Widespread Activity Research Articles

Effect of cortical activity enhancement on medial olivocochlear reflex

The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) is reported to protects the inner ear from acoustic overexposure. It has been shown that MOCR by fluctuations in cognitive function, e.g., attention and expectation. However, the mechanism by which the cortical cognitive processing modulates MOCR has not been clarified. To investigate this mechanism, we compared the variability of cortical activity and MOCR after a mental calculation task that demands widespread cortical network activities. Cortical activity was assessed by measuring slow vertex response (SVR). Although MOCR strength and SVR amplitude did not change significantly after the calculation task, two measures had reverse dependence on the difficulty of the calculation task; A moderately difficult calculation task increased SVR amplitude while reduced MOCR strength. The results implicate that MOCR variations can be attributed to cortical activity changes. In addition, by simultaneously measuring MOCR and EEG during the calculation task, the time course of the effect of the cortical modulatory effect on MOCR was also examined.

Investigation of Neonicotinoids Insecticides with LC-MS/MS in Honey Produced in Giresun

Neonicotinoids are a significant threat to the environment and the food chain given their wide commercial distribution, mode of action, systemic properties, persistence, toxicity profiles of insecticides and metabolites, and their effects on living organisms.These substances, developed as an alternative to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, pass to all parts of plants, including pollen and nectar, and can be transferred to products produced from these plants, especially bee products. With these systemic effects, neonicotinoids lead to negative effects on living things such as honey bees and wild bees, as well as other vertebrates. Currently, studies on neonicotinoid derivatives and their effects are increasing rapidly, and according to the results of the study, bans and restrictions are imposed on their use in different countries.The aim of the study was to determine the presence and amount of neonicotinoids in honey produced in Giresun province and to measure the level of pollution in the environment and possible public health risks it is revealed. Giresun province, known as the capital of hazelnuts in Turkey, where beekeeping is widespread and many agricultural activities are carried out, has the characteristics and importance to reveal the purpose of the study. For this purpose, 50 honey samples taken during the new harvest period from growers engaged in stationary beekeeping in areas close to Giresun's nut-growing regions were used as materials. Neonicotinoid in samples the presence of (acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, imidacloprid,nitenpyram, thiamethoxam and dinotephran) was detected by LC-MS/MS. According to the analysis results; imidacloprid was detected in 9 of 50 honey samples, thiomethoxam in 2, and both imidacloprid and thiomethoxam in 1 were above 10 ppb, which is the limit value, and neonicotinoids were determined in a total of 12 samples. As a result, the presence of possible neonicotinoids in honey, which is recommended for therapeutic consumption, a sine qua non of healthy diets with high nutritional value, is a potential danger to public health. Neonicotinoid contamination in honey and other bee products, which are often consumed, especially by children and decrepit people, is extremely important in terms of the health risks it may pose. Within the framework of good agricultural practice, the selection of beekeeping areas and the introduction of restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids in this direction in parallel with the EU are important for preventing possible risks.

Synthesis, Molecular Docking Studies and Cytotoxic Screening of Novel 2-Substituted Benzimidazole Derivatives

Cancer is one of the most serious lifethreatening diseases for which there is presently no cure. According to current World Health Organization (WHO) reports cancer is responsible for one out of every six deaths worldwide. Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic, aromatic molecule that acts as a biological scaffold with anticancer, antitumor, and antiproliferative activities, among other biological effects. benzimidazole and oxazole are the important pharmacophore in the medicinal chemistry, due to their widespread pharmacological activities. So, to exploit their anticancer potential we have selected these two for our research work. So, in order to develop potential anticancer agents, it was considered of interest to synthesize some benzimidazole derivatives. Before synthesis of molecule, Molecular docking was done and afterwards the compound with lowest dock score selected for synthesis. Synthesized derivatives Characterized By Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Infra-Red (IR), And Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and screen for cytotoxic activity.

The neurophysiology of closed-loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study.

Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) is a brain modulation technique in which sounds are timed to enhance or disrupt endogenous neurophysiological events. CLAS of slow oscillation up-states in sleep is becoming a popular tool to study and enhance sleep's functions, as it increases slow oscillations, evokes sleep spindles and enhances memory consolidation of certain tasks. However, few studies have examined the specific neurophysiological mechanisms involved in CLAS, in part because of practical limitations to available tools. To evaluate evidence for possible models of how sound stimulation during brain up-states alters brain activity, we simultaneously recorded electro- and magnetoencephalography in human participants who received auditory stimulation across sleep stages. We conducted a series of analyses that test different models of pathways through which CLAS of slow oscillations may affect widespread neural activity that have been suggested in literature, using spatial information, timing and phase relationships in the source-localized magnetoencephalography data. The results suggest that auditory information reaches ventral frontal lobe areas via non-lemniscal pathways. From there, a slow oscillation is created and propagated. We demonstrate that while the state of excitability of tissue in auditory cortex and frontal ventral regions shows some synchrony with the electroencephalography (EEG)-recorded up-states that are commonly used for CLAS, it is the state of ventral frontal regions that is most critical for slow oscillation generation. Our findings advance models of how CLAS leads to enhancement of slow oscillations, sleep spindles and associated cognitive benefits and offer insight into how the effectiveness of brain stimulation techniques can be improved.

The Role of Higher Education and Training in Entrepreneurial Development in Afghanistan

Education and training stand as pivotal factors in the growth and development of entrepreneurship, capturing global attention. Various studies have demonstrated that entrepreneurial traits are predominantly acquired rather than inherited, underscoring the current emphasis on entrepreneurship education. Today, entrepreneurial education has become one of the most crucial and widespread activities within educational institutions, especially universities, worldwide. Given the substantial impact of entrepreneurship on economic and social development, governments invest considerable efforts in providing entrepreneurial education to their populace. In recent years, Afghanistan has witnessed significant endeavors by institutions and universities, establishing entrepreneurial centers and conducting various educational programs for students.
 This article, based on qualitative data and employing a descriptive research method, endeavors to explore the significant role and influence of higher education and training in entrepreneurial development within the country. The research aims to shed light on the intersection of education and entrepreneurship, addressing topics such as the definition of entrepreneurship, the importance and necessity of entrepreneurship education, research objectives, questions, and hypotheses, the goals of entrepreneurial education, the need for entrepreneurship courses in universities, universities' objectives in promoting entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial characteristics of universities, social and cultural indicators of entrepreneurship at the university level. Finally, the study concludes with findings and recommendations.

Wildfire activity in northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forests still within millennial-scale range of variability

Increasing area burned across western North America raises questions about the precedence and magnitude of changes in fire activity, relative to the historical range of variability (HRV) that ecosystems experienced over recent centuries and millennia. Paleoecological records of past fire occurrence provide context for contemporary changes in ecosystems characterized by infrequent, high-severity fire regimes. Here we present a network of 12 fire-history records derived from macroscopic charcoal preserved in sediments of small subalpine lakes within a c. 10 000 km2 landscape in the U.S. northern Rocky Mountains (Northern Rockies). We used this network to characterize landscape-scale burning over the past 2500 yr, and to evaluate the precedence of widespread regional burning experienced in the early 20th and 21st centuries. We further compare the Northern Rockies fire history to a previously published network of fire-history records in the Southern Rockies. In Northern Rockies subalpine forests, widespread fire activity was strongly linked to seasonal climate conditions, in contemporary, historical, and paleo records. The average estimated fire rotation period (FRP) over the past 2500 yr was 164 yr (HRV: 127–225 yr), while the contemporary FRP from 1900 to 2021 CE was 215 yr. Thus, extensive regional burning in the early 20th century (e.g. 1910 CE) and in recent decades remains within the HRV of recent millennia. Results from the Northern Rockies contrast with the Southern Rockies, which burned with less frequency on average over the past 2500 yr, and where 21st-century burning has exceeded the HRV. Our results support expectations that Northern Rockies fire activity will continue to increase with climatic warming, surpassing historical burning if more than one exceptional fire year akin to 1910 occurs within the next several decades. The ecological consequences of climatic warming in subalpine forests will depend, in large part, on the magnitude of fire-regime changes relative to the past.

Spatial and Spectral Components of the BOLD Global Signal in Rat Resting-State Functional MRI.

In resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), the global signal average captures widespread fluctuations related to unwanted sources of variance such as motion and respiration, as well as widespread neural activity; however, relative contributions of neural and non-neural sources to the global signal remain poorly understood. This study sought to tackle this problem through the comparison of the BOLD global signal to an adjacent non-brain tissue signal, where neural activity was absent, from the same rs-fMRI scan obtained from anesthetized rats. In this dataset, motion was minimal and ventilation was phase-locked to image acquisition to minimize respiratory fluctuations. Data were acquired using three different anesthetics: isoflurane, dexmedetomidine, and a combination of dexmedetomidine and light isoflurane. A power spectral density estimate, a voxel-wise spatial correlation via Pearson's correlation, and a co-activation pattern analysis were performed using the global signal and the non-brain tissue signal. Functional connectivity was calculated using Pearson's linear correlation on default mode network (DMN) regions. We report differences in the spectral composition of the two signals and show spatial selectivity within DMN structures that show an increased correlation to the global signal and decreased intra-network connectivity after global signal regression. All of the observed differences between the global signal and the non-brain tissue signal were maintained across anesthetics. These results show that the global signal is distinct from the noise contained in the tissue signal, as support for a neural contribution. This study provides a unique perspective to the contents of the global signal and their origins.

Penerapan Metode Takakura Sebagai Upaya Pengolahan Sampah Organik Skala Rumah Tangga Secara Mandiri Pada Generasi Muda

Takakura method is one of making compost method on a small scale and with continuous production. This method has advantages compared to other method, beside its practis, this ,ethode does not require any special skills to make it. This is consider suitable to be applied in order to teach waste management in the youth environment, especially to increase the knowledge and awareness of adolescents as human beings “the waste producer”. Gresik is one of the supporting areas for development of Surabaya, which is characterized by the development of settlement clusters. The growth and development of settlements in areas bordering the city of Surabaya is an indicator o the increasingly widespread socio-economic activities of the urban community towards the Surabaya-gresik border. The pattern of waste waste management that dominates in this area is an individual pattern where waste is usually burned in the fron/back yard of each residents or it is disposed of into rivers. This activities is carried out especially teenagers in Karang Taruna, Pengalangan Village, Gresik ragenciy can become agents of change in society and can be more responsible for the waste they produced. In addition, this training activitiey can also be a provision for teenagers to be more empowered and foster an entrepreneurial spirit both individually or groups

Widespread frontoparietal fMRI activity is greatly affected by changes in criterion placement, not discriminability, during recognition memory and visual detection tests

Widespread frontoparietal activity is consistently observed in recognition memory tests that compare studied (“target”) versus unstudied (“nontarget”) responses. However, there are conflicting accounts that ascribe various aspects of frontoparietal activity to mnemonic evidence versus decisional processes. According to Signal Detection Theory, recognition judgments require individuals to decide whether the memory strength of an item exceeds an evidence threshold—the decision criterion—for reporting previously studied items. Yet, most fMRI studies fail to manipulate both memory strength and decision criteria, making it difficult to appropriately identify frontoparietal activity associated with each process. In the current experiment, we manipulated both discriminability and decision criteria across recognition memory and visual detection tests during fMRI scanning to assess how frontoparietal activity is affected by each manipulation. Our findings revealed that maintaining a conservative versus liberal decision criterion drastically affects frontoparietal activity in target versus nontarget response contrasts for both recognition memory and visual detection tests. However, manipulations of discriminability showed virtually no differences in frontoparietal activity in target versus nontarget response or item contrasts. Comparing across task domains, we observed similar modulations of frontoparietal activity across criterion conditions, though the recognition memory task revealed larger activations in both magnitude and spatial extent in these contrasts. Nonetheless, there appears to be some domain specificity in frontoparietal activity associated with the maintenance of a conservative versus liberal criterion. We propose that widespread frontoparietal activity observed in target versus nontarget contrasts is largely attributable to response bias where increased activity may reflect inhibition of a prepotent response, which differs depending on whether a person maintains a conservative versus liberal decision criterion.

Geologic and Geophysical Evidence of Repeated Normal Faulting on the Itozawa Fault—the Source of the Mw 6.6 Iwaki Earthquake Triggered by the Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki Megathrust Earthquake, Northeast Japan

ABSTRACT The 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake ruptured the 500 km long and 200 km wide convergent plate margin between the North American and Pacific plates, and changed the crustal stress field and triggered widespread seismic activity in northeast Japan. In particular, many crustal earthquakes struck the southern Fukushima area. The largest inland normal-faulting earthquake with Mw 6.6 occurred on the northwest-trending Yunodake fault and the north-northwest-trending Itozawa fault on 11 April 2011. The coseismic surface ruptures appeared along the previously identified active and presumed active faults. To investigate the near-surface structure of the Itozawa fault, we conducted ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiling across the fault, and two drilling surveys on its hanging-wall and footwall blocks. The GPR survey line about 50 m long was located near the previous trenching site. The GPR two-way travel-time sections were collected by common-offset modes by 50 and 100 MHz GPR systems. We acquired common midpoint ensembles on both sides of the surface rupture for depth conversion of the time sections. The resulting GPR sections show detailed subsurface structures to a depth of about 7 m. We identified event horizons for the 2011, penultimate, antepenultimate, and preantepenultimate earthquakes, indicating that the Itozawa fault has ruptured repeatedly as a normal fault. The vertical displacements during these earthquake events, obtained from the GPR sections, were about 0.8, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.7 m, respectively. These observations suggest that the coseismic surface offset amount on the Itozawa fault varies greatly. The recurrence intervals of surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Itozawa fault, calculated from the previous research and this study, are much longer than those of giant interplate earthquakes along the Japan trench, such as the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. We conclude that not every giant earthquake along the Japan trench triggers a rupture of the Itozawa fault.

Slope Rock and Soil Mass Movement Geological Hazards Susceptibility Evaluation Using Information Quantity, Deterministic Coefficient, and Logistic Regression Models and Their Comparison at Xuanwei, China

In China, the majority of mountainous regions are characterized by complex topography and a delicate, sensitive geological environment. These areas, which exhibit insufficient infrastructure and widespread irrational human engineering activities, are often susceptible to geological hazards such as slope instability and soil mass movements. These geological hazards pose substantial threats to human lives and property, hindering the progress of mountainous areas. Therefore, conducting research on evaluating the vulnerability of slope rock and soil mass movement geological hazards (hereinafter referred to as geological hazards) is of utmost importance for hazard prevention, emergency management, and economic advancement in these regions. This study focuses on Xuanwei City and selects eight factors for evaluation, including elevation, gradient, slope aspect, normalized vegetation index, stratigraphic lithology, distance from faults, distance from rivers, and distance from roads. These factors are chosen based on a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of geological hazards and hazard incubation conditions. Two paired models, the deterministic coefficient model + logistic regression model (CF+LR) and the information quantity model + logistic regression model (I+LR), were employed to assess the study area quantitatively. The performance of these models was assessed by employing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating the corresponding area under curve (AUC) values. The results indicate that: (1) The AUC values for the coupled CF+LR and I+LR models are 0.799 and 0.772, respectively. These results indicate that both models provide an objective and reliable assessment of the vulnerability to geological hazards, specifically slope rock and soil mass movements, in the study area. (2) Based on the CF+LR model calculations, the geological hazard susceptibility of Xuanwei City can be categorized into four zones: extremely high susceptibility (6.09%), high susceptibility (31.08%), medium susceptibility (32.26%), and low susceptibility (30.57%). (3) The CF+LR model more accurately represents the evaluation results and offers a strong reference value.

Use of salusin β for predicting atherosclerosis and components of the metabolic syndrome.

Salusin β is a bioactive peptide, detectable in many tissues and body fluids, first identified nearly 20 years ago. Since then, many studies have been performed to define the role of salusin β, concentrating on its role in atherosclerosis and conditions leading to vascular injury such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia, in which salusin β seems to play a proatherogenic role. Previous literature has evaluated salusin as a predictor of atherosclerosis. Herein, we performed online research using 5 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were articles published in the years 2017-2022, concerning the association between salusin β and obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. The aim of the review was to provide comprehensive data regarding the latest studies in this area. The latest research confirms that salusin β plays an important role in the development of vascular remodeling, inflammation, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, the peptide is associated with hyperglycemia and lipid disorders, and its widespread activity makes it a potential therapeutic target. However, there is a need for additional studies to confirm the potential role of salusin β as a novel target for treatment. Many of the reports were performed in animal models, while research conducted in humans was generally based on small groups of patients and not always compared with healthy controls; studies enrolling children are rare.

Evaluating how facets of openness to experience predict music preference

Listening to music is a widespread activity. Openness to experience in particular has been found to be one of the dimensions of personality that most consistently predicts music preference. However, the singular facets of openness to experience have never been looked at in depth. This study tried to uncover the impact of the openness-to-experience facets of both the five-factor (FFM) and HEXACO models of personality on music preference. A total of 374 college students completed two openness-to-experience measures (FFM and HEXACO) and one music preference measure (ratings of music excerpts). In line with Rentfrow and colleagues, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested five dimensions of music preference. Dominance analysis (DA) was used to evaluate the relative importance of each facet in predicting music preference. It was observed that openness facets relate to music preference in ways that are not apparent when general openness to experience is used as a predictor of music preference.

River sand mining as a livelihood activity: The case of Nepal

This paper investigates the livelihood dimension of small-scale river sand mining. To what extent is low intensity, so called artisanal, sand mining an important livelihood activity among poor people who live along small rivers where people shovel sand by hand onto small tractors during the dry season? Even at the foot of the Himalayas, river sand mining is not a wide-spread activity. A core contribution of the paper is to identify sand worker settlements along two smaller rivers in the eastern plains of Nepal. All household livelihood activities were registered and compared to a random sample of households from neighboring villages. Sand workers have less land than the population at large, although they can be landowners and combine sand mining with own farming and daily labor both in agriculture and elsewhere. Sand workers earn about the same as other low-skilled laborers; however, a major benefit is more regular income than other forms of low-skilled labor such as agriculture or construction work. The data further suggests that sand work is an alternative to labor migration, which normally gives higher income, but at the cost of being away from the family for months or even years.

An evaluation of the landscape structure and La Niña climatic anomalies associated with Japanese encephalitis virus outbreaks reported in Australian piggeries in 2022

The widespread activity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) reported in previously unaffected regions of eastern and southern Australia in 2022 represents the most significant local arbovirus emergency in almost 50 years. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and maintained in wild ardeid birds and amplified in pigs, the latter of which suffer significant reproductive losses as a result of infection. The landscape epidemiology of JEV in mainland Australia is almost entirely unknown, particularly in the eastern and southern parts of the country where the virus has not been previously documented. Although other areas with endemic JEV circulation in the Indo-Pacific region have demonstrated the importance of wild waterbird-livestock interface in agricultural-wetland mosaics, no such investigation has yet determined the composition and configuration of pathogenic landscapes for Australia. Moreover, the recent emergence in Australia has followed substantial precipitation and temperature anomalies associated with the La Niña phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. This study investigated the landscape epidemiology of JEV outbreaks in Australian piggeries reported between January and April of 2022 to determine the influence of ardeid habitat suitability, hydrogeography, hydrology, land cover and La Niña-associated climate anomalies. Outbreaks of JEV in domestic pigs were associated with intermediate ardeid species richness, cultivated land and grassland fragmentation, waterway proximity, temporary wetlands, and hydrological flow accumulation. This study has identified the composition and configuration of landscape features that were associated with piggery outbreaks reported in 2022 in Australia. Although preliminary, these findings can inform actionable strategies for the development of new One Health JEV surveillance specific to the needs of Australia.

Coastal wave-energy attenuation by artificial wooden fences deployed for mangrove restoration: an experimental study

By offering natural protection along offshore wetlands, mangroves play a crucial role in providing great ecological and economic benefits to local communities. However, mangroves are currently facing an increasing threat of decline worldwide due to widespread human activities and climate change. Recently, eco-friendly wooden fences have been deployed along eroded coasts for mangrove restoration projects, and these fences have the capability to attenuate incoming waves and strengthen sediment deposition in new habitats for mangrove colonization and persistence. However, the design and performance of the fences used can differ substantially among different projects; therefore, it is necessary to study the major factors affecting the wave dissipation performance of these fences and find out a more effective structural design. Thus, we focus on two distinct types of fences with and without porous infill to study the function of infill porosity and frame density, and physical experiments of waves transmission through the fences were carried out in a wave flume, in which nine wooden fences with varied infill porosities (0.60–0.90) and frame densities (0.40 and 0.70) were predetermined to measure the wave transmission, reflection, and wave dissipation. In total, 180 experimental runs were conducted under 18 wave conditions with different wave steepness. The results showed that the fence with a lower infill porosity appears to increase wave transmission coefficient that comes at a cost of a higher reflection coefficient and less wave-energy dissipation inside the fence, and the fence with the highest porosity infills (90%) is nearly equivalent to the fence without any infills but a dense frame in terms of wave damping performance. Moreover, the wave transmission through both fences with and without infill can be remarkably affected by incoming wave steepness. The outcome of the research is not only indicating the importance of the appropriate infill porosity in attenuating incoming waves but also guiding the design of mangrove restoration project in offshore wetlands.

Lipid nanoparticle delivery limits antisense oligonucleotide activity and cellular distribution in the brain after intracerebroventricular injection

Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapeutics are being investigated for a broad range of neurological diseases. While ASOs have been effective in the clinic, improving productive ASO internalization into target cells remains a key area of focus in the field. Here, we investigated how the delivery of ASO-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) affects ASO activity, subcellular trafficking, and distribution in the brain. We show that ASO-LNPs increase ASO activity up to 100-fold in cultured primary brain cells as compared to non-encapsulated ASO. However, in contrast to the widespread ASO uptake and activity observed following free ASO delivery invivo, LNP-delivered ASOs did not downregulate mRNA levels throughout the brain after intracerebroventricular injection. This lack of activity was likely due to ASO accumulation in cells lining the ventricles and blood vessels. Furthermore, we reveal a formulation-dependent activation of the immune system post dosing, suggesting that LNP encapsulation cannot mask cellular ASO backbone-mediated toxicities. Together, these data provide insights into how LNP encapsulation affects ASO distribution as well as activity in the brain, and a foundation that enables future optimization of brain-targeting ASO-LNPs.

A holistic picture of spatial distribution of river polluting loads in a highly anthropized area

For many years, there has been a debate on the polluting loads affecting the Gulf of Naples, one of Italy's most spectacular and iconic landscape. The wide territory bordering the Gulf includes the Sarno river basin (SRB) managed by the Southern Apennines River Basin District Authority in the framework of Unit of Management Sarno (UoM-Sarno). The paper investigated the anthropogenic pressures and their spatial distribution in the UoM-Sarno, revealing as SRB represents a hotspot of pollution mainly due to the high population density and widespread hydro-demanding activities which are responsible of high organic and eutrophication loads. The pollution sources, variably distributed on the area, and potentially conveyed to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located into SRB, were estimated considering the WWTPs treatment capacity as well. Results revealed a holistic picture of UoM-Sarno area allowing to establish the priorities of the interventions aimed at safeguarding the coastal marine resources. In particular, 2590 tons BOD/year were directly discharged into the Gulf of Naples due to the missing of sewers, and other 10,600 tons BOD/year are potentially discharged in the Sarno river reaching the sea, considering the contribution of population, industrial activity, and livestock.

Frontal lobe epilepsy and mild malformation with oligodendroglial hyperplasia: Further observations on electroclinical and imaging phenotypes, and surgical perspectives.

Mild malformation with oligodendroglial hyperplasia (MOGHE) is a recently described clinicopathologic entity, associated with drug-resistant epilepsy and extensive epileptogenic networks. Knowledge is accumulating about particular electroclinical phenotypes, correlations with imaging, and potential prognostic significance for surgical outcomes. The study adds relevant information by documenting the presence of a hyperkinetic frontal lobe seizure phenotype in adolescents and an epileptic encephalopathy phenotype in young children. Five cases were subjected to a structured presurgical evaluation protocol, including EEG-FMRI, chronic and acute invasive EEG, subjected to frontal lobe surgery with postoperative follow-up between 15 months and 7 years. In the two adult cases, surface EEG demonstrated lateralized widespread frontal lobe epileptogenicity and hyperkinetic semiological features. MRI demonstrated cortical white matter blurring and deeper white matter abnormalities. EEG-FMRI suggested concordant frontal lobe involvement. iEEG demonstrated a widespread frontal lobe epilepsy network. The three young children demonstrated a diffuse epileptic encephalopathy phenotype, with nonlocalizing, nonlateralizing surface EEG, and "spasms" as the main seizure type. MRI demonstrated extensive frontal lobe subcortical gray and white matter abnormalities, consistent with MOGHE literature for this age, while EEG-FMRI, in 2/3, demonstrated concordant frontal lobe involvement. They did not undergo chronic iEEG, and the resection was assisted by acute intraoperative ECoG. All cases were subjected to extensive frontal lobectomies with Engel class IA (2/5), IB (1/5), and IIB (2/5) outcomes. The study confirms the presence of frontal lobe epilepsy and epileptic encephalopathy phenotypes, in accordance with epilepsy phenotypes already described in MOGHE literature. Presurgical evaluation studies, including EEG-FMRI, can provide strong lateralizing and localizing evidence of the epileptogenic networks involved. All responded favorably to extensive frontal lobe resections, despite widespread epileptic activity recorded by surface and intracranial EEG pre- and postoperatively; an epileptic encephalopathy phenotype, in the first years of life, should not discourage such a resection.

Different Magmatic‐Hydrothermal Fluids at the Same Magma Source Support Distinct Microbial Communities: Evidence From In Situ Detection

AbstractSubmarine magmatic‐hydrothermal systems are dominated by volcanism and generate unique biocenoses. However, the relationships between the microbial communities and the broad range of chemical and physical variability within the systems are poorly understood. Here, a high‐precision in situ Raman quantitative technique was used for the hydrothermal fluids at the Onsen site and a newly found site named Faxian in a magmatic‐hydrothermal system at the DESMOS caldera, Manus back‐arc basin. The maximum in situ H2 concentration (8.56 mmol/kg) at the Onsen site is the highest value ever reported in similar hydrothermal systems. In contrast, the diffuse fluid at the Faxian site was characterized by rich H2S (7.78 mmol/kg) but without H2. The differences in mixing contents of seawater induced different geochemical reactions and fluxes of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, the existence of hydrogen‐ and sulfide‐oxidizing genes suggests that the oxidation of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide are the energy sources of the microbial communities at the two sites even within the same magma source. The in situ quantitative analyses of different types of fluids provide implications on the materials fluxes in the magmatic‐hydrothermal system, and the relationships between widespread submarine volcanic activities and life in early Earth.