete choice experiment updated the utility values for the Glaucoma Utility Index. The within-trial economic analysis found a small increase in the mean EQ-5D-5L score (0.04) and that trabeculectomy has a higher probability of being cost-effective than medical management. The incremental cost of trabeculectomy per quality-adjusted life-year was £45,456. Therefore, at 2 years, surgery is unlikely to be considered cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. When extrapolated over a patient's lifetime in a model-based analysis, trabeculectomy, compared with medical treatment, was associated with higher costs (average £2687), a larger number of quality-adjusted life-years (average 0.28) and higher incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained (average £9679). The likelihood of trabeculectomy being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life year gained was 73%. Our results suggested that there was no difference between treatment arms in health-related quality of life, as measured with the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 at 24 months. Intraocular pressure was better controlled in the trabeculectomy arm, and this may reduce visual field progression. Modelling over the patient's lifetime suggests that trabeculectomy may be cost-effective over the range of values of society's willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year. Further follow-up of participants will allow us to estimate the long-term differences of disease progression, patient experience and cost-effectiveness. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN56878850. This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 72. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Knowledge and Awareness Level of COVID-19 among the Farm Women and Its Impact on Agricultural Operation in Sikar District of Rajasthan

In India, agriculture and related industries constitute the most important source of income. Around 120 million small-scale farmers play an important role in the country's food supply system. People's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding any contagious disease, such as COVID-19, all play a role in determining a society's willingness to accept behavioural change strategies aimed at disease prevention. The majority of respondents (35.00 percent) are between the ages of 35 to 45, with 77 of the total respondents belonging to the OBC categories. The majority of respondents' educational levels were indicated as high school (49.17 percent). The findings of this study revealed that there was a high level of awareness, particularly among farm women, about the nature of disease, its symptoms, and the preventive actions that should be followed to prevent disease transmission. COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by a virus, according to the majority of respondents (79.17%), and respiratory droplets are the virus's primary method of transmission, according to 75.00 percent of respondents. Farmers should bring their own food and water from home to their agricultural field, as well as soap and water, according to all of the respondents (81.67 percent). Besides, 73.34 percent of respondents believe that wearing a mask and maintaining social distance are necessary during agricultural tasks. COVID- 19 has also had an impact on agriculture. Farm women faced many constraints during this period. Out of which it is difficult to get agricultural inputs, animal feed and vaccines, lack of outside traders for product procurement, lack of technical experts to fix the problem in time, ignorance about government programs during the lockdown.

Society willingness to pay towards application of renewable energy for household electricity needs in Kepulauan Seribu Regency

In the context of regional and local development, energy plays a very important role in all economic activities, so as in the small islands. The Kepulauan Seribu Regency already has an existing power system, but it needs to be improved. One of the available alternatives is by using solar power which is a type of renewable energy. Before the implementation of renewable energy, people participation in the use of such energy needs to be reviewed to obtain information about the conditions, needs, and attitudes of the local people. This research is a qualitative study using a human geography approach as its foundation. People's participation in this research is represented by the willingness to pay at the household scale on the islands with different functions in its connection with people's knowledge of renewable energy and the level of electricity consumption. The research results show that willingness to pay for types of households with businesses both in tourism and governmental islands are not influenced by knowledge of renewable energy, but rather by the amount of electricity consumption. On the other side, the knowledge affects the willingness to pay for the ordinary households on all islands. The deeper or more complete the knowledge, the more willing to pay.

How will the greening policy contribute to China's greenhouse gas emission mitigation? A non-parametric forecast

On March 24, 2015, a political bureau meeting of the Communist Party of China Central Committee first proposed the political task of “greening” and placed unprecedented importance on the construction of an ecological civilization, aiming to guide China's economy and society toward green and low carbon development. This study aims to examine the impact of this “greening” policy on China's climate change mitigation. First, from an emissions reduction perspective, this study interprets greening as the process of constantly strengthening society's awareness and willingness regarding emissions reduction. Then, this study incorporates a carbon abatement willingness factor into a nonparametric model, and quantitatively simulates the impact of greening on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction in China. The results show that China can rapidly decrease its CO2 emissions in the early stages of greening. However, when greening passes a certain stage, it no longer affects CO2 emissions. Thus, the willingness to reduce emissions has a diminishing marginal effect on emissions reduction. Additionally, throughout the greening process, China is expected to reduce its CO2 emissions by 36.08%, or 3718.50 million tons. Finally, the impact of greening on China's CO2 emissions exhibits spatial variation, as its undeveloped western region can achieve greater CO2 emissions reductions by promoting greening. Base on the above results, corresponding policy implications are also provided at the end of this paper.