Tumour budding (TB) has been recognized as an additional prognostic factor in the TNM (2017) and WHO (2019) classification systems. However, its prognostic impact in stages II and III colorectal cancer (CRC) remains inconsistently defined. This study aims to systematically evaluate the prognostic value of high-grade TB in stage II-III CRC. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library was conducted to identify studies reporting the association between high-grade TB and survival outcomes in stage II-III CRC. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were calculated using random-effects models. A total of 43 studies involving 17,831 patients were included. Univariable analysis showed that high-grade TB was significantly associated with worse DFS (HR 2.53, 95% CI 2.14-3.00), OS (HR 2.40, 95% CI 1.69-3.42) and CSS (HR 3.37, 95% CI 2.19-5.19). Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value of high-grade TB for all three outcomes. Subgroup analysis stratified by TNM stage revealed that high-grade TB consistently predicted adverse outcomes in both stage II and stage III disease. This study confirms that high-grade TB is an independent prognostic factor in stage II-III CRC, consistently associated with worse DFS, OS and CSS. Incorporating TB into routine histopathological assessment may improve risk stratification and help identify high-risk patients, although its role in guiding therapeutic decisions requires further prospective validation.

Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), exhibits diverse histopathological and vascular patterns influencing prognosis and therapeutic response. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, has historically been regarded as the predominant mechanism of tumor vascularization in solid cancers. However, vessel co-option, a non-angiogenic process, has emerged as an alternative strategy, involving the hijacking of pre-existing blood vessels by cancer cells rather than the induction of new ones. Furthermore, vessel co-option has been observed in both primary and metastatic cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the vascular patterns of different human adenocarcinoma samples and establish potential correlations between histological subtypes and microvascular growth patterns. Seventy lung adenocarcinoma samples were classified according to the 2021 WHO classification system, and their vascularization patterns were analyzed using CD31 immunohistochemistry and Weigert-Van Gieson staining. A substantial correlation was observed between histological subtypes and vascularization strategies, with solid basal and diffuse tumors exhibiting angiogenesis, and solid alveolar and lepidic tumors associated with vessel co-option. Additionally, papillary and micropapillary patterns exhibited mixed vascularization, while acinar tumors displayed the highest heterogeneity. The combination of staining techniques improved classification accuracy, achieving successful identification in 92.5% of cases. In conclusion, we present a powerful tool that can be used in lung cancer diagnostics to analyze tumor vascularization based on CD31 and elastic fibers staining. The observed correlations highlight the significance of histopathological assessment in determining vascularization mechanisms, which may optimize therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.

Classifying Liver Cytology Using the WHO Reporting System: Institutional Experience and Malignancy Risk Assessment.

The 16th edition of the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma newly distinguishes pTis from pT1a to improve international translatability with the WHO classification and UICC TNM system. However, the histologic boundary between intraepithelial neoplasia and lamina propria invasion remains difficult in routine practice. We retrospectively evaluated interobserver agreement in 50 gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection lesions randomly selected from 238 lesions previously diagnosed as intramucosal carcinoma under the 15th edition criteria. For each lesion, two representative histologic images were independently reviewed by 10 pathologists, who classified each lesion as pTis or pT1a according to predefined architectural criteria. Complete agreement was obtained in 21 lesions, including 10 unanimously diagnosed as pTis and 11 as pT1a, whereas 29 showed disagreement. Overall agreement was moderate, with a Fleiss' kappa value of 0.483. Discordant lesions involved fused or anastomosing glands, cribriform-like structures, crawling or lateral expansion-like patterns, and invasion mimics related to erosion, artifact, or mucosal remodeling. These findings indicate that distinguishing true invasive architecture from morphologic mimics is central to reproducible implementation of the revised classification.

Summary: In recent years, the world has witnessed increasingly complex emergencies: from natural disasters to armed conflicts, pandemics to mass displacement. These events do not respect borders, and they often stretch national response capacities to their limits. While international surge is essential to support systems when overwhelmed, strong national capacities and capabilities are the primary and most critical to a response. Strengthening the relationships between the two is the key to a strong global health response. The evolution of the EMT Initiative reflects a broader shift in emergency response thinking. No longer is it enough to send aid reactively or in isolation. Preparedness, response and resilience must refer to medical interventions that integrate standardized practices and mechanisms, respond with precision, coordination, and accountability. The WHO classification system for EMTs, and the broader global EMT Initiative, has enabled this by standardizing how teams are trained, equipped, and verified — ensuring that when they arrive on the ground, they are immediately functional and fit into existing command structures. WADEM and the EMT Secretariat commit to leveraging technical expertise, research capabilities, and evidence-based approaches to improve the delivery of timely, quality health services during crises. Key areas of cooperation include information sharing, joint research and analysis, support for national emergency plans, collaborative capacity-building activities, and the development and validation of training for the disaster medicine community, along with exploring innovations to improve emergency preparedness and response.

Background: The optimal anesthetic approach for high-grade glioma resection remains controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing awake craniotomy with intraoperative brain mapping versus general anesthesia for adults with high-grade gliomas. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases from January 2000 to August 2025 for comparative studies of awake craniotomy versus general anesthesia in adults with WHO grade III-IV gliomas. Primary outcomes were overall survival and neurological deficits. Meta-analyses used random-effects models with hazard ratios (HR) for survival and risk ratios (RR) for binary outcomes. Results: Eleven studies comprising 2689 patients (854 awake craniotomy, 1835 general anesthesia) were included. One randomized controlled trial and ten observational studies met inclusion criteria. Awake craniotomy was associated with improved overall survival (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.60-0.82; 4 studies, 1273 patients), representing a 30% reduction in mortality risk and a median survival advantage of approximately 4.1 months (18.5 vs. 14.4 months; low certainty evidence due to predominantly observational data and heterogeneity). Neurological deficits at 3 months were significantly reduced with awake craniotomy (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42-0.91; 2 studies, 1111 patients; moderate certainty evidence), with absolute deficit rates of 13% versus 21% (number needed to treat = 13). Awake craniotomy also achieved greater extent of resection (mean difference 4.4%, 95% CI 2.8-6.0%; 5 studies, 1121) and notably shorter hospital stay (mean difference -2.85 days, representing a 41% reduction [4.1 vs. 6.95 days]; 2 studies, 949 patients). Substantial heterogeneity was observed for most outcomes (I2 > 50%). Subgroup analysis demonstrated greater benefits for tumors in eloquent areas. Limitations include predominantly observational studies with potential selection bias (including possible differences in baseline performance status), molecular marker heterogeneity due to evolving WHO classification systems, and one small randomized controlled trial showing opposite results. Conclusions: Awake craniotomy may offer survival and functional benefits for selected patients with high-grade gliomas, particularly those with tumors in eloquent areas. However, evidence certainty is limited by the observational nature of most studies and significant heterogeneity. Well-designed randomized trials with molecular stratification and performance status adjustment are needed to establish definitive evidence.

Acalypha L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a pantropical genus comprising approximately 470 species, many of which have been traditionally used to treat human and animal ailments. Despite its widespread use, the interpretation of ethnobotanical information has been hindered by misidentifications, outdated or incorrect names, and the lack of studies for many species - factors that limit its value for pharmacological research and conservation. Previous efforts to synthesise medicinal knowledge in Acalypha have been constrained by limited taxonomic coverage, inconsistent methodologies, and narrow geographic scope. In this study, a comprehensive global review of medicinal uses in Acalypha was conducted, based on data retrieved from peer-reviewed literature, scientific databases, historical sources, and other publications. A total of 62 species with reported uses across 55 countries were identified. Uses include applications in human and veterinary medicine, rituals, and as pesticides, while experimental studies reported antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Reported uses were classified as ethnobotanical and/or experimental (in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo) and standardised following WHO and national disease classification systems, and all scientific names were taxonomically verified. The phylogenetic distribution of medicinal species was assessed using DNA barcode phylogenies. Nearly 25% of the studies reviewed were found to contain at least one taxonomic error, rendering the associated information unreliable and underscoring the need for improved taxonomic rigour and standardisation. This review provides the first standardised, taxonomically validated global synthesis of Acalypha's medicinal knowledge, identifies major knowledge gaps, and offers a foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological research on this diverse genus.

IntroductionEmergency Medical Teams (EMTs) provide critical surge capacity during health emergencies. While the WHO EMT Strategy 2030 envisions a world in which every country can respond rapidly, effectively, and flexibly to national emergencies, a significant gap persists in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In this region, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) lag in the development of classified Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs). The WHO classification system ensures quality-assured medical responses according to the World Health Organization’s classification system. A study was conducted to understand the specific barriers and facilitators of EMT classification in the MENA region to inform strategies for strengthening local and regional preparedness.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews with 17 EMTs stakeholders. Participants were purposefully selected from five LMICs in the MENA region (Yemen, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Tunisia) and the IFRC regional office, representing a range of roles including EMT process including EMT focal points, project coordinators, and organizational leadership. The data were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach to identify the core themes emerging from the interview transcripts.ResultsOur study identified four principal themes: participants acknowledged the significance of classification in maintaining quality and credibility, however described the process as lengthy, unclear, and challenging. Significant challenges included the perceived rigidity of global standards, particularly in non-clinical logistics and self-sufficiency requirements, the lack of formal training and clear guidance, and inconsistent mentorship. Bureaucracy and inadequate resources were two significant challenges that emerged within the organization. Conversely, robust leadership commitment, specialized technical expertise, and prior deployment experience were regarded as significant enabling factors.ConclusionAdvancing EMT classification in the MENA region requires a tailored approach that adapts global standards to the local context. Strengthening institutional capacity through training, focused mentorship, and leadership commitment is critical for process completion. To establish a resilient EMT network in LMICs and achieve the EMT strategy, it is imperative to address the challenges and promote the enabling factors.

A case of composite lymphoma and multiple cancer diagnoses in an individual heterozygous for FANCI variant

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNETs) are well-differentiated neoplasms that present with a variable clinical picture and prognosis. This makes accurate classification essential for guiding treatment and assessing outcomes. The current WHO classification system categorises PanNETs according to their proliferative activity. A morphological assessment combined with immunohistochemistry is central to the diagnosis, as it confirms neuroendocrine differentiation and rules out differential diagnoses. Nevertheless, panels targeting neuroendocrine and lineage-specific markers can enhance diagnostic confidence. Both histological and molecular predictive biomarkers are playing an increasingly significant role in tumour classification, prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. This review highlights the current morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for PanNET diagnosis and emphasises the growing importance of predictive biomarkers.

Abstract BACKGROUND The negative prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion in IDH-mutated glioma is well established. However, the prognostic significance of a hemizygous deletion remains debated. This study aims to evaluate overall survival (OS) and clinical characteristics of IDH-mutated gliomas with a hemizygous deletion of CKDN2A/B, compared to patients with retained status. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study defined the following inclusion criteria; (i) Operated at Sahlgrenska university hospital between 2007-2023 (ii) 18 years or older (iii) diagnosed with either an IDH-mutated astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma grade 2-3 according to the 2021 WHO classification system. CDKN2A/B status was determined through visual assessment of copy-number plots generated from DNA methylation data. The level of the CDKN2A/B locus was compared to baseline, whole chromosomal losses and extensive segmental losses to determine gene status. RESULTS A total of 198 patients were included; 97 astrocytomas and 101 oligodendrogliomas. A hemizygous deletion of CDKN2A/B was identified in 21 cases. These patients had a significantly shorter OS compared to those with retained CDKN2A/B (8 years vs. 14 years, p = 0.02). This difference was significant in astrocytomas (n = 12, 6 years vs. 11 years, p = 0.03) but not in oligodendrogliomas (n = 9, 10 years vs. not reached, p = 0.27). Tumors with a hemizygous CDKN2A/B deletion presented more frequently with headache and motor deficits. However, in a sensitivity analysis, the distribution of debut symptom was only significant in oligodendrogliomas. There were no other significant differences regarding tumor volume, surgical approach or oncological treatment. CONCLUSION A CDKN2A/B hemizygous deletion is associated with worse survival in IDH-mutated astrocytomas.

We aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on antibiotic consumption (AMC) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the new epidemiological scenario from a cross-national perspective. A quasi-experimental retrospective multicentre ecological study was conducted to explore the impact of COVID-19 on AMC and AMR using routinely generated retrospective time series data. This study included nine Healthcare University Hospitals from Europe and Israel on behalf QUantifying change in Antibiotic Resistance, ANTibiotic use, and INfection control during COVID-19 Epidemics project. Total effects were defined as the difference between the pre-COVID-19 period (ranging from January 2015 or January 2016 to February 2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic period (March 2020 to July 2021 or December 2021). The outcomes were incidence density (ID) of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridioides difficile, as monthly isolates per 1000 patient days and the monthly AMC ranked according to the Access, Watch, and Reserve WHO classification system. We assessed 15.9 million total hospital bed days, 315 736 COVID-19 bed days, 52 557 monthly bacterial isolates, and 461 739 monthly antimicrobial defined daily doses. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the consumption of overall hospital antibiotics combined in all centres except two. Prescriptions for piperacillin/tazobactam, glycopeptides, and ceftazidime/avibactam increased, whereas third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones returned to pre-pandemic levels after an initial surge, in all centres. A positive relationship between the pandemic intensity and VRE ID was observed in 6 of 9 (66%) centres followed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus-ID and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa-ID 3 of 4 (44%) for both. A negative relationship was found for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli ID. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with higher usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics and higher incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, with great variability by countries. These results could support international action plans that embed AMR as a priority in the post-COVID-19 era.

In alignment with the latest WHO classification system, which underscores the integration of molecular alterations in glioma diagnosis and grading, this study investigates the prognostic significance of MYCN amplification in IDH-mutant gliomas, a relationship that remains poorly characterized despite its established association with adverse outcomes in various malignancies. A cohort of 190 patients with IDH-mutant gliomas was analyzed for clinical and pathological characteristics. MYCN amplification status was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an MYCN-specific probe. Survival outcomes were assessed via Kaplan-Meier analysis, while independent prognostic factors were identified through multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Tumor morphology was systematically evaluated in cases with MYCN amplification. MYCN amplification was identified in 28 of 190 cases (14.7%), demonstrating a significant correlation with advanced tumor grade and elevated Ki-67 proliferation indices (p < 0.05). Patients harboring MYCN amplification exhibited markedly reduced overall survival compared to non-amplified cases (112.13 ± 6.58 versus 91.14 ± 14.96 months, p = 0.001), with this association being particularly pronounced in lower-grade (WHO grades 2 and 3) IDH-mutant gliomas (122.12 ± 6.81 versus 47.76 ± 6.58 months, p < 0.001). To address limitations in current grading systems, we propose a refined classification approach that upgrades lower-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas with MYCN amplification to high-grade status. This MYCN-based grading system demonstrated significant prognostic stratification (112.84 ± 10.40 versus 77.65 ± 11.15 months, p < 0.001). Morphological analysis revealed that 50% of MYCN-amplified cases (14/28) exhibited distinct epithelioid features, characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclear displacement. In conclusion, MYCN amplification emerges as a critical prognostic indicator in IDH-mutant gliomas, particularly in lower-grade tumors, and is frequently associated with unique epithelioid histological features. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating MYCN amplification status into grading paradigms for IDH-mutant gliomas to enhance prognostic accuracy and inform clinical decision-making.

Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase gene fusions (MLN-TK) are a class of fusion protein-driven, poor prognosis leukemias. Leukemias harboring FGFR1 fusions have previously been referred to as 8p11.2 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) or stem cell leukemia/lymphoma (SCLL) and are currently referred to as Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement based on the most recent WHO classification system. To identify new therapeutic options for MLN-TK patients, we evaluated clinical and ex vivo drug response data from a ZMYM2:FGFR1-positive patient who was successfully treated with FGFR kinase-targeting inhibitors. After initially responding to ponatinib, the patient was switched to pemigatinib which eventually transitioned them to a successful transplant. Leukemia cells isolated from the patient exhibited ex vivo sensitivity to ponatinib, bortezomib and axitinib. ZMYM2:FGFR1-transformed Ba/F3 cells were exquisitely sensitive to next generation FGFR inhibitors, and combinations of FGFRi plus trametinib or midostaurin were found to be synergistic, suggesting novel therapeutic options for FGFR1-fusion positive patients.

This meta-review analyzed four major studies (published between 2021 and 2023) that evaluated photobiomodulation therapy for oral mucositis in pediatric oncology patients. The analysis included 3,314 patients across 154 studies, examining wavelengths (620-970 nm) and power settings (0.005-3.2 W). Results showed significant mucositis severity reduction (RR = 0.35, 95%CI 0.25-0.45), high treatment adherence (91%, 95%CI 88.30-93.70), and notable pain reduction [SMD = -0.85, 95%CI -1.20-(-)0.50]. Using WHO classification systems, positive outcomes were demonstrated across chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and HSCT treatments, supporting PBM's effectiveness in pediatric oncology settings.

The recent fifth edition WHO classification and ICC classification systems have moved further toward genetically defined classifications of acute leukemias. Both now recognize myelodysplasia-related (MR) mutations as defining of MDS-related AML (AML-MR). Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) are a heterogenous group of acute leukemias characterized by leukemic blasts that either express markers of multiple lineages, mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), or too few to be assigned a definitive lineage, acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL). However, the recent classifications are unclear on how ALALs should be categorized in the presence of MR mutations. In short, the current recommendations are to classify cases that are immunophenotypically consistent with ALAL but harbor MR cytogenetics or mutations as AML-MR. Due to their rarity, investigations into the genetic basis of ALAL are limited but show great heterogeneity in their mutational landscapes. Data on the frequencies and significance of MR mutations in ALAL is particularly scant. Our comprehensive review of the literature reporting on the genetic landscapes of MPAL and AUL shows that a significant proportion of MPAL and AUL cases, ~32% and ~59% on average respectively, may harbor one or more mutations in MR genes, with mutations in RUNX1 and ASXL1 among the most common. Additional research is needed into the clinical, immunophenotypic, and genetic characteristics of ALAL to aid in refining classification and to support therapeutic decision making.

There is ongoing debate regarding the therapeutic approach and prognosis for IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytoma, a newly defined subtype of diffuse glioma in the 2021 WHO classification system for central nervous system tumors (WHO CNS 5). The aim of this study was to explore the clinical outcome and prognosticators for newly diagnosed IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytoma based on our single institutional data. This retrospective analysis included 53 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytoma, who underwent radiotherapy between September 2021 and December 2023. All patients were administered concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. Eleven patients received adjuvant tumor-treating fields (TTFields). The median follow-up was 15.7 months. Twenty patients had tumor relapse; three patients died, all of whom were without TTFields therapy. The median PFS for the entire cohort was 19.3 months, and the median OS was not reached. Univariate analysis indicated patients younger than 40 years (p = 0.11) or without homozygous deletion of CDKN2A/B (p = 0.11) tended to have better PFS. In addition, the TTFields group tended to have longer median PFS than the non-TTFields group in both analyses before and after propensity score matching (PSM) (24.4 vs. 18.5 months, p = 0.097, before PSM; 24.4 vs. 15.9 months, p = 0.080, after PSM). No significant independent prognostic factor was found in the multivariate analysis. The study reveals important insights into clinical practice for IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytoma. Younger age and tumor without deleted CDKN2A/B might be predictive of better outcomes. The addition of TTFields trended towards improved PFS, necessitating prospective clinical trials for further investigation.

PurposeIn the 2021 WHO classification system for central nervous system tumors, the diffuse glioma subgroup IDH-mutated (IDHm) astrocytomas WHO grade 4 was introduced. The diagnosis can be based upon molecular or histopathological morphological criteria. Here we explore whether phenotype and survival of IDHm astrocytomas WHO grade 4 differed across the criteria used for diagnosis.MethodsPatients with IDHm astrocytoma, WHO grade 4, were included from Sahlgrenska University Hospital and TCGA database. We created three subgroups based upon the criteria for diagnosis of WHO grade 4; (1) homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion; (2) morphological (necrosis and/or microvascular proliferation); (3) combined subgroup with both homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion and morphological grade 4 criteria.ResultsWe included 90 patients (local cohort, n = 35, TCGA cohort, n = 55) with IDHm astrocytoma, WHO grade 4. The median survival was 4.1 years (95% CI 3.0-5.3). Survival was comparable when the diagnosis was based on homozygous CDKN2A/B deletion and on morphological WHO grade 4 criteria (5.2 vs. 5.3 years). However, in the combined subgroup, survival was significantly shorter (2.8 years, p = 0.006).ConclusionThe different subgroups of IDHm astrocytoma WHO grade 4 share similar characteristics. Patients whose tumors exhibit combined criteria have worse prognosis.

BackgroundPerineal tears at delivery are common. The current WHO classification system compacts all the varying extents of second-degree tears into one code. Some tears lead to long-term injuries. The correct identification and classification of disease is necessary for correct clinical management as well as for research. Regulatory standards govern care practices. This article describes the process of creating and testing new subclassifications for second-degree tears at delivery.MethodsThe development and implementation of new subclassifications of second-degree perineal tears after delivery in Sweden are described. The new classification was tested for incidence and relevance via the national perineal laceration register (PLR) in 11,203 women with prospectively recorded second degree tears.ResultsSecond-degree tears after delivery are subdivided into four subgroups according to the anovaginal distance and the extent in length and depth of the largest perineal/vaginal tear, which can be combined with uni-or bilateral levator ani avulsion. Women with larger second-degree tears were more likely than women with smaller tears to report complications after eight weeks (OR 1.41 CI 1.21–1.64, p < 0.001) and one year (OR 1.27, CI 1.1–1.46, p < 0.001).ConclusionDetailed subclassifications of perineal and vaginal tears are implemented in the Swedish ICD-10 coding system and Swedish national registers. The outcomes after second-degree tears differ according to their extent, which corroborates the classification rationale. These subclassifications can be used in studies of preventive measures, treatment and patient-reported outcomes and experiences taking into account the extent of second-degree perineal tears at delivery.Trial registrationData regarding women were prospectively collected from the National perineal laceration register (PLR) from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2022.

Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease distinguished by the gradual and progressive loss of melanocytes, resulting in loss of pigmentation of macules and patches over the skin. The disease's pathophysiology is complex, involving genetic predispositions, environmental triggers, and immune-mediated inflammation, which collectively result in the destruction of myelocytes by autoreactive CD8+ T cells. During the course of the disease, the occurrence of a sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is associated with a wide range of factors, including age, age of onset, gender, type and site of vitiligo, and disease duration.To study sensorineural hearing loss in vitiligo patients. This study was conducted in a tertiary care center over a period of one year. A total of 100 patients were included in the study after obtaining informed and written consent from each participant. The results of the audiometry tests were used to classify the patients into different categories of hearing loss based on the WHO classification system. The majority of cases with SNHL are observed in the 41-60 years age group, accounting for 66.7% of the total hearing loss cases. The younger age groups (1-20 years and 21-40 years) show significantly lower rates, 11.1% and 22.2% independently. More than 40 years of age at onset is linked with the development of disease, with male gender comprising 88.9% of the total cases, whereas in the females the numbers are as low as 11.1%. The remarkable risk factors include younger male age group, later onset of the disease, involvement of the head and neck region with prolonged duration of the disease. Preliminary screening and early detection of hearing loss in patients with vitiligo, its monitoring and active interventional planning is recommended for patients having the risk factors to expect the correct treatment and absolute reversal. All cases of vitiligo must be vigilantly screened for hearing loss for accurate and timely prevention as well as treatment.