Suppression of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) expression stimulates immunity and enhances white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) resistance in Penaeus vannamei.

XBP1 and ATF4 inhibit WSSV replication and promote host survival by modulating Spatzle expression in Macrobrachium nipponense.

Genipin dismantles WSSV's metabolic support system by targeting PC and PEPCK in shrimp.

Evaluation of white spot syndrome virus genome stability across serial passages.

An adaptor protein CRK mediates antiviral immunity against white spot syndrome virus via JAK/STAT signaling pathway in Cherax quadricarinatus.

An aminopeptidase N homolog is associated with white spot syndrome virus infection susceptibility in Penaeus japonicus.

Multi-target inhibitors of white spot syndrome virus envelope proteins (VP28, VP26, and VP24) to protect shrimp (Penaeus monodon): An integrated virtual screening, pharmacokinetic, and molecular dynamics study.

Development of TaqMan qPCR and MIRA detection methods of Hepatospora eriocheir in Chinese mitten crab.

Activation of host endogenous reverse transcriptase in response to white spot syndrome virus infection in Penaeus monodon.

Arylsulfatase LvArs2 regulates glycosaminoglycan sulfation and modulates white spot syndrome virus burden in Litopenaeus vannamei

Green silver nanoparticles as a potential control strategy against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: Efficacy and toxicity evaluation in goldfish, Carassius auratus.

Integrating Contrast Colour Correction (CACC) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) can help fish breeders in earlier classification and identification of Cryptocaryon fish disease (protozoan white spot disease). Disease identification accuracy is enhanced through such method by adaptive colour changes and CNN feature extracting ability, thereby boosting underwater image clarity. Unlike traditional rule-based systems that relies on expert knowledge despite being error-prone, existing methods focus on visual quality without classifying impact influence. Early disease identification is hampered in terms of efficiency due to machine learning methods reliant on abundant human expertise other than efficient feature extracting. An artificial intelligence (AI)-oriented computer model is introduced for existing research in overcoming limitations and eliminating subjectivity. The model employs a proprietary method of diagnosing fish disease through underwater images examination that yields objective outcome. Several CNN structures such as GoogleNet, ResNet-101, AlexNet, ResNet-50 as well as VGG-16 are tested on its performance. The current study shows integration of CACC with CNN through a set of 15000 images boosting up model performance in Cryptocaryon fish disease detection. The introduced novel method significantly enhances performance with 99.53% accuracy, 99.08% precision along with 100.00% recall. This efficient, accurate approach can significantly reduce the workload of experts and fish farmers while promoting sustainable aquaculture and healthier aquatic ecosystems. • Contrast-Adaptive Colour Correction (CACC) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) enhance fish images for accurate Cryptocaryon fish disease detection. • 6500 image datasets from National Fish Health Research aids AI training and testing. • One of the CNN architectures, ResNet50 outperforms others with 99.52 % accuracy. • 99 % accuracy across key metrics ensures early disease detection. • AI-driven approach supports sustainable aquaculture and reduces losses.

ABSTRACT White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) devastates shrimp aquaculture, yet safe antivirals remain scarce. Here we identify a druggable host-directed pathway centered on hemocyanin (HMC). This pathway coordinates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial crosstalk to promote WSSV replication, which could be counteracted by the natural anthraquinone emodin. In Litopenaeus vannamei, emodin suppressed viral replication with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.174 μM, improved survival in both therapeutic and prophylactic regimens, remained effective after per os administration, and retained antiviral activity in water for up to 4 d. Target fishing, orthogonal biophysics, and docking analyses show that emodin binds HMC (Kd = 4.49 μM) and interferes with HMC-HSPA5/BiP (heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5) association. Mechanistically, emodin weakens the ITPR/IP3R (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor)-VDAC (voltage dependent anion channel)-MCU (mitochondrial calcium uniporter) conduit at ER-mitochondrial contact sites, thereby limiting Ca2+ transfer, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and organelle spacing, and attenuating ER stress. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that WSSV induced phosphoinositide and amino acid dysregulation, whereas emodin selectively normalizes phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and phosphatidylinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns[1,4,5]P3) signaling and rebalances amino acid, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates. Correspondingly, emodin inhibited phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT/protein kinase B-MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) complex 1 (MTORC1) signaling and restored lysosome-dependent macroautophagy/autophagy. HMC RNAi or ITPR and MCU inhibition phenocopied emodin, whereas exogenous HMC or ER stress activation exacerbated infection and was mitigated by emodin or MCU blockade. These findings establish HMC-anchored ER-mitochondrial contact as a central proviral vulnerability and position emodin as a practical scaffold for next-generation antivirals in aquaculture.

The membrane receptor Basigin facilitates WSSV infection by binding envelope proteins and suppressing antiviral gene expression in shrimp.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes severe economic losses globally. Although RNA interference (RNAi) is a key antiviral defense in crustaceans, the co-existence of WSSV mRNA and siRNA observed in Fenneropenaeus chinensis during acute infection suggests dysfunction of the RNA-induced silencing complex. This led us to investigate whether WSSV encodes viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to counteract host RNAi pathways at this stage. Through an integrated computational and experimental approach, we identified a hypothetical protein of WSSV, GP017 (YP_009220491.1), as a potential VSR. Computational docking revealed a potential interaction between GP017 and shrimp Argonaute 2 (AGO2), a core RNAi component. A mammalian cell-based reversal-of-silencing assay demonstrated that GP017 restored GFP expression by suppressing RNAi-mediated silencing in HEK293T cells, with an efficacy comparable to that of the well-characterized VSR P19. Furthermore, yeast 2-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed an interaction between GP017 and shrimp AGO2, supporting its role as a VSR. Bioinformatic analyses suggest a coordinated regulatory model for gp017, in which viral proteins WSV500 and WSV083 may interact with high-potential promoter regions. These findings provide the initial evidence of a WSSV-encoded VSR, offering insights into viral immune evasion and potential targets for antiviral strategies in shrimp aquaculture.

Bursicon homodimers enhance the expression of innate immune genes and delay WSSV-induced mortality in Litopenaeusvannamei.

• Biofloc systems enhance immunological resilience in Litopenaeus vannamei through microbiota modulation, innate immune activation, and antioxidant strengthening. • Microbial metabolites and MAMPs within biofloc stimulate hemocyte activity, AMP expression, and pathogen surveillance mechanisms. • Improved water quality and nutrient-rich microbial biomass reduce physiological stress and support stable immune homeostasis. • Variability in BFT performance underscores the need for standardized immune markers, molecular characterization, and long-term monitoring. • Future directions include multi-omics integration, immune-targeted probiotics, biofloc–vaccine synergies, and climate-resilient BFT system innovation. Biofloc Technology (BFT) is recognized as an ecologically sustainable aquaculture method that improves water quality, enhances nutrient recycling, and increases disease resilience in cultured crustaceans, especially Litopenaeus vannamei . Initially designed to mitigate environmental impact and decrease reliance on water exchange, recent findings suggest that biofloc systems have significant immunomodulatory effects, driven by intricate interactions among host, microbes, and the environment. This review consolidates existing mechanistic insights regarding the influence of BFT on immune function in shrimps, focusing on microbiota modulation, innate immune activation, antioxidant enhancement, and exposure to bioactive microbial metabolites. Biofloc systems promote stable and diverse microbial communities that effectively exclude pathogens, enhance beneficial taxa, and provide immunostimulatory microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that activate hemocyte and humoral responses. Furthermore, enhanced water quality and nutrient-dense microbial biomass jointly mitigate oxidative stress, promote physiological homeostasis, and bolster resistance to bacterial and viral pathogens, such as Vibrio spp. and white spot syndrome virus. Comparative analyses of biofloc and conventional systems demonstrate the enhanced immunological, nutritional, and environmental efficacy of BFT. However, they also identify significant limitations, such as inconsistent outcomes stemming from variable system management, insufficient long-term immune data, and a limited comprehension of the molecular pathways that regulate host responses. To address these knowledge gaps, standardized immune markers, integrated multiomics analyses, and farm-scale validation are necessary. This review presents a mechanistic framework for enhancing BFT as an immune-focused, climate-resilient approach to sustainable crustacean aquaculture.

The royal whiptail catfish Sturisoma panamense is a high-value ornamental freshwater species with increasing market demand but limited standardized aquaculture protocols. This study aimed to evaluate breeding performance, larval and juvenile rearing management, and business feasibility of S. panamense cultured at Tetra Aquaria Farm, Sukabumi, West Java, over a 45-day period. Broodstock (1.5 years old) were maintained in glass aquaria (100 × 50 × 40 cm) at a male-to-female ratio of 1:2 and fed frozen bloodworms twice daily. Spawning occurred naturally without hormonal induction, with males exhibiting parental care. A total of 1,481 eggs were produced across spawning events, with an average fecundity of 296 eggs per spawning. The mean fertilization rate and hatching rate were 96.6% and 94.8%, respectively, exceeding previously reported values. Larvae were reared in plastic trays at a density of 25 individuals per container and fed a spirulina-enriched paste diet. The average survival rate during the 14-day larval phase reached 90.4%. Juveniles were subsequently reared in styrofoam boxes until reaching a market size of 4–5 cm, fed chopped Tubifex sp., and maintained under optimal temperature conditions (23–26°C). White spot disease Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was controlled through preventive salt application and routine sanitation. Economic analysis indicated total annual revenue of IDR 43,520,000 with a profit of IDR 6,412,620, an R/C ratio of 1.17, a break-even point of 4,585 units, and a payback period of 1.7 years. These results demonstrate that standardized breeding and rearing management can enhance reproductive success and confirm the technical and economic feasibility of royal whiptail catfish hatchery operations.

Virus-like particles as antiviral strategies against shrimp viral diseases.

Viral infection affects host lipid metabolism. This process depletes the host's lipids to support viral replication. Pvf/Pvr signaling is widely involved in host physiological processes, but its role in viral infection has not been clarified. We demonstrate that Pvf/Pvr signaling exerts an antiviral effect by relieving the lipid consumption caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in shrimp. This study provides new insights into the effects of Pvf/Pvr signaling on antiviral immunity and highlights the complexity of lipid metabolism under WSSV infection.