Wide Variation In Composition Research Articles

Composition of Selected Commercial Salads from the Retail Market

Analyses were done to evaluate among- and within-brand variation in the composition of five types of commercial salads. Samples from five companies were collected at three different times and analyzed for fat, protein, fiber, ash, and moisture. Carbohydrate and caloric content were calculated. Wide variations in composition were evident both among brands and within brands, which indicated a need for ingredient specifications, ingredient listing, and application of basic control procedures in the operations examined.

Comparison of total fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other sterols in mayonnaise and imitation mayonnaise.

AbstractNine brands of mayonnaise and five brands of imitation mayonnaise were purchased from supermarkets in the Washington, DC, area. The samples were analyzed for total fat, fatty acids, sterols, and moisture. Little variation in total fat and saturated fatty acid values was observed among the brands of mayonnaise. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content of mayonnaise ranged from 28.0 to 47.9 g/100 g product. The cholesterol levels were divided between two ranges, 50‐55 and 75‐79 mg/100 g product. In contrast, there was wide variation in the lipid composition of the different brands of imitation mayonnaise. The total fat values for these products varied from 14.3 to 50.4 g/100 g product. The cholesterol content varied between 0 and 72 mg/100 g product; the latter figure equals the cholesterol content of many of the mayonnaise samples.

Rf-sputtered FeO films: Vapor species control in non-crystalline solid formation

It is shown that iron oxide films prepared by rf-sputtering display a wide variation in structure, composition, and film properties, depending upon the sputtering process parameters. We demonstrate that for Fe 2O 3 composition films non-crystalline solid (NCS) formation is controlled not only by substrate temperature but also by the vapor species in the vapor → solid transformation. The evidence indicates that the vapor species from an Fe 3O 4-sputtered target are primarily “molecules”. A qualitative model of the NCS formation is presented.

'Peninsular Gneiss' in the Northern Parts of Andhra Pradesh

Abstract The' Peninsular Gneiss' in the northern parts of Andhra Pradesh can be described briefly as a group of composite gneisses, mostly banded or layered, formed as a result of migmatisation of the older meta-pelites (predominantly biotite-schists), metapsammites, and meta-basics (predominantly amphibolites and hornblende schists), by a grey quartzo-feldspathic injection. The resultant migmatitic gneisses enclose inclusions of all shapes and sizes of the older rocks and exhibit different degrees of interaction and assimilation of them. This complex was later intruded by a 'Pink Granite' the effect of which is also seen as a ' second period of migmatisation '. The two major injections appear to be fairly well separated in time. These two granitic injections and their corresponding migmatisation effects on the older group of diverse rocks has produced a heterogeneous complex of rock types which show wide variations in composition as well as in texture over the region. Both granites have their own groups of aplite, pegmatite and quartz veins. The white quartz and pegmatite veins traversing the grey porphyroblastic biotite gneisses in Karimnagar district carry molybdenite and sulphide mineralisation. All the rocks were later injected by quartz, epidote and at places by fluorite veins. Fluorite is also found as a component mineral of the' pink granites' in Karimnagar district. Dolerite dykes which cut across all the above, mark the last phase of igneous activity.

The evaluation of the engineering design parameters for glacial clays

Summary The wide variation in composition, fabric and stress history of glacial clays is reflected by large variations in engineering parameters. Undrained shear strengths obtained from laboratory tests can vary by a factor of six or more. In order to make reasonable assessments of the values to use in design it is necessary to study the fabric, composition and pore-water pressure response during shear. Procedures used at the Building Research Station are outlined and illustrated by a field example. Operational parameters determined from deep in situ loading tests on 865 mm diameter plates can differ appreciably from those determined in laboratory tests. Undrained shear strengths determined from laboratory tests can be up to twice the operational values. On the other hand, moduli determined from laboratory tests are often only a fraction of those applicable to the field situation. Similarly the ratio of the parameters determined from small in situ tests, such as the static cone penetration, pressuremeter and vane tests, can vary from around unity to three. The actual ratios probably depend on the fabric and composition of the clays, but comparisons have not yet been made in a sufficient number of different glacial clays to make even tentative recommendations.

Structure–composition variation in rf-sputtered films of Ge caused by process parameter changes

It has been shown that noncrystalline Ge-sputtered films prepared under a range of conditions display a wide variation in structure, composition, and film properties depending on the sputtering process parameters. Data are presented in which optical absorption edge, stress, density, argon and oxygen contents, and other film properties can be varied continuously as a function of preparation parameters. The range of changes which can be brought about in these properties is enormous: changes of 20% in density, 500% in Ar content, and positive to negative in macroscopic stress are achieved within ’’normal’’ operating conditions. The data demonstrate unequivocally that the term ’’sputtered film’’ can refer to only a specific sample, not a reproducible material.

The chemistry and petrology of basalts from leg 37 of the Deep-Sea Drilling Project

This paper presents combined major element, trace element, and petrographic data on 108 samples from sites 332, 334, and 335 of DSDP (Deep-Sea Drilling Project) leg 37. The 102 basalt samples have characteristics of midocean tholeiites but exhibit wide compositional variation ranging from ‘normally’ LREE (light rare earth element) depleted to ‘anomalous’ LREE enriched compositions. We have distinguished five basalt types on the basis of major elements. The olivine phyric basalts type IV (site 332) with characteristics (Mg/(Mg + Fe) ∼ 0.7, Ni ∼ 250 μg/g, and Sc ∼ 35 μg/g) indicative of primitive magmas can be related to plagioclase accumulative basalts (type II) and picrites (type III) by simple addition of plagioclase and olivine. Plagioclase phyric basalts (type I) characterized by lower Mg/(Mg + Fe) (≃0.50–0.65) at sites 332 and 335 are not related by fractional crystallization to a common parent or to each other. The plagioclase phyric type V basalts recovered from site 334 are not related to type I basalts or to a common parental magma by fractional crystallization processes. Several parental magmas derived from an inhomogeneous mantle are required.

The long chain metabolites of linoleic and linolenic acids in liver and brain in herbivores and carnivores

1. 1. The parent vegetable polyenoic acids and their long-chain animal metabolites have been studied in liver and brain phospholipids in a herbivorous mammal (Kob) and a carnivore (Hyaena) of similar body size, but contrasting developments of the nervous system. 2. 2. The fatty acid patterns of the phospholipids were found to be tissue and species specific. 3. 3. The major metabolite of linolenic acid was docosapentaenoate (C22:5,n-3) in the Kob liver, but docosahexaenoate (C22:6,n-3) in the Hyaena. Brain grey matter of both species contained the hexaenoate. 4. 4. Comparative studies from 30 different species demonstrated that the brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) had a relatively constant fatty acid composition despite wide variations in the fatty acid composition of liver EPG.

Genetics, characteristics, and utilization of oil in caryopses of oat species

AbstractFor oats to be an economically feasible oilseed crop in Iowa, the oil percentage would have to be increased to ca. 16%. A survey of the oil percentage in 445 oat cultivars and collections gave a range of 2.0–11.0%. The oil percentage was only slightly affected by growing oats in 5 different locations in Iowa. Inheritance studies indicated that oil percentage was inherited polygenically, and there was a tendency for high oil percentage to be partially dominant. Analysis of 64 cultivars and collections showed a wide variation of fatty acid composition: palmitic, 14–23%; stearic, <1–4%; oleic, 29–53%; linoleic, 24–48%; linolenic, < 1–5%. The oil percentage was positively correlated with oleic acid and negatively correlated with linoleic and linolenic acids. Oats contained a lipase that made extraction of oil with low acid values difficult. The lipase was strongly affected by moisture and was most active in oat doughs containing 25–50% moisture. There was at least a 20‐fold variation in lipase activity in oat cultivars and collections. Whole oats may be kept in dry storage for several years without significant lipolysis, but in broken or crushed caryopses, lipolysis occurs even at low moisture levels. The lipase may be inactivated by heat or 95% ethanol treatments.

Seed proteins of finger millet and their amino acid composition

AbstractDetermination of the protein content and amino acid composition of finger millet samples from white‐grain and brown‐grain varieties, revealed wide variations in protein and amino acid composition. Solubility fractionation of proteins showed that prolamin and glutelin constitute the major protein fractions. White‐grain varieties have higher prolamin and lower glutelin levels than the brown‐grain varieties. The amino acid composition of three protein fractions of one white and one brown variety are reported. These studies suggest that it should be possible to provide high amounts of good quality protein in lines developed from white×brown seed crosses.

Theoretical aspects of gaseous and isotopic equilibria in the system CHOS with application to kimberlite

Gas equilibria involving CO 2, CO, CH 4, H 2, H 2O, H 2S and SO 2 in equilibrium with graphite or diamond are discussed with reference to the later stages of kimberlite evolution. Partial pressures of gaseous species are considered with respect to variations in temperature (900–1100°K), pressure (1–10 kbar), fo 2 and fs 2. Compositions of minerals crystallizing at the time of groundmass formation are used in conjunction with thermodynamic data to determine fo 2 and fs 2. Calculations indicate that H 2O is the dominant gas over much of the range of conditions considered; that the proportions of CO 2 and CH 4 can vary widely; and that H 2S is the dominant sulphur-bearing species. The dominant phases during fluidized intrusion are H 2O, CO 2 and CH 4. Gas compositions are similar to those calculated for agpaitic alkaline rocks. The natural variation in the carbon isotopic composition of diamond is discussed with respect to gas-reduction mechanisms involving CO 2, CO and CH 4. Calculations of the changes in isotopic compositions of the solid phases (graphite and diamond) in response to changes in gas composition indicates that diamond isotopic compositions can be explained by variations in the proportions of carbon-bearing gases; wide variations in the isotopic composition of kimberlite graphite are predicted.

Monoterpenes in sitka spruce: Within tree and seasonal variation

The composition of oils from needles and cortex of Sitka spruce is unique. Cortex oil is essentially all monoterpene hydrocarbons, while needle oil may be up to 50% oxygenated monoterpenes. Very wide seasonal variations in composition occur in needle oil in young tissue. At bud burst, the oil is > 95% myrcene; this drops to about 40% at the end of summer. The oxygenated terpenes camphor and piperitone develop to about 20% each in concentration during the growing season.

Initial ion composition results from the Isis 2 satellite

Isis 2 satellite carried, among other ionospheric instruments an ion mass spectrometer designed to measure the composition of the ionosphere in the mass range from 1 to 64 amu. The satellite, in a nearly constant 1400-km orbit, was launched on April 1, 1971. Examples of data show a wide variation in ion composition from 99% H(+) at night near the equator to greater than 95% O(+) and N(+) in the daytime poleward of the plasmapause. Both H(+) and He(+) are observed to be streaming outward from the high-latitude regions with velocities of several kilometers per second (the polar wind), determined from phase shifts in roll modulation maximums between light and heavy ion species. During the August 1972 magnetic storm a unique ionosphere developed, consisting of N(+) as the dominant species between 55 and 80 deg invariant latitude (above the plasmapause) and N2(+), NO(+), and O2(+) at the 1000 per cu cm concentration level, whereas these molecular species are usually below the detection limit of 1 ion per cu cm in quiet times at this altitude.

Variation in the leaf oil of Eucalyptus punctata

The steam-volatile leaf oil of Eucalyptus punctata. ssp. punctata has been shown to contain α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene and cryptone. Several minor components have been tentatively identified by GLC. The wide variation in the leaf oil composition between individual trees indicated no grounds for the establishment of chemical varieties within the subspecies.

Soil Concretions: I. X‐Ray Spectrograph and Electron Microprobe Analyses

AbstractX‐ray spectrographic analyses of soil concretions collected in Georgia and Tennessee from different soil parent material and moisture regimes indicated wide variation in chemical composition. Analyses showed higher concentrations of Mn and Ba in the inner core than in the outer layer of Fe‐Mn concretions from Henry and Iredell soils. A larger concentration of Fe and Ti was found in the outer layer as compared to the inner core. Distribution of Mn, Ba, Fe, and Ti indicated that they were accumulated by a similar mechanism in Henry and Iredell Fe‐Mn concretions. Concretions from the Tifton soil were composed of randomly distributed quartz grains cemented by Fe, Al, and Si oxides; whereas, those from the Decatur soil consisted of a homogenous mixture of Mn and Ba oxides. Electron probe micrographs supported the indication that elemental distribution within concretions differed as a result of weathering conditions at different geographic locations.

Fractionation of tyrosine-rich proteins from oxidized wool by ion-exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis.

On oxidizing wool by performic acid a soluble protein fraction is obtained containing high amounts of tyrosine, phenylalanine and glycine. This fraction, termed “δ‐keratose”, is extremely heterogeneous as shown by solubility characteristics, electrophoresis and end‐group determination. Anion‐exchange chromatography allows isolation of subfractions with different amino‐acid compositions. This process, however, involves a marked loss of tyrosine‐rich proteins absorbed irreversibly. Repeated preparative electrophoresis on polyvinylchloride layers permits isolation of many subfractions on a preparative scale without loss of aromatic amino acids. The amino‐acid composition of these subfractions is investigated. In spite of the wide differences among them some common features for all fractions can be established. It is shown that possible contamination by other proteins is not responsible for the heterogeneity of δ‐keratose but rather due to a wide variation in the amino‐acid composition among the demonstrated tyrosine‐rich proteins.

Studies on the Growth of Phaeodactylum Tricornutum VI. the Relationship to Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium

The growth of certain unicellular marine algae has been shown to occur in culture solutions whose total ionic content and chemical composition departs markedly from that of natural sea water. In fact, some of these algae apparently grow more rapidly in half-strength sea water media than in a medium of salinity equal to 35‰. This ability, on the part of the algae, to grow at widely different salinities suggests that the algal cells are able to maintain an internal ionic composition despite wide variation in the external composition of the surrounding culture medium in which they are growing. Droop (1958) has shown that the major cations present in sea water can be varied within wide limits and it was decided to concentrate on the cations, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. A series of analyses of Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been carried out to determine the concentrations of the four cations present in the cells and also to determine whether these concentrations vary during the growth of cells in culture over a period of time. In addition the analyses have been carried out on cells which have been grown at two different salinities, to compare internal cellular concentrations at different salinity levels of the media.

Lipid mobilization in relation to body composition in man

The concentrations in plasma of free fatty acids, glycerol and immunoreactive insulin and the turnover rates of free fatty acids and glycerol were measured by constant infusion of albumin complexed palmatic-1- 14C and glycerol-2- 3H and correlated with body fat and body fat/body cell mass, obtained by isotope dilution determinations of total water and total exchangeable potassium, in a material of patients with a wide variation in body composition and without diabetes mellitus. Free fatty acid concentration and turnover rate correlated strongly as well as glycerol concentration and turnover rate. Free fatty acid turnover rate/glycerol turnover rate was above three, but not different at different body composition. Free fatty acid concentration showed a trend to positive correlation with body fat and body fat/body cell mass, while glycerol concentration showed a significant positive correlation with these parameters. Insulin was positively correlated with body fat and showed a trend to correlation with body fat/body cell mass. These results indicate that with increasing body fat, or obesity, lipid mobilization and lipolysis are increasing. No correlation between body cell mass and lipid mobilization or lipolysis was found. It therefore appears likely that some factor in adipose tissue is responsible for the increased lipid mobilization and lipolysis in obesity.

REGULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMA CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE IN THE EUROPEAN EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA L.)

SUMMARY The amounts of ionized, complexed and protein-bound calcium and total inorganic phosphate were measured in the plasma of the eel. Groups comprised freshwater, seawater and distilled water eels; treatment with corticotrophin (ACTH), cortisol, aldosterone or oestrogen; adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized eels and those with the corpuscles of Stannius removed. In the intact animal, the amounts of ultrafiltrable and ionic calcium and inorganic phosphate in the plasma were very constant despite wide variation in the electrolyte composition of the external medium. In the freshwater eel, 1 week after removal of the corpuscles of Stannius, there was a rise in the level of ultrafiltrable calcium and a decline in that of inorganic phosphate. At 3 weeks after operation, although total calcium concentration remained elevated, ultrafiltrable and ionic calcium concentrations returned to control values. Adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy of the freshwater eel resulted in a decline in total calcium concentration with change in the levels of ultrafiltrable calcium or inorganic phosphate. In the seawater eel, adrenalectomy or removal of the corpuscles of Stannius resulted in an increase in total and ultrafiltrable calcium concentrations. Injection of ACTH, cortisol or aldosterone did not affect calcium concentrations but gave a slight decline in inorganic phosphate levels. Injection of oestrogen increased total calcium concentration without affecting ultrafiltrable or ionic calcium concentrations. The relationship of the amounts of ultrafiltrable calcium and inorganic phosphate to the solubility product [ultrafiltrable calcium] × [phosphate] is discussed and attention drawn to the importance of protein-binding in calcium homeostasis.

Recognition of DNA bse sequencedifferences among vertebrates.

UNLIKE the wide variation of DNA base composition found in bacteria, higher organisms tend to have a restricted average base composition, (vertebrates ∼ 42 moles per cent guanine + cytosine)1. Thus physical methods such as thermal denaturation or equilibrium density gradient sedimentation, which are useful in distinguishing bacterial DNAs2, do not discriminate to any extent among vertebrate DNAs, excluding the question of satellite bands. Phylogenetic relationships among bacteria, based on other criteria, are largely borne out by DNA–DNA hybridization3. While the latter technique can discriminate among distantly related higher organisms4 it can be applied with only limited confidence to more closely related vertebrates.