Whitening Cosmetics Research Articles

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN MOTIVASI DENGAN PERILAKU IBU HAMIL MENGGUNAKAN KOSMETIK PEMUTIH

Fenomena penggunaan kosmetik pemutih Non-BPOM oleh ibu hamil masih banyak di lakukan karena sebagian mereka menganggap itu sebagai kebutuhan yang memang harus dilakukan. Tidak hanya itu saja tapi penggunaan kosmetik pemutih Non-BPOM oleh ibu hamil juga di lakukan karena adanya rendahnya pengetahuan akan dampak dan kandungan kosmetik dan masih tingginya motivasi ibu hamil untuk mempercantik diri. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dan motivasi dengan perilaku ibu hamil menggunakan kosmetik pemutih Desa Baturejo Kabupaten Pati. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan analitik korelatif, dengan pendekatan crossectional. Sample dalam penelitian ada 34 ibu hamil. Teknik dalam penelitian menggunakan teknik random sampling. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah chi square. Hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa sebagian besar ibu hamil memiliki pengetahuan cukup tentang kosmetik pemutih dan mempunyai motivasi tinggi dalam menggunakan kosmetik yang mendorong ibu hamil berperilaku menggunakan kosmetik. Hasil bivariat pada variabel pengetahuan dengan nilai, p value 0,005< 0,05 yang berarti ada hubungan antara pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan perilaku ibu hamil menggunakan kosmetik pemutih bebas dipasaran (Non-Bpom)di Desa Baturejo Kabupaten Pati. Sedangkan variabel motivasi diperoleh nilai p value 0,005 < 0,05 yang berati ada hubungan antara motivasi ibu hamil dengan perilaku ibu hamil menggunakan kosmetik pemutih bebas dipasaran (Non-Bpom) di Desa Baturejo Kabupaten Pati.
 
 Kata kunci: pengetahuan, motivasi, perilaku ibu hamil yang menggunakan kosmetik pemutih
 
 RELATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE AND MOTIVATION WITH THE BEHAVIOR 
 OF PREGNANT WOMEN USING WHITENING COSMETICS
 
 ABSTRACT
 The phenomenon of using Non-BPOM whitening cosmetics by pregnant women is still a lot in doing because some of them consider it to be a necessity that should be done. Not only that alone but the use of whitening cosmetics Non-BPOM by pregnant women is also done because of the lack of knowledge of the impact and content of cosmetics, motivation and self-esteem. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship of knowledge and motivation to the behavior of pregnant women using whitening cosmetics in Baturejo Village Pati district. The research draft uses correlative analytic, with a crossectional approach. The Sample in the study was 34 pregnant women. Techniques in research using random sampling techniques. The statistical test used was Chi Square. The results of the study obtained data that most pregnant women have sufficient knowledge about cosmetic whitening and have a high motivation in using cosmetics that encourages pregnant women to behave using cosmetics. Result sufficient in knowledge variable with value, p value 0.005 < 0.05 which means there is a relationship between the knowledge of pregnant women with the behavior of pregnant women using a free whitening cosmetics in the market (non-Bpom) in Baturejo Village Pati district. While the motivation variable obtained the value of P value 0.005 < 0.05 that has a relationship between the motivation of pregnant women with the behavior of pregnant women using a free whitening cosmetics in the market (Non-Bpom) in the village Baturejo Pati District 
 
 Keywords: knowledge, motivation, behavior pregnant women who use whitening cosmetics

Recombinant lignin peroxidase-catalyzed decolorization of melanin using in-situ generated H2O2 for application in whitening cosmetics

Lignin peroxidase has high potential as ingredient in skin whitening cosmetics due to its high redox potential to oxidize recalcitrant melanin. Currently crude mixtures of lignin peroxidase from fungal fermentation are usually applied to cosmetics due to the intrinsic difficulties of expression and purification. However, the present study focused on heterologous expression and purification of lignin peroxidase isozyme H8 (LiPH8) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium and was further used for melanin decolorization. Results revealed that the optimum pH for melanin decolorization using LiPH8 was obtained at pH 4.0. The intermittent feeding of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was effectively elevating melanin decolorization efficiency up to 73%, since excessive H2O2 inactivated LiPH8. For cosmetic application, intermittent feeding of H2O2 is not feasible, thus glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger was employed for in-situ generation of H2O2. By optimizing the GOx and glucose concentrations, a melanin decolorization efficiency up to 63.3 ± 2.4% was obtained within 1 h and continued to 84.0 ± 1.8% in 8 h. Conclusively, lignin peroxidase-catalyzed decolorization of melanin with in-situ generated H2O2 revealed a promising approach for whitening cosmetics applications.

Safety and efficacy of tyrosinase inhibition of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews extracts on human melanoma cells.

The development of tyrosinase inhibitors is a hot research topic. Recently, the Chinese herb Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, commonly named as Cortex Moutan (CM), was reported as being capable of reducing melanogenesis. We developed an A2058 human melanoma cell model to test the safety and efficacy of tyrosinase inhibition. The aim was to further clarify the bioactivities of CM extracts and paeonol for the purpose of skin whitening. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory effects of water and ethanol CM extracts were determined. Cellular inhibitions of tyrosinase and melanin production were also evaluated. Water and ethanol CM extracts were both shown to have strong DPPH scavenging abilities in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content was higher in the ethanol CM extract compared to the water extract, while the flavanone content was comparable. Kinetic analyses revealed that the ethanol CM extract and paeonol are noncompetitive tyrosinase inhibitors. The cellular melanin content and l-DOPA oxidation assays demonstrated that the ethanol CM extract was an appropriate alternative whitening agent to paeonol and arbutin in ultraviolet-induced A2058 human melanoma cells. The results of this study suggest that a human cell model is more suitable for determining tyrosinase activity than mouse cell models for determining cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin production. The ethanol CM extract was also confirmed as a promising ingredient in sun protection and skin whitening cosmetics. Future work should focus on melanogenesis-related gene expressions.

PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI GELLING AGENT HPMC (Hidroxypropyl methylcellulose) TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK GEL EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI EDAMAME (Glycine max)

Edamame seeds (glycine max (L) merr) is a soybean variety that is harvested while still young. Isoflavones present in soybeans such as deidzein, glycitein, and genistein have activity in inhibiting the tyrosinase enzyme to achieve skin lightening effects for skin whitening cosmetics. In this study the gel was formulated with HPMC (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) 2%, 3%, 5% as a gel forming agent. Evaluation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The results of organoleptic evaluation of gel form in formula 1 fulfill the requirements, in formula 2 and 3 do not meet the requirements. The physical properties of the odor and color organoleptic formulas 1, 2, and 3 are eligible. in the homogeneity test of formulas 1, 2, and 3 are homogen. In the pH test formula 1,2,3 fulfills skin pH susceptibility pH 6. In the viscosity test of formula 1 250 dPa.S, Formula 2 500 dPa.S and formula 3 800 dPa.S.in the spread test of formula 1 it is 4.4cm, formula 2 is 3.8cm, and formula 3 is 3.7cm. From the results test of the Formula 1 (2% HPMC) meets all physical requirements of the gels. Keywords :Gel, HPMC, Sifat Fisik Edamame

Logam Merkuri pada Masker Pemutih Wajah di Pasar Martapura

<p style="text-align: justify;">Currently, many brands and types of skin whitening cosmetics can be found on the market. Not all products are safe for consumers. Illegal or non-licensed cosmetics from BPOM are suspect because unlisted cosmetics tend to contain harmful chemicals such as mercury (Hg). Mercury (Hg) was including harmful heavy metals. The use of mercury has been banned since 1998 through PERMENKES RI No. 445 of 1998, where mercury in small concentrations can be toxic. Negative effects of mercury such as allergies, skin irritation and permanent damage to the nervous system, kidney, brain and disrupt the development of the fetus, especially when used in high doses. The aim of this study was to know whether there is mercury content on bleach mask that sold in Martapura market in March 2017. This study used a descriptive method and the sample was taken by purposive sampling technique. There were 10 samples of face bleach mask that cost around Rp5.000,00 - Rp20.000,00. Based on the results of 10 samples taken at Martapura market, 3 samples contained mercury of face bleach mask. The conclusion of this study is that mercury still used as bleach on the facial in the Martapura market. Therefore, BPOM needs more supervision and intensive counseling about the risk of bleaching cosmetics containing mercury, so the consumer can be careful in choosing cosmetics.

Review] Development of Stable Vitamin C and Its Application to Whitening Cosmetics

Review] Development of Stable Vitamin C and Its Application to Whitening Cosmetics

Anti-melanogenic effect of gomisin N from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon (Schisandraceae) in melanoma cells.

Overproduction and accumulation of melanin in the skin can lead to pigmentation disorders, such as freckles and melasma. Many researchers are studying the regulation of melanogenesis in the skin with the aim of developing whitening cosmetics. In this study, bioactivity-guided separation of the hexane fraction of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon extract yielded five major compounds, β-chamigrenal, α-ylangenol, gomisin N, gomisin A, and schisandrin. The structures were identified by using 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and comparing the spectral data with published data. Melanogenesis inhibitory activity assay in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 mouse melanoma cells revealed that gomisin N was the active component and significantly inhibited melanin synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, we evaluated the mechanism underlying its anti-melanogenic effect. Gomisin N inhibited the expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in B16F10 cells, while it did not affect cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. Additionally, gomisin N activated AKT phosphorylation, which inhibits MITF expression. Thus, our results strongly suggest that the active compound, gomisin N, has potential for use in cosmetics to reduce hyperpigmentation.

Tranexamic acid inhibits melanogenesis by activating the autophagy system in cultured melanoma cells

BackgroundAs interest in skin beauty increases, the development of new skin whitening agents has attracted substantial attention; however, the action mechanism of the agents developed so far remains largely unknown. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is commonly being used to reduce melanin synthesis in patients with melasma and also used as a raw material for functional whitening cosmetics, although its action mechanism is poorly understood. Autophagy has been well known to be essential for tissue homeostasis, adaptation to starvation, and removal of dysfunctional organelles or pathogens. Recent studies have shown that autophagy regulators might have prominent roles in the initial formation stage of the melanosome, a lysosome-related organelle synthesizing melanin pigments. However, there is still no direct evidence showing a relationship between the activation of the autophagy system and the melanogenesis. ObjectiveTo investigate whether TXA can inhibit melanogenesis through the activation of autophagy in a melanoma cell line. MethodsB16-F1 melanoma cells were treated with TXA and the levels of autophagy- and melanogenesis-related proteins were determined by Western blottings. The direct effect of TXA-mediated autophagy activation on melanin production was further evaluated by transfecting the cells with 60 pmols of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)-targeting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the autophagy-related protein 5 (Atg5). ResultsThe results of Western blottings showed that TXA enhanced the production of autophagy-related proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, Beclin-1, Atg12, and light chain 3 (LC3) I–II, whereas it decreased the synthesis of the mTOR complex. Confocal microscopy clearly showed that TXA treatment resulted in the formation of autophagosomes in B16-F1 cells, as revealed by immunostaining with an anti-LC3 antibody. The production of melanogenesis-associated proteins, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein 1 and 2 (TRP1/2), were clearly downregulated by the treatments with TXA. These results suggest that TXA can mediate a decrease in melanin synthesis by alleviating the production of tyrosinase and TRP1/2, along with lowered MITF protein levels. Furthermore, after treatment with TXA, siRNAs- targeting to mTOR and Atg5 increased melanin synthesis by 20% and 40%, respectively, compared to that in non-transfected cells, in a dose-dependent manner. These results further confirmed that TXA can inhibit melanogenesis by activating the autophagy system. ConclusionCollectively, the results demonstrate that TXA can reduce melanin synthesis in melanoma B16-F1 cells by activating the ERK signaling pathway and the autophagy system.

In vitro Anti-Tyrosinase Activity of Viscumneoside III and Homoflavoyadorinin B Isolated from Korean Mistletoe (Viscum album)

Various bioactive substances are found in mistletoe, including viscumneoside III (1) and homoflavoyadorinin B (2), both which inhibit tyrosinase. These two compounds are mainly found in the EtOAc fraction of the mistletoe extract and demonstrate higher rates of tyrosinase inhibition than ascorbic acid, which was used as a control. Our results suggest that mistletoe extracts can be utilized in skin whitening cosmetics.

Skin Whitening Cosmetics: Feedback and Challenges in the Development of Natural Skin Lighteners

With the public’s growing interest in skin whitening, lightening ingredients only used under dermatological supervision until recently, are more and more frequently incorporated into cosmetic formulas. The active agents that lighten skin tone are either natural or synthetic substances, and may act at various levels of melanogenesis. They are used to treat various skin pigmentation disorders or simply to obtain a lighter skin tone as whiter skin may be synonymous of wealth, health, youth, and/or beauty in different cultures. However, recent studies demonstrated the adverse effects of some of these ingredients, leading to their interdiction or restricted use under the European Directive and several other international regulations. After an overview of skin whitening practices and the associated risks, this article provides insight into the mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis and the biological assays available to attest the lightening activity of individual ingredients. The legislation dealing with the use of skin lighteners is then discussed. As traditional depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone and corticosteroids are of safety concern, the potential of natural extracts has been investigated more and more; finally, a synthesis of three years of research in our laboratory for such plant extracts will be given.

Efficacy Evaluation of Whitening Cosmetics

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Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of Quercetin

Whitening cosmetics with anti-melanogenesis activity are very popular worldwide. Many companies have tried to identify novel ingredients that show anti-melanogenesis effects for new product development. Among many plant-derived compounds, polyphenols are thought to be one of the most promising anti-melanogenesis ingredients. In order to prepare effective whitening polyphenols, 3,3,4,5,7-pentahydrosyflavone (quercetin) has been widely researched and applied to commercial products because it is present in high levels in many edible plants. Quercetin is thus a representative polyphenol and has recently gained attention in the cosmetics field. There are many controversies, however, regarding the effect of quercetin, based on in vitro studies, cell line experiments, and human trials. In this review, toxicity and efficacy data for quercetin and its derivatives in various experimental conditions (i.e., various cell lines, concentration ranges, and other parameters) were examined. Based on this analysis, quercetin itself is shown to be ineffective for hypopigmentation of human skin. However, a few types of quercetin derivatives (such as glycosides) show some activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This review provides clarity in the debate regarding the effects of quercetin.

A Study on the Effects of Perceived Quality on Whitening Cosmetics’ Satisfaction and Repurchase : Focused on University Students

A Study on the Effects of Perceived Quality on Whitening Cosmetics’ Satisfaction and Repurchase : Focused on University Students

A Study on the Effects of Perceived Quality on Whitening Cosmetics’ Satisfaction and Repurchase : Focused on University Students

A Study on the Effects of Perceived Quality on Whitening Cosmetics’ Satisfaction and Repurchase : Focused on University Students

Rhododenol and raspberry ketone impair the normal proliferation of melanocytes through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of GADD45

Rhododenol or rhododendrol (RD, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol) occurs naturally in many plants along with raspberry ketone (RK, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone), a ketone derivative, which include Nikko maple tree (Acer nikoense) and white birch (Betula platyphylla). De-pigmenting activity of RD was discovered and it was used as a brightening ingredient for the skin whitening cosmetics. Recently, cosmetics containing RD were withdrawn from the market because a number of consumers developed leukoderma, inflammation and erythema on their face, neck and hands. Here, we explored the mechanism underlying the toxicity of RD and RK against melanocytes using B16F10 murine melanoma cells and human primary epidermal melanocytes. Treatment with RD or RK resulted in the decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner which appeared from cell growth arrest. Consistently, ROS generation was significantly increased by RD or RK as determined by DCF-enhanced fluorescence. An antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase was depleted as well. In line with ROS generation, oxidative damages and the arrest of normal cell proliferation, GADD genes (Growth Arrest and DNA Damage) that include GADD45 and GADD153, were significantly up-regulated. Prevention of ROS generation with an anti-oxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly rescued RD and RK-suppressed melanocyte proliferation. Consistently, up-regulation of GADD45 and GADD153 was significantly attenuated by NAC, suggesting that increased ROS and the resultant growth arrest of melanocytes may contribute to RD and RK-induced leukoderma.

New Whitening Constituents from Taiwan-Native Pyracantha koidzumii: Structures and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Analysis in Human Epidermal Melanocytes.

Nontoxic natural products useful in skin care cosmetics are of considerable interest. Tyrosinase is a rate-limiting enzyme for which its inhibitor is useful in developing whitening cosmetics. Pyracantha koidzumii (Hayata) Rehder is an endemic species in Taiwan that exhibits tyrosinase-inhibitory activity. To find new active natural compounds from P. koidzumii, we performed bioguided isolation and studied the related activity in human epidermal melanocytes. In total, 13 compounds were identified from P. koidzumii in the present study, including two new compounds, 3,6-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-dibenzofuran (9) and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl-2ʹ-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), as well as 11 known compounds. The new compound 13 exhibited maximum potency in inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity, the protein expression of cellular tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-2, as well as the mRNA expression of Paired box 3 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in a concentration-dependent manner. In the enzyme kinetic assay, the new compound 13 acted as an uncompetitive mixed-type inhibitor against the substrate l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and had a Km value against this substrate of 0.262 mM, as calculated using the Lineweaver–Burk plots. Taken together, our findings show compound 13 exhibits tyrosinase inhibition in human melanocytes and compound 13 may be a potential candidate for use in cosmetics.

Square Wave Voltammetric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Bleaching Agents in Skin Cosmetics

Skin pigmentation disorders due to melanin excess, could have different causes. Kojic acid (KA) and hydroquinone (HQ) are depigmenting agents widely associated in pharmaceutical formulations to treat skin pigmentation disorders. An electroanalytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of these bleaching agents in skin whitening cosmetics. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) experiments were performed using a potentiostat/galvanostat µAutolab (Type III, Metrohm-Eco Chemie). A conventional three-electrode cell containing a glassy carbon (GCE) as working electrode (A=7,07 mm2), Pt disc (A=12,57 mm2) as counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (saturated aqueous KCl) as reference electrode were employed. Before use and between potential scans, the GCE surface was polished. Kojic acid exhibits a well-defined irreversible oxidation peak at 0.72V and hydroquinone a quasi-reversible redox peaks at 0.08 V and -0.02 V, characterized by adsorptive and diffusional processes, respectively. The influence of the pH was examined over the pH range from 2 until 8 in 0.04 mol L-1 Britton-Robinson buffer solution, the KA and HQ peaks potential shifts negatively with the increase of the pH value, due to the participation of protons in the oxidations processes. Others buffer solutions were examined at pH 8 and Mcllvaine was chosen to subsequent analytical purposes. The square wave voltammetric parameters were optimized by 23 Full Factorial Design including a central point assayed in quintuplicate. The statistical treatment of the data showed that the main effects and interaction effect of amplitude vs. frequency were significant at 95% confidence level. The best response is obtained at a= 40 mV, f= 40 s-1 and ΔES = 1mV. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves were obtained in the concentration ranges of 3.5x10-5 to 2.5x10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0.9996) for kojic acid and 1.5x10-5 to 1.6x10-4 mol L-1 (R= 0.9994) for hydroquinone, with detection limits of 7.84x10-6 mol L-1 and 3.71x10-6 mol L-1 for KA and HQ, respectively. The proposed method was validated under parameters: specificity, linearity, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) and accuracy considering Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) and International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The developed and validated method has been successfully applied to the direct simultaneous determination of these compounds in real samples (gel and cream).

미백과 항산화에 미치는 백복령, 감초, 유백피 추출 혼합물의 영향

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to lead to oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA and cause skin damage. Moreover, ROS promote melanogenesis, which causes melasma, age spots, and freckle. The main compounds of the herbal medicines Poria cocas, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Ulmus macrocarpa were reported to be parchymic acid, glabridin, and flavonoids, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the whitening and antioxidant effects of a mixture of P. cocas, G. uralensis, and U. macrocarpa extracts (PGUE) in B16F1 cells to develop whitening cosmetics. PGUE inhibited DPPH radicals and lipid peroxidation, in addition to high reduction power, compared with Glycyrrhiza uralensis ethylacetate extracts (GUEE). Furthermore, PGUE exhibited a protective effect against DNA oxidation induced by the hydroxyl radicals. In addition to its antioxidant activity, the inhibitory activity of PGUE against tyrosinase, which is associated with melanogenesis, was greater than that of arbutin used as a positive control. Moreover, PGUE exerted an inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis in live melanoma cells and reduced the expression levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1). These results indicate that PGUE has skin whitening and antioxidant effects, suggesting that this mixture can be used as the main ingredient in the development of effective whitening cosmetics.

Tyrosinase 및 TRP-2의 발현 억제를 통한 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 Melanin 생성 저해 효과

황칠나무는 한국의 남부 해안 및 제주도 등에서 자생하는 식물이다. 본 연구에서는 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 미백 활성의 원인을 규명하고자 연구를 수행하였다. <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-MSH로 자극된 B16 melanoma 세포에 대한 추출물의 멜라닌 생합성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 추출물은 25 및 <TEX>$50{\mu}g/mL$</TEX> 농도에서 유의적으로 멜라닌 함량을 감소시켰으며, 세포 내의 tyrosinase 활성뿐만 아니라 tyrosinase와 TRP-2의 단백질 발현도 상당히 저해하였다. 결과적으로, 황칠나무 잎 추출물은 세포 내의 tyrosinase활성과 멜라닌 생합성에 직접적으로 관련된 효소의 발현을 저해함으로써 미백효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과는 황칠나무 잎 추출물이 새로운 미백 화장품의 원료로써 이용 가능함을 시사한다. Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera) grows in the southern coastal areas and on Jeju Island in Korea. In this study, D. morbifera leaf extract was investigated to determine the mechanism of its whitening effect. The inhibitory activities of the extract on melanogenesis were tested in B16 melanoma cells treated with the <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-melanocyte stimulating hormone (<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-MSH). D. morbifera leaf extracts remarkably decreased the melanin content at 25 and <TEX>$50{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>. The extracts significantly inhibited the intracellular tyrosinase activity and protein expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2). In conclusion, D. morbifera leaf extracts would show a whitening effect by inhibiting intracellular tyrosinase activities and the expression of enzymes directly involved in the melanin biosynthesis. The results indicate that fractions of D. morbifera leaf extracts show potential for application as a whitening agent in the new whitening cosmetics.

Trace-level Lead Analysis in Environmental Water and Whitening Cosmetics Based on Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination

Trace-level Lead Analysis in Environmental Water and Whitening Cosmetics Based on Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination