Whipped Product Research Articles

Выбор оптимальных параметров получения сбивных изделий без яичного белка

Development of new types of functional whipped confectionery of souffle type in which animal proteins are replaced with vegetable ones is promising and of high priority. The author proposed to introduce top grade wheat flour into the recipe of the whipped product and lemon zest as an enriching additive. Experimental studies were carried out under laboratory conditions of the department of technology of bakery, confectionery, macaroni and grain processing industries of Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies. The whipped product was obtained using an experimental whipping device developed by the staff of the department. The author justified the choice of the components in the recipe. The optimum modes of obtaining the whipped product which includes top grade wheat flour, water, citric acid, agar, white sugar, molasses, and lemon zest were selected using the experimental-statistical approach. The main cooking parameters are the duration of whipping (seconds); rotation frequency of the whipping parts (minutes-1), an output parameter (the volume weight of the final product, g/cm3). The results are the following: duration of the mass whipping x1 = 379 s-1, rotation speed of the whipping parts x2 = 651 min-1. The author determined quality indicators of the final whipped product. It has a good form-retaining ability, uniform and fine-porous structure, slightly creamy color, and slight taste of lemon zest. Mass fraction of dry matter is 76%, density – 0.43 g/cm3. The obtained product has original organoleptic parameters and higher nutritional value. The author did not include any food color additives and flavoring agents. For that reason the product can be recommended not only to people suffering from egg white intolerance, but also to all categories of consumers.

Functional whipped confection of new composition

Was studied the technology of producing whipped products on agar with substitute of egg white with premium wheat flour. Was proved the choice - chicory powder. Determined dispersity of whipped masses and found that with the chicory powder proportion of air bubbles with size of less than 0.3 mm increases. This is due to reduction of moisture aerated intermediate product that leads to an increase in the mass and improve the dispersion of structural and mechanical properties of the finished product. Determined the antioxidant activity of the product with chicory powder. This rate is 40% higher than in the control sample, because of a high content of vitamin in the powder. Determined the organoleptic and physical-chemical indicators of quality. The intensity of color was determined using computer image processing in RGB color mode. The highest intensity of color is 244 conventional units, was observed in the sample taken for control, because the product contains the minimum amount of coloring substances. The intensity of the color of the sample with chicory powder is reduced by 50 conventional units, which indicates a change in the color of the product from light-colored to darker. Energy value of whipped product with chicory powder is 271 kcal (1134 kJ). Nutritional value of the product is more than in a control sample for potassium content in 2.2 times; vitamins A and C - 1.1 and 0.9 times respectively. carbohydrate content was reduced by 15%. Products enriched with chicory powder have a pleasant taste and aroma, attractive appearance, which eliminates the usage of chemical dyes and fragrances. In addition, the products have high nutritional value, contain inulin. They can be recommended for adults and children, especially those who suffer from intolerance to egg protein.

Growing Blackgum Whips in Ground Beds Increases Survival and Growth Following Transplanting to Field

Abstract Difficult-to-transplant species can be produced in containers and transplanted with high survival. However, circling roots can develop even in containers designed to prevent root malformation, requiring root pruning before transplanting and this results in transplant shock. In order to determine the effect of different containers and substrates on whip growth and survival after transplanting, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) whips were grown in four container types (Spinout®-treated plastic, tall or short fiber containers or in ground beds) and two substrates (pine bark: Com-Til™ and Haydite: Com-Til™). Container-grown whips were overwintered in unheated polyhouses; bed-grown were overwintered out-of-doors with no winter protection. Two year branched whips grown in Haydite: Com-Til™ were bare rooted and root pruned before transplanting. Whips grown in containers required root pruning to correct root malformation, while whips grown in pine bark: Com-Til™ in ground beds were root pruned as part of the harvesting process. Container and substrate treatment did not affect whip stem diameter, but whips grown in ground beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ were the tallest. Overwinter survival for container-grown whips ranged from 77 to 88% and averaged 85% for whips grown in ground beds. The percentage of whips reaching 1.2 m in height ranged from 53 to 97% for whips produced in tall fiber containers in Haydite: Com-Til™ substrate and in short fiber containers in Haydite: Com-Til™ substrate, respectively. Two years after whips were transplanted, survival averaged 98% (174 of 178). Two years after transplanting, whips produced in beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ substrate had the greatest caliper. Whips produced in ground beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ offer an acceptable alternative to container-produced blackgum whips; they had high overwintering and transplant survival; they were taller at the end of the two year whip production period, and two years after transplanting to field plots they had the largest trunk caliper.

The Use of Cyclanilide to Promote Lateral Branching in Container-grown Whips

In nursery production, increased branching is desirable, especially when growing stock that will be marketed at smaller sizes. Typically, branching is increased by pruning, which reduces growth potential. As an alternative to mechanical pruning, a chemical branching agent, Cyclanilide, has been evaluated for its ability to increase branching in container-grown whip production systems. Cyclanilide sprays of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·L-1 were applied to elongating shoots of Acer ×freemanii `Jeffsred', Cercis canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Eucommia ulmoides, Malus ×`Prairie Fire', Malus ×`Harvest Gold', and Quercus rubra whips. Branching was increased in all taxa except Eucommia at concentrations >100 mg·L-1, without significantly reducing plant dry weight. For Diospyros, branching was increased when combined with pruning before Cyclanilide application.

Growth of Several Tree spp. in Containers in Response to N Loading, Fertilizer Type and Substrate

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine if Comtil, a composted municipal sewage sludge, could be used as a substrate component and a slow release N source in a containerized whip production system and to determine the growth potential of nine tree species not widely grown in the industry. Also, in the second study the effects of fertilizer type on five oak species were studied. In the first study, total N from Comtil was estimated to be 64 gm per No. 3 nursery container, representing between 48 and 100% of the N loading. Despite the potential high N loading from Comtil, tree height was unaffected. No simple fertilizer treatment consistently produced the tallest plants for the four species studied. Fertilizer type affect growth of only two species (Q. macrocarpa and Q. muehlenbergii) and then only in the first year of the two year study. There were significant differences in height growth among the six Q. alba sources. The nine tree species in this study could be grown in 3:1 (by vol) pine bark: coir and pine bark: Comtil substrates.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Media Suitable for Containerized Bare Root Whip Production

Abstract Moisture retention characteristics, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and bulk density of media suitable for containerized bare root whip production and the effects of these media on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) growth were studied. Media tested were: 3:1:1, 2:1:2 and 2:2:1 (by vol) sand:composted municipal sewage sludge [Comtil]:Isolite or zeolite. A similar series of media were prepared by substituting rice hulls for sand. Similar physical properties were determined for three media components: rice hulls, Comtil and pine bark. Rice hulls and Comtil had high water retention at container capacity, 70.1 and 85.4%, respectively. Thus, substituting rice hulls for sand increased media water retention at container capacity and total plant available water. Media pH ranged from 4.9 (2:1:2 and 2:2:1 rice hulls:Comtil:zeolite) to 6.3 (3:1:1 sand:Comtil:zeolite). Rice hulls and Comtil had bulk densities similar to pine bark (0.30 and 0.32, respectively vs. 0.35 g cm−3); thus, medium bulk density was lower when rice hulls were substituted for sand. Rice hull-based media cation exchange capacity was higher than sand-based media. There were no differences in red oak height growth in the different media; height growth averaged 72 cm (28 in). Blackgum height was greatest (138 cm, 54 in) in 2:2:1 rice hull:Comtil:zeolite medium. The results demonstrate that rice hulls could be substituted for sand without reducing height growth of either species. When grown in the different bare root media, red oak and blackgum seedlings could be bare rooted by hand shaking. The root systems of both species were fibrous with many roots with intact root tips.

Bare-root Shade Tree Whip Production in Containers

A method is described for producing bare-root shade tree whips in containers. Whip production is begun in February in heated greenhouses by sowing seed. Seedlings are transplanted to copper-treated containers and grown in a greenhouse until May, when they are moved outdoors and transplanted to No. 3 copper-treated containers. In October (8 months after seeding), plant heights range from 1 to 2 m. Several media have been developed that result in rapid growth, while separating readily from the root system by hand-shaking. Bare-root plants placed in refrigerated storage for 6 months and repotted, retained high survival and regrowth potential. The system combines the handling ease of bare-root stock with the high survival and regrowth potential of container stock.

Importance of Red Oak Mother Tree to Nursery Productivity

Abstract Acorns from 19 red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees were collected in fall 1988. Whips were produced in 1989 and field planted in 1990. Mother tree identity was maintained throughout the study. Growth during the whip production phase was rapid; the average height growth for the 19 families was 122 cm (approximately 4 ft). The best family averaged 167 cm (5.5 ft), the worst 73 cm (2.5 ft) with average individual whip values of $11.20 and $2.80, respectively. When transplanted to nursery fields, the whips had high survival and rapid growth rates. Average individual tree value at the end of three growing seasons ranged from $38.60 to $11.20 for families 6 and 12, respectively. All the traits measured in this study: height, caliper, % acceptable and individual tree value, have relatively high heritability estimates, indicating that traits are under genetic control and thus subject to manipulation by nursery mangers and breeders. The family that produced the highest value whips, did not produce the highest value finish stock. Average finish stock value for a family was determined more by the percentage of the acceptable trees (a measure of quality), than by plant height or caliper (measures of growth).

Whipping of creams from ultrafiltered milk

SummaryCreams containing 25–45% fat were made from whole milks which had been concentrated 2- to 5-fold by ultrafiltration. Each series of creams (from any one concentrate) was standardized with its own skimmed milk, giving creams with higher than normal protein contents. These were then pasteurized and cooled for at least 24 h before being whipped. Increasing the fat content of creams gave increased stiffness, an overrun (volume increase) that passed through a maximum, decreased serum leakage and shorter whipping time. Increasing the protein content gave increased stiffness, less serum leakage, reduced overrun and a whipping time that passed through a maximum. Low fat creams, and also creams containing high amounts of fat and protein, did not produce a satisfactory whipped product. However, 35% fat creams from 2-fold concentrated milks compared well with ordinary 38% whipping creams. By lowering the fat content of creams an increase in yield was obtained.

Spore dispersal of the sugarcane smut ( Ustilago scitaminea)

The incidence of chlamydospores of Ustilago scitaminea Syd. in air within and above sugarcane plots planted with smut-inoculated setts was measured in three consecutive seasons by two Hirst traps with their orifices at 1·22 and 5·79 m above ground level. With the emergence of whips resulting from the primary infection, airborne inoculum increased sharply inside the crop between June and August. A second and larger peak appeared after October, coinciding with the second flush in whip production due to secondary infection. Spore concentrations recorded above the crop were 5–8 times lower than those inside and showed only one seasonal peak occurring after October. Both the numbers of dispersion units (spore clumps) and of total spores showed a day-time dispersal maximum, occurring before noon inside the crop, and at noon above the crop. Observations of the number of whips emerging from the smutted plants, the size and rate of increase in the whip lengths, and the rates at which spores were shed from the whips were related to changes in the catches of smut spores and to weather in 1967. Rapid shedding of spores from the whips was generally encouraged by dry and reduced by wet weather, and was affected by the intensity and duration of rainfall. Maximal dispersal occurred at 22–24 °C and 50–60% r.h. Simultaneous suction air sampling at different points in relation to the smutted field showed that dispersal normally occurs up to a distance of 20 to 40 m from a known source.