WiMAX Applications Research Articles

FULLY METALLIC DUAL-BAND 3-D WIRE ANTENNA FOR WI-FI AND WI-MAX APPLICATIONS

FULLY METALLIC DUAL-BAND 3-D WIRE ANTENNA FOR WI-FI AND WI-MAX APPLICATIONS

Novel Stitched Ground Plane Optimizations for Microstrip Patch Antennas at Wi-Fi and WiMAX Applications

This work explores the optimal mesh structure, stitch density and production technique of stitched ground plane for microstrip patch antenna. Meshed ground plane was used as a generic problem. A stitched ground plane is pro-posed and designed using Matlab interface to computer embroidery. Using the meshed or stitched ground plane as a case study, the resistance between meshes was analysed and measured. The equivalent resistance between nodes is a function of their distance apart. A finite resistive grid was simulated and compared to measured sets of data. A microstrip patch antenna with stitched ground shows comparable performance to the conventional etched ground of the size in terms of bandwidth. The stitched ground plane has a higher band-width than the etched copper ground plane because of the increased thickness of the substrate. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the interface method shows the possibilities of controlling the stitch density and distances between mesh nodes. The interface increases the stitching density and reduces the elec-trical resistance between mesh nodes making the antennas flexible and weara-ble. The functionality of these antenna samples has been tested and validated using microstrip patch ground at 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz. Measurement results on the proposed stitched ground planes were compared with the theory of infinite resistive network that shows good agreement.

UWB monopole patch antenna with two H-shaped slots and dual-band notch for WLAN and WiMAX applications

UWB monopole patch antenna with two H-shaped slots and dual-band notch for WLAN and WiMAX applications

A rhomboid-shaped printed monopole antenna for wideband circular polarization

This paper presents the design of a wideband circularly-polarized printed monopole antenna with a rhomboid shape. The rhomboid-shaped patch is fed by a microstrip line offset from the center to generate circular polarization (CP). The ground plane configuration is optimized for wide bandwidth operation. Bandwidth (satisfying both 10-dB return loss and 3-dB axial ratio) of 76% (1.92 - 4.27 GHz) is achieved in this research. The size of the proposed antenna is 0.386 2 0 l (55?66 mm2) where ?0 is the free space wavelength which corresponds to the center frequency of the bandwidth. The antenna has a fractional bandwidth-size ratio (BW/size) of 1.97 which is higher than most CP monopole antennas in the literature. This antenna is suitable for Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and other wireless applications which outperform using circular polarization.

A Dual Band AMC Backed Antenna for WLAN, WiMAX and 5G Wireless Applications

This paper presents a multiband low profile antenna aimed for its application in existing WLAN, WiMAX and sub-6 GHz fifth generation (5G) frequency bands. The design incorporates a simple planar monopole antenna with slots etched on it to be able to operate in two frequency bands with (S11< -10 dB) ranging from 2.38 - 2.7 GHz and 3.28 - 5.8 GHz with percentage impedance bandwidths of 16 and 56. The peak gains of the antenna within the bands were observed to be 2.1 and 4.3 dBi respectively. In order to further enhance the Gain and improve the radiation characteristics of the antenna, a dual band artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface is designed and employed as a reflector at the ground side of the main radiator. The antenna and AMC 4x4 array prototypes are fabricated and its performance is measured. It is observed that there is an enhancement in the gain of 5 dB in the first band and 2.8 dB in the second band of operation.

Design and Implementation of UWB Slot-Loaded Printed Antenna for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Applications

In this paper, single-layer ultra-Wide Band (UWB) microstrip patch antennas loaded with asymmetrical U-shaped slot in both microwave and millimeter wave applications are presented. These novel antennas cover a fractional bandwidth around 40% in both microwave and millimeter applications. The applications cover the C-band (4-8) GHz, V-band (40-75) GHz, and W-band (75-110) GHz. In addition to that, it is the sole article that cover the bands (5.15-5.825) GHz and (8.025-8.4) GHZ for WiMaX and ITU band applications, respectively. Moreover, it covers three bands for Automotive radar applications within (71-76) GHz, (81-86) GHz, and (92-95) GHz, in addition to further 5G/mm-wave applications at 60 GHz. Each antenna is coaxial fed and implemented on a Roger 5880 substrate with relative dielectric constant of 2.2, thickness of $1.575~mm$ and loss tangent of 0.0009. They operate over the frequency band (5.5-9.5) GHz for microwave band and (55-95) GHz for mm-wave band. To achieve either a notch in other bands or develop a multi-band structure, the conventional ground is replaced by two different structures. The first ground is an array of patches and the other is a mushroom ground. The first ground results in a notch within the band (73-79) GHz while the second one achieves a multi-band within (55-68) GHz and (81-95) GHz. Both antennas are simulated and verified using Finite Difference Time-Domain analysis (FDTD); CST Microwave Studio and Finite Element Method (FEM); Ansoft HFSS. For microwave band, the antenna is fabricated and measured for verification. Concerning the mm-wave version, three different types of ground planes are presented; traditional, periodic structure of patches and mushroom. The structure with periodic patches conducts the same band as the traditional ground plane does. This is a prestep for the design of the notches. The mushroom ground is carried out for multi-band applications. The average gain of the antennas is 7 dB.The measured two dimensional cuts of the radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, and reflection coefficient of the microwave version are presented and are in good agreement with the simulated results while for the mm-wave antenna the same parameters are simulated with two different methods and are in good agreement.

A Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna with Partial Ground Plane for WiMAX and WLAN Applications

Narrow bandwidth is the main problem of a microstrip antenna. Enhanced bandwidth is done by applying a partial ground plane. The antenna patch layer is a circular formed based on the formula to obtain its initial dimension. The dimension is used as a base for the antenna design with ground plane reduction. The antenna is designed using FR4, which has a thickness of 1.6 mm with a dielectric constant of 4.3. Simulation results from the design of partial ground plane antennas on WiMAX and WLAN band frequencies showed an increase in bandwidth of 3.14 GHz with minimum return loss values of -17.01 dB, gain antenna of 1.32 dB and a directional radiation pattern.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE DUAL LAYER ELLIPTICAL SHAPE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WI-MAX AND WLAN APPLICATIONS

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE DUAL LAYER ELLIPTICAL SHAPE MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WI-MAX AND WLAN APPLICATIONS

A Novel UWB Monopole Antenna with Reconfigurable Band Notch Characteristics Based on PIN Diodes

Our design for a novel UWB monopole antenna structure with reconfigurable band notch characteristics based on PIN diodes is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is comprised of a modified circular patch and a partial ground plane. The band-notch characteristics are achieved by etching a slot on the partial ground plane and inserting three PIN diodes into the slots for adjusting the operating antenna bands. The reconfigurability is achieved by adding three PIN diodes to obtain eight states with UWB, dual and triple operating bands which can be obtained by changing the PIN state from ON to OFF, and vice versa. The proposed design shows a simple biasing process to switch the frequency bands with insignificant gain variation and low radiation efficiency reduction. The reconfigurability of the frequency is accomplished by adjusting the effective slot length through modifying the PIN diodes states at the desired operating bands. The desired operating frequency bands can be obtained by switching the diodes. A systematic parametric study based on a numerical analysis is invoked to verify and refine the proposed performance. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 50×60×1 mm3. The proposed antenna performance was tested experimentally and compared to the simulated results from CSTMW based on FIT. Experimental results were in concordance with simulated results. We found that the proposed antenna design had simple geometry and it was easy to control the frequency bands to suit the applications of WiMAX and WiFi systems.

A Novel Eye-shaped Monopole Antenna for Wideband and 5G Applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents a compact dual-band monopole antenna printed on the low-cost FR4 substrate for multi wireless communication applications. The novel antenna consists of an eye-shaped patch and a semicircular shaped slot on the half elliptical ground plane. The antenna’s measurement results include multiband frequencies such as S, C, X, Ku, K, and Ka-band, which covers the bandwidth requirements of WiMAX, WLAN, satellite TV, and 5G applications at the lower and upper-frequency band. The dimension of the antenna is (26 × 20 × 1.6) mm3 at the minimum frequency of 3.15 GHz. The proposed configuration operates at 3.55 and 19.95 GHz with a bandwidth of about 28.17% (3.15–4.15 GHz) and 147.37% (5.25–34.65 GHz), respectively, for the simulation part. The measured bandwidth (−10 dB) for S11 in the lower and upper band is about 49.71% (2.688–4.506 GHz) and 152.01% (4.933–35.861 GHz) at a centre frequency of 3.657 and 20.346 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna has a stability of the radiation characteristics, suitable gain, and good impedance across the operating bandwidth of the dual-band antenna.

Dual-Band Printed Monopole Antenna Design

Design procedure of a high gain dual-band printed monopole antenna, resonating at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz, is presented. The proposed design meets the specifications required by WI-FI, WIMAX and radio frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. Our design utilizes Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) substrate, and the major radiation element is an annular circular patch shape. The design was improved by adding a face-to-face fork shape metal inside the annular circular patch. The antenna feed consists of a microstrip line and a slotted transformer section for matching purpose. A prototype of the proposed antenna was fabricated and the measurements of the return loss and antenna radiation pattern were performed. The comparison between the results obtained from the simulation and the measurements showed an excellent agreement.

Quad band operated microstrip patch antenna for WiMAX application

The paper describes a light-weight monopole planar antenna with a rectangular radiating patch and a slotted ground plane for WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) applications. WiMAX is a wireless broadband communication technology based around the IEEE 802.16 that provides point-to-multipoint wireless networking system and high-speed data across a wide range. The antenna designed for the aforementioned applications shows operation at 2.5 (lower WiMAX) / 3.7, 4.5 (middle WiMAX) / 5.5 (upper WiMAX) GHz with total bandwidth of about 110 MHz / 150 MHz / 160 MHz / 120 MHz. With its appealing characteristics, the planar monopole patch antenna meets the requirements of low weight, low cost, less complex structure and standard pattern of omnidirectional radiation.

WITHDRAWN: Characteristic mode analysis of a circular wideband microstrip antenna

Abstract This paper presents a design of a monopole wideband antenna with a simple circular-shape. The first four characteristic modes are used to study the characteristic mode analysis (CMA) of the radiating patch. For the wideband operation, the modal significance values and mode currents of the circular patch are considered. The proposed antenna is printed on an economical FR4 substrate of 40 × 45 × 1.6 mm3 with an impedance bandwidth of 77% (2 to 4.6 GHz). The antenna covers LTE, WLAN, WiMAX, WI-Fi, and S-band applications.

Metamaterial-Fractal-Defected Ground Structure Concepts Combining for Highly Miniaturized Triple-Band Antenna Design

Abstract In this paper, a novel method is proposed to increase the gain and radiation efficiency of a compact patch antenna. By employing a combination of three efficient techniques, we have developed a multi-resonance L-DGS antenna with a high gain of 5 dB and an efficiency of 99.6%. Furthermore, a novel compact Double Negative metamaterial unit cell and its equivalent circuit are investigated, to achieve high miniaturization of 30×30 mm2 and multi-band wireless applications (2.8 GHz, 4.1-4.45 GHz, 5.6 GHz). Koch snowflake fractal is introduced along radiation patch edges to improve the antenna matching. The antenna is designed using commercially available package CST software, printed on Rogers RT5880, and the probe feed mechanism is adopted for the antenna excitation. Then, to prove the validation of the antenna design, the equivalent circuit is presented and simulated using ADS of Agilent software. The compared simulation results given by CST, HFSS and ADS software have confirmed the antenna use for WIMAX, C-band and WLAN applications.

A compact polarization reconfigurable stacked microstrip antenna for WiMAX application

AbstractIn this paper, a stacked microstrip patch antenna with polarization reconfigurable property has been proposed for worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) application. The proposed antenna has two substrate layers: upper and lower layers with two radiating patches connected with the coaxial probe. Without the upper layer the lower square-shaped substrate layer having regular hexagonal radiating patch with probe fed acts as a linear polarized antenna with impedance bandwidth for (S11 ≤ −10 dB) is 370 MHz 10.56% (3.32–3.69 GHz) cover WiMAX (3.4–3.69 GHz) application band. The hexagonal radiating patch is perturbed with an optimum rectangular slot to enhance the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The lower substrate layer having hexagonal patch with the same probe position is stacked with the upper square-shaped substrate layer with same sized square patch and the upper patch soldered with the coaxial probe. The overall stacked antenna generates a circularly polarized band when the opposite corner of the top square radiating patch of the upper layer is truncated with optimum size. In order to generate another circularly polarized band and to improve the input impedance matching of the stacked antenna, the top radiating patch is perturbed with two slots and a slit. The stacked circularly polarized antenna generates impedance bandwidth of 12.75% (3.23–3.67 GHz) for (S11 ≤ −10 dB) with two circularly polarized bands (3.34–3.37 GHz) and (3.66–3.70 GHz) as per (axial ratio ≤ 3 dB) for WiMAX application. Therefore, the proposed antenna can be used as linearly polarized or dual band circularly polarized according to requirement.

A fully-textile wideband AMC-backed antenna for wristband WiMAX and medical applications

AbstractProposed is a wideband, low profile, fully flexible, and all-textile-based slotted triangular antenna loaded with a 2 × 2 textile-inspired artificial magnetic conductor to be worn on the wrist. The integrated antenna design is designed to cover the frequency band from 3.1 to 6.5 GHz. The integrated design has two main resonances, where the first one is at 3.5 GHz, which can serve the WiMAX communication standard, while the second is at 5.8 GHz, which can serve the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM)-band. The incorporated textile materials are composed of the conductive and dielectric fabrics that are realized by ShieldIt and Felt, respectively. When simulated against the human model wrist, the integrated antenna design displayed a realized gain of 6.71 dBi and radiation efficiency of 79.1%, at 3.5 GHz. Furthermore, at 5.8 GHz, it displayed a realized gain of 7.82 dBi and total efficiency performances of 66.1%. Moreover, it accomplished very low SAR levels within the antenna frequency band. Averaged over 1 g of tissue, it exhibited maximum SAR levels of 3.28 × 10−6 and 9.37 × 10−7 W/kg at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. For the bent scenarios, the integrated antenna design displayed robustness when bent at an angle of 20 and 40°. Finally, measurement results are illustrated and analyzed. Based on the presented results, the suggested all-textile integrated antenna design might be designated for integration with the wristband to monitor the user health conditions through many possible frequency channels.

Dual-band elliptical wide-slot antenna with high BDR for portable wireless applications

ABSTRACT This paper presents a highly compact dual-band elliptical wide-slot (EWS) antenna with high bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) having one inverted L-slot for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Initially, the broadband characteristic of 4.4–9.3 GHz is obtained by using an EWS in the ground plane. To include 3.5 GHz WiMAX wireless standard, a parasitic elliptical patch is embedded in the centre of the elliptical wide-slot. With an increase in semi-major axis length of the parasitic patch, the overlapping capacitance between the microstrip-line and the parasitic patch increases, thereby showing a broadband characteristic ranging from 3.59 to 7.08 GHz and BDR of 1423. An inverted L-shaped slot is etched in the ground plane to generate a frequency band around 2.4 GHz, integrating the 2.4 GHz WLAN and 2.5 GHz WiMAX wireless standards. The measured 10 dB return loss bandwidth due to mirrored L-shaped slot is 440 MHz (2.34–2.78 GHz) with BDR of 923. As a result, the EWS with parasitic patch and mirrored L-shaped slot together gives an overall size of 0.1320.14 where is the lowest free-space wavelength corresponding to the operating frequency of 2.34 GHz. The measured peak gain of lower and upper-frequency bands is 6.95 and 6.82 dB.

Two-port dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator-based MIMO antenna with polarization diversity

ABSTRACT In this communication, dielectric resonator based two-port Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) antenna is structured and examined. L-shaped microstrip line with a serial step impedance transformer is used to excite moon-shaped aperture, which in turn stimulates ring-shaped dielectric resonator antenna. Some of the important features of the proposed MIMO radiator are: (i) alteration of cylindrical to ring-shaped dielectric resonator is supportive to give wide-impedance bandwidth; (ii) aperture excites dual orthogonal hybrid ( and ) mode inside the ring dielectric resonator antenna, which aids to get dual-band circular polarization waves; and (iii) use of polarization diversity concept is helpful to give lesser mutual coupling (less than −20 dB) between the ports. After doing experimental confirmation, the proposed radiator is working over the frequency range 2.4–3.88 GHz. It also supports 3-dB axial ratio in dual-frequency range, i.e., 2.44–2.64 GHz and 3.4–3.65 GHz, respectively. Right-handed circular polarization and good value of diversity parameters make the proposed antenna employable for WLAN (2.5 GHz) and WiMAX (3.3 GHz) applications.

A compact multi‐slots loaded gap coupled CP antenna with DGS for WLAN/WiMAX applications

In this article a novel compact circularly polarized slotted gap coupled semi-circular patch antenna is presented for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated with an area of 42.5 × 42.5 mm2. The circular polarization (CP) radiation is obtained by introducing a square ring slot defect in the ground plane whereas wide impedance bandwidth is achieved by gap coupled semi-circular patches with L-shaped slots. In order to improve the antenna bandwidth with better impedance matching an inclined slot is etched from the center of the patches. Further, to understand the effect of slots on antenna characteristics a parametric study is conducted. The measured impedance bandwidth (|S11| ≤ −10 dB) and axial ratio bandwidth for AR ≤ 3 dB of the proposed antenna are 83.08% (5.15-12.47 GHz) and 34.29% (4.30-6.08 GHz), respectively. The gain of the antenna is > 4 dBi within the CP band. The measured and simulated results are well accepted.

Design of low profile co-axial fed high gain stacked patch antenna for Wi-Fi/WLAN/Wi-Max applications

Abstract In this article, a simple design of stacked radiating system with enhanced gain, impedance bandwidth, and radiation efficiency for mobile base station application is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a driven patch with a semicircular parasitic patch printed on the bottom layer and five parasitic patches printed on the top layer. The driven patch is feed by a co-axial probe and both the layers are separated in air. The second layer has four truncated circular parasitic patches on one side and one circular patch on the other side to enhance the directive gain acts as a directive reflector. This staked system encompasses some prominent features such as wide bandwidth, good gain, low profile, better radiation efficiency simple design, and integration for the mobile base station. Meanwhile, this configuration exhibits a bandwidth of 2 GHz with the minimized volume is 0.75 λ0 × 0.75 λ0 × 0.08 λ0. Experimentally validated results have an average and peak gain of 10.7 and 12.7 dBi, impedance bandwidth of more than 30.7% for |S11| &lt; −10 dB, and radiation efficiency of above 86%. The proposed stacked radiating system finds its applications in Wi-Fi, WLAN, Wi-Max, Indoor UWB, and Marine Radar applications.