White Panel Research Articles

P‐178: White OLED Panel with RGBW Color Filters Based on Dual‐Plate OLED Display (DOD) Structure

AbstractWe report new DOD structure employing WOLED with color filters patterning RGBW sub‐pixels. The DOD structure consists of the top plate on which organic layer was evaporated and the bottom plate involving TFT arrays. for white OLED, the top plate contains reformulated RGBW color filters and an overcoat layer. The EL efficiency of one‐stacked WOLED is 18.7 cd/A with CIE x, y coordinates of (0.31, 0.35) at 4.3 mA/cm2. By combining WOLED and the DOD structure using a‐Si backplane, we obtained the high aperture ratio up to 67% in the panel having the same pixel size for 32 ″ Full HD, and use of color filters developed for our WOLED enables color gamut to become wider than the 100% NTSC in uniform color space (u',v').

Performance of Three Reflectance Calibration Methods for Airborne Hyperspectral Spectrometer Data

In this study, the performances and accuracies of three methods for converting airborne hyperspectral spectrometer data to reflectance factors were characterized and compared. The “reflectance mode (RM)” method, which calibrates a spectrometer against a white reference panel prior to mounting on an aircraft, resulted in spectral reflectance retrievals that were biased and distorted. The magnitudes of these bias errors and distortions varied significantly, depending on time of day and length of the flight campaign. The “linear-interpolation (LI)” method, which converts airborne spectrometer data by taking a ratio of linearly-interpolated reference values from the preflight and post-flight reference panel readings, resulted in precise, but inaccurate reflectance retrievals. These reflectance spectra were not distorted, but were subject to bias errors of varying magnitudes dependent on the flight duration length. The “continuous panel (CP)” method uses a multi-band radiometer to obtain continuous measurements over a reference panel throughout the flight campaign, in order to adjust the magnitudes of the linear-interpolated reference values from the preflight and post-flight reference panel readings. Airborne hyperspectral reflectance retrievals obtained using this method were found to be the most accurate and reliable reflectance calibration method. The performances of the CP method in retrieving accurate reflectance factors were consistent throughout time of day and for various flight durations. Based on the dataset analyzed in this study, the uncertainty of the CP method has been estimated to be 0.0025 ± 0.0005 reflectance units for the wavelength regions not affected by atmospheric absorptions. The RM method can produce reasonable results only for a very short-term flight (e.g., < 15 minutes) conducted around a local solar noon. The flight duration should be kept shorter than 30 minutes for the LI method to produce results with reasonable accuracies. An important advantage of the CP method is that the method can be used for long-duration flight campaigns (e.g., 1-2 hours). Although this study focused on reflectance calibration of airborne spectrometer data, the methods evaluated in this study and the results obtained are directly applicable to ground spectrometer measurements.

Rabbit preference for cages and pens with or without mirrors

Five-week-old Pannon White rabbits were housed in a closed climatized rabbitry and randomly assigned to either pens (56 rabbits) having a basic area of 1 m 2 with a stocking density of 16 and 12 rabbits/m 2 or to 18 individual cages (0.24 m 2/cage). The pens and the cages were divided into two halves and animals could move freely between the two halves through swing doors. The walls of one half of the pens and cages were completely covered with mirrors while the other half was covered with white plastic panels. A 24 h video recording was made twice a week using infrared cameras and the number of rabbits in each pen and cage was counted every 15 min. The duration of the trial was 6 weeks. The lighting period was 16L/8D. In each half of the cage or pen, a feeder and nipple drinkers were available and feed intake was measured separately. Throughout the entire rearing period, 72% of the individually caged rabbits showed a preference for the cage half enriched with mirrors ( P < 0.001). This preference decreased slightly with increasing age. Preference toward the cage half provided with mirror walls was independent of the time of day; in other words, during the active period (23:00–05:00) corresponding to the dark part of the day, rabbits continued to prefer the mirrored half even if the vision of the reflected image was reduced. The presence of conspecifics at different stocking densities (12 vs. 16 rabbits/m 2) did not reduce this interest in mirrors: averaging the ages, 66% of animals living at 16 rabbits/m 2 stocking density and 63% of those living at 12 rabbits/m 2 density were found in the half pen with mirrors ( P < 0.001). Group-penned rabbits showed a marked preference toward mirrors during the active period (73–76% for 12 and 16 rabbits/m 2 stocking densities, respectively; P < 0.001). The results suggest that the presence of mirrors offers advantages perhaps related to comfort and welfare, and therefore might be used as environmental enrichment for fattening rabbits and advised for rabbits caged individually for long periods.

Passive field reflectance measurements

The results of reflectance measurements performed with a three-band passive radiometer with independent channels for solar irradiance reference are presented. Comparative operation between the traditional method that uses downward-looking field and reference white panel measurements and the new approach involving duplicated downward- and upward-looking spectral channels (each latter one with its own diffuser) is analyzed. The results indicate that the latter method performs in very good agreement with the standard method and is more suitable for passive sensors under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions (such as clouds, dust, mist, smog and other scatterers), since a more reliable synchronous recording of reference and incident light is achieved. Besides, having separate channels for the reference and the signal allows a better balancing of gains in the amplifiers for each spectral channel. We show the results obtained in the determination of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) corresponding to the period 2004–2007 field experiments concerning weed detection in soybean stubbles and fertilizer level assessment in wheat. The method may be used to refine sensor-based nitrogen fertilizer rate recommendations and to determine suitable zones for herbicide applications.

61.1: Invited Paper: High Performance OLEDs for Displays and General Lighting

AbstractRecent progress in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) is discussed. High external quantum efficiency (EQE) of over 25% have been realized by using phosphorescent emitting materials, resulting in the high luminous efficiency of 130 lm/W for green OLED and 50 lm/W for white OLED. OLEDs with stacked structures were developed to improve driving lifetime. In these OLEDs, required drive current can be much reduced and lifetime of over 100,000 hrs were achieved. Luminares using white OLED panels were demonstrated.

Marine fouling community in the Eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt compared with four decades of previous studies

The aim of the present study is to compare the fouling communities between the years 1960 and 1999 in the Eastern harbour of Alexandria, Egypt and to study the main factors that may be controlling these communities. This comparison is based on monthly durations of panel immersion. By using roughened white polystyrene test panels (12.5x12.5 cm), monthly samples of marine fouling were collected from the harbour from October 1998 through September 1999. It is clear that a remarkable variation in number and diversity of fouling communities throughout the last four decades is evident. The minimum diversities were recorded during the studies of 1960 and 1970 (19 and 20 species respectively), while the maximum diversity (35 species) was achieved during the 1991 study. Moreover, a small shift among the four dominant groups (Polychaeta, Cirripedia, Bryozoa and Amphipoda) was noted during the four decades of the studies. The present comparison indicated that many factors may contribute to this variation, of which nutrient enrichment is the most important and the nature of the applied test panel is lees so.

Interview with Mary Starke Harper, PhD, RN, FAAN

&lt;H4&gt;EXCERPT&lt;/H4&gt;&lt;P&gt;Mary Starke Harper was a champion for improved health care for minorities, older adults, people who are economically disadvantaged, and people with mental illnesses. At the start of her career, Mary was a nursing student in Tuskegee where the syphilis experiments were being conducted. After working with the Veterans Administration for 30 years, she went on to serve on White House advisory panels for four Presidents, becoming director of the Office of Policy Development and Research for the Conference on Aging, and working at the National Institute of Mental Health. By the end of her career, Mary had been instrumental in providing funding for the education of an estimated 10,000 mental health care professionals. In 2005, I interviewed Mary as part of the Rutgers University iTV project, &lt;I&gt;In Her Own Words.&lt;/I&gt;&lt;/P&gt;

Ice Detection Capabilities under Aircraft Post Deicing Conditions

Human visual and tactile ice detection capabilities while inspecting deiced aircraft surfaces have not been quantified. Six male professional deicers from AeroMag 2000 Montreal participated in the experiment. We used a cold chamber to simulate one of the conditions experienced in the operational deicing environment. Ice samples were created by APS Aviation on white painted aluminum panels. Ice thicknesses ranged from 0.2 mm to 1.0 mm and were covered with aircraft deicing fluid. We used a two-alternative forced-choice procedure in which we showed a deicer a panel, then a second panel, and finally asked him to indicate on which of the two ice was present. Our data showed that, within the range of thicknesses we presented, deicers were unable to visually detect ice of any thickness on the white painted panels, but could easily detect ice using a tactile check.

Influence of wood wall panels on physiological and psychological responses

The effect of visual stimulation from wood on the body was examined in a comparative study using full-sized hinoki wall panels and a white steel wall panel. Continuous blood pressure measurements were used as the physiological indicator. Sensory evaluation by the semantic differential (SD) method and the profile of mood states (POMS) test were performed to determine changes in psychological impression. Results showed that visual stimulation from hinoki wall panels had an emotional and natural impression upon humans. Blood pressure decreased significantly in subjects who liked them, and there was no significant increase in blood pressure in subjects who disliked them. Visual stimulation from the white steel wall panel made an unhealthy and closed impression and increased the sense of depression. In addition, there was stress and a significant increase in blood pressure in subjects who disliked them. Consequently, visual stimulation from hinoki and white steel wall panels had different physiological and psychological effects. Results also showed that the same visual stimulation induced different physiological responses depending on the values of the individuals.

Role of Visual Contrast in the Alighting Behavior ofHarmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at Overwintering Sites

The multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) is often a pest during autumn, when large numbers take flight and subsequently land on and enter buildings. Open field experiments were conducted during the autumn flight to examine the role of linear contrast in visually attracting beetles. White targets printed with 61 by 15-cm stripes that varied in orientation and degree of contrast were covered in insect adhesive, attached to a white background panel, and erected in sites known to be attractive to flying beetles. Flights occurred when temperatures rose above 21°C. Diurnally, peak flight occurred between 1400 and 1600 hours but shifted progressively earlier within that framework as the flight season advanced. Beetles significantly chose targets with high contrast, black stripes; the number of beetles landing on all other contrast levels did not differ significantly from controls. Vertically positioned stripes attracted more beetles than horizontal ones, but not significantly. The effects of high contrast were absolute rather than relative. The number of beetles landing on targets with 50% contrast stripes did not increase when these were the highest contrast targets available. Results suggest that visual intensity contrast is key to understanding the behavior of H. axyridis in autumn and call into question some commonly accepted ideas regarding choice of overwintering sites. First, during migratory flight, H. axyridis is not visually attracted to the color white per se, and second, it is unlikely that, during flight, pheromones are involved in beetle orientation.

4.1: Invited Paper: Large Area White OLEDs

A large area white OLED panel that emits 1200 lumens of illumination-quality light is described. The technical approach utilizes down-conversion from an underlying blue OLED made with a fault-tolerant monolithically series-connected architecture. The high device efficiency suggests that the singlet/triplet ratio for polymer OLEDs can be greater than 25%.

A pioneer of chemical dependency treatment: Dr Mondanaro takes no prisoners.

A pioneer of chemical dependency treatment: Dr Mondanaro takes no prisoners.

Examination of Structured Interview Ratings Across Time: The Effects of Applicant Race, Rater Race, and Panel Composition

This study examined the relationship between race and interview ratings in a structured selection panel interview. Data from 1,334 police officer applicants who were interviewed by three-person panels were examined to explore how applicant race, rater race, and panel racial composition related to interview ratings and change from initial to final ratings. Results revealed the largest effect was for panel racial composition, such that predominately White panels provided significantly more favorable ratings to applicants of all races compared to panels composed of predominately Black raters. However, a significant three-way interaction between rater race, applicant race, and panel composition was also found. Specifically, Black raters evaluated Black applicants more favorably than White applicants only when they were on a predominately Black panel. These results may help explain past inconsistencies in the literature regarding the effects of rater race and applicant race on ratings.

White House Panel Calls for Revamped NASA

White House Panel Calls for Revamped NASA

Desire in Diaspora: Emily Jacir

“If I could do anything for you, anywhere in Palestine, what would it be?” This question was recently posed to Palestinian exiles by Palestinian American artist Emily Jacir. Taking advantage of her ability to move about relatively freely in Israel with an American passport, Jacir promised to realize the desires of those forbidden entry into their homeland. A series of texts, black lettering on white panels, describes the various requests. Color photographs, presented by their side, document Jacir's actualization of them. The project is titled Where We Come From (2003). “Go to my mother's grave in Jerusalem on her birthday and put flowers and pray,” reads one plea in Arabic and English.

Attractiveness of beach ball decoys to adult Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae).

The attractiveness of inflated beach balls covered with adhesive and used as decoys to trap adult stable flies was investigated on Florida panhandle beaches. Decoys were painted either solid black, solid white, or a mixed pattern that consisted of three equally spaced white circles (20 cm diameter) on a solid black background. Another set of decoys (referred to as plain) were unpainted and retained the manufacturer's original color scheme. The plain decoy consisted of a separate blue, yellow, and red diamond-shaped panel. Each color panel was separated by a white panel of similar size and orientation. Plain decoys collected significantly (<0.05) more stable flies than other treatments but no significant difference was noted between colored panels. The mixed pattern decoy captured significantly fewer flies than the plain decoy but significantly more flies (nearly twice) when compared with solid white or black decoys. No difference in preference was observed when fly abundance on the black background was compared with that on white circles and total abundance from both areas appeared to be additive compared with either area alone. No significant differences were found in the number of flies trapped on solid white versus black decoys. When trapping efficiency was compared with Alsynite translucent fiberglass cylinders covered with adhesive-treated cellophane sheets, the decoy trap caught significantly more (>10 times) flies per square centimeter. Alsynite cylinders are considered standard tools when sampling fly populations. Adhesive-treated beach ball decoys may be an alternative method for luring stable flies away from human hosts in recreation areas, or from animals, thereby reducing biting annoyance from these pests.

Settlement behaviour of coral-reef fish larvae at subsurface artificial-reef moorings

Artificial-reef units (rolls of plastic garden mesh) attached to subsurface floats were used to study settlement behaviour of larval reef fishes. These units were located 3, 5, 7 and 9 m above the bottom in water 15–19 m deep in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon, 1 km from natural reefs. Larvae of 50 species (15 families) settled on these units. The nine most abundant reef-fish taxa were in the families Apogonidae, Blenniidae, Gobiidae, Monacanthidae, Pomacentridae and Tetraodontidae. The less abundant of these taxa (n = 4) settled uniformly. The more abundant taxa (n = 5) had clumped settlement. Four taxa preferred structurally complex reef units, whereas five showed no preference. Apogonids, gobiids, tetraodontids and a pomacentrid preferred deep units, one pomacentrid had no depth preference, and a blenniid and a monacanthid preferred shallow units. Experiments evaluated visual, olfactory and auditory cues that reef-fish larvae may use to locate and settle onto reefs. Visual cues (large white panels) did not enhance settlement. Experiments on olfactory cues (corals in vented containers) and auditory cues (‘the nocturnal chorus’ of tropical reefs) were compromised by low and highly variable settlement, but show the potential of the method. The advantages of subsurface moorings for study of settlement behaviour are discussed.

2-3 白色光によるホログラフィック・ディスプレイの最適化法を用いた特性改善

2-3 白色光によるホログラフィック・ディスプレイの最適化法を用いた特性改善

Sex differences in the dynamics of cue utilization and exploratory behavior

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of sex and estrous cycle on exploratory behavior, as well as the degree to which reliance on environmental cues changes with training. Fischer 344 rats were placed three times in an open field box that contained three objects (two identical bottles and a cylinder). During the initial exposure to the environment all females showed higher activity levels and explored a larger region of the environment compared to males. However, upon subsequent exposure to the same environment, these sex differences disappeared. During the third and final session, the locations of the bottle and the cylinder were switched. The estrous females and to a lesser degree male rats, responded to the relocation of objects with a renewal of exploration and activity; proestrous females did not show this response. The rats were then trained on a four-arm radial maze reference memory task. The correct arm could be located by its relation to extra-room cues, a large distal white panel, or to local inserts on the maze. Once the animals consistently chose the goal arm, a probe session was conducted to determine which cues the animals were using to solve the task. During the probe trial both the white panel and the local inserts were rotated 90° clockwise and counterclockwise respectively and the animals’ choice of arm recorded. During the first probe, females tended to rely on all three types of cues in solving the task. With additional training there was a shift towards predominantly using the distal visual information. In contrast, male rats did not show this shift; by the first probe session the males were predominantly using the distal visual information to solve the task. The findings indicate: (1) sex differences in the initial use of environmental cues; (2) the usage of environmental information is dynamic and changes with additional exposures to the environment. The results are related to previous findings on sex differences and estrous cycle effects, with an emphasis on the implications for hippocampal processing.

Self-thermostatting organically coated steel cladding using thermochromic materials

This paper explores the effect of colour and gloss on the solar/thermal gain achieved by organically coated steels (OCSs) under external and artificial exposure conditions. External and artificial exposure tests have shown that the colour of an organic coating has a dramatic effect on the thermal gain. Otherwise identical black and white panel assemblies have been found to experience average thermal gains of 16 K and 1·6 K, respectively, over a typical UK daylight exposure. The coating gloss also affects the solar gain but to a much less significant level, with the thermal gain for standard panel colours changing by only 2·5 K when gloss levels are altered between 80 and 10%. Thus, the colour of the organic coating was the most important factor controlling thermal gain. To control solar gain, novel panel assemblies have been prepared in which thermochromic inks with two temperature dependent colours have been incorporated with an OCS topcoat. These have been compared with traditional OCS products, with similar colour and gloss to the two extremes of colour of the novel material. It has been found that as the temperature of the test panels rises and the colour of the organic coating is converted to its lighter shade, the thermal gain of the panel assemblies is lowered and thus the panels have a self-thermostatting capability.