Durum Wheat Triticum Research Articles

Адаптивный потенциал твердой пшеницы сортов саратовской селекции в условиях Нижнего Поволжья

The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. A structural analysis of the productivity elements of plants cultivated in the field in 2020, 2021 and 2023 was carried out. The varietal features of the formation of productivity elements of durum wheat varieties of Saratov breeding in different meteorological conditions are revealed. Based on the peculiarities of the formation of the main elements of ear productivity, varieties with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems have been identified. In 2020, the variety with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems in terms of ear productivity elements – the number of spikelets, the number of grains and their weight is the Luch 25 variety, in 2021 – Nikolasha and Zolotaya Volna. In the conditions of 2023, balanced varieties were not found for all elements of ear productivity – the number of cones, the number of grains and their weight. Balanced varieties were determined according to two productivity elements: Nikolasha and Zolotaya Volna varieties are balanced in terms of the number of spikelets and the weight of the grain, the Lilac variety is balanced in terms of the number of grains and the weight of the grain. The values of the breeding indices – Mexican, Canadian, and the index of linear ear density – were determined. A variety was identified in which the values of the breeding indices for the entire period of the study were unchanged – the Saratov 40 variety of the Mexican index. The Elizabethan variety among all 14 varieties is characterized by the minimum values of the linear density index of the ear for three years.

Evaluating the Susceptibility of Some Wheat Varieties to Infestation of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium Everts) Under Storage Conditions

This study was conducted to evaluate the susceptibility of eighteen Iraqi wheat varieties against the infestation of Khapra beetle Trogoderma granaruimnine Everts; nine varieties of durum wheat Triticum turgidum Desf. (Um Rabei, Aksad65, Cham3. Bakrajo-1, Semeto, Creso, Baghdad2, Zain Turk, Sardar), and nine varieties of bread wheat T. aestivum L. (Jihan99, Azza, Cham6, Tamuz2, Adnaniya, Adana, Ibaa99, Azadi, and Abu-Ghraib) were selected. Results showed that the Abu-Ghraib and Azza varieties were the most resistant to infested by the beetles; the total of insect’s population reached 4.8, and 5 insects.100 g-1 of wheat, respectively. Growth rate of 0 and 0.1 insect/month-1, loss of weight grains of 1.6 and 1.9 %, and the decreasing germination of grains (4.81, and 0.6)% were recorded for both varieties, respectively. While var. Semeto was susceptible to the infestation; the insect population attained 1238.8 insects.100 g-1 of wheat with a growth rate of 82.3 insect/month-1; also the loss of weight grains was 58.5 % and the loss of germination of grains increased to 84.3%. To conclude, this study demonstrated that the durum wheat showed higher susceptibility than bread varieties.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of wheat in response to corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis F. infestation.

Aphids are one of the most important insect pests of wheat crop in all wheat growing regions of the world. Amongst various aphid species, the corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis F.) is considered one of the most destructive insect pests of wheat in the North Western Plains region of India. Transcriptome profiling of highly susceptible wheat Triticum durum genotype, A-9-30-1 and tolerant wheat Triticum aestivum genotype, HD2967 was performed to investigate aphid-host interactions. The results obtained from differential gene expression analysis of R. maidis on the highly susceptible genotype, A-9-30-1 plants, when compared with the tolerant genotype, HD2967, showed that 212 genes were significantly upregulated and 1009 genes were significantly downregulated. Our findings demonstrated that the genes associated with defense were significantly higher in response to R. maidis on HD2967 as compared to A-9-30-1. Additionally, various genes with physiological attributes were expressed during aphid attack. Based on gene ontology classification, three classifications, such as, cellular components (CC), molecular function (MF), and biological processes (BP) of sequences were identified. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that twenty-five pathway genes were differentially expressed during the infestation of wheat with R. maidis. Notable changes were observed in A-9-30-1 and HD2967 transcriptomic profiling after infestation. The results obtained in the present study will help to elucidate the mechanism governing host-pest interaction and may lead to the development of new methods for increasing the resistance level of wheat against R. maidis, including over-expression of defense-related genes.

Protective effect of zinc complex with hypoxanthine-9-riboside on wheat seedlings grown from gamma-irradiated seeds

Aim. The aim of the research was to obtain the zinc complex hypoxanthine-9-riboside and to study its effect during γ-irradiation on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids and on the release of chromosome aberrations in anaphase root hair cells in wheat seedlings. Methods. The zinc complex was obtained by direct interaction of zinc chloride – ZnCl2 with hypoxanthine-9-riboside. X-ray phase analysis and thermogravimetric measurements of the obtained complex were carried out. Before irradiation, seeds of durum wheat Triticum durum L. from a 60Co source were treated with a zinc complex with hypoxanthine-9-riboside at concentrations of 0.1; 0.01; 0.001%. Structural changes in chromosomes were determined in the initial and final stages of anaphase. Determination of chlorophylls and carotenoids was carried out according to Shlyk. Results. g-irradiation at doses of 50, 100 and 200 Gy has a significant effect on the content of green pigments and carotenoids in wheat seedlings. Under the action of g-irradiation, the content of chlorophyll decreases more than carotenoids. With an increase in the dose of radiation, a slight increase in the content of carotenoids is noted. In all variants, chromosomal abnormalities were found: the formation of fragments in metaphase and anaphase, bridges in anaphase, chromosome delays, uneven division of chromosomes. Conclusions. For the first time, it was found that the Zn (II) complex of hypoxanthine-9-riboside at the indicated concentrations significantly reduces the damaging effect of γ-irradiation, helps to eliminate abnormalities in mitotic division in wheat root hair cells.

Структура элементов продуктивности твердой пшеницы сортов саратовской селекции

The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf., permitted for use at different times in the period from 1975 to 2014. An analysis of the elements of ear productivity in durum wheat plants of Saratov varieties under the conditions of 2020 was carried out. The varietal features of the development of the spike of the main shoot were revealed according to a number of characteristics: the number of spikelets in a spike, the number of grains in an ear, the weight of a grain, the number of ungrained and grained spikelets. The height of the plant and the length of the spike were measured. On the basis of the data obtained, the selection indices were calculated – the Canadian index, the Mexican index, the index of the linear density of the ear, the morphogenetic index of productivity. A cultivar with a balanced type of morphogenetic systems was revealed in terms of the elements of ear productivity – the number of spikelets, the number of caryopses and their weight – Luch 25. This cultivar is characterized by the most developed embryonic shoot among the studied cultivars, as well as the maximum length of the embryonic root system and a high growth rate root system of the seedling.

Application of Some Drought Stress Indices to Study Response of Durum Wheat Triticum durum to Different Levels of Water Depletion

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of five levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%) on some growth, yield and yield components of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) VAR-ACSAD/65, with testing ten stress and drought indices to indicate the suitable index that could be simply used to interpret drought stress conditions. Results indicated significant effect of soil water depletion levels on wheat plant height, tillers per plant, spikes per plant, spike length, and total chlorophyll content, increasing water depletion levels decreased all recorded data. The effect on spike numbers per plant; spike length; number of seeds per spike; 1000 seeds weight (gm); seed yield per plant; straw yield per plant; biological yield per plant and harvest index were negatively dependent on drought stress to the level of no seed yield under the highest water depletion level 70%. Drought indices could classify to three categories; unity to zero, zero to higher value, high values to lower values. The relationship between drought indices were either positive or negatively correlated to plant seed yield. All studied crop drought indices were suitable for studying crop drought cases. The wheat variety acsad/65 was sensitive to drought stress.

The level of adaptability of perspective samples of soft and durum spring wheat in Ukrainian forest-steppe

In the Eastern Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine, which is characterized by a sharp change in weather conditions during the growing season of agricultural crops, it is very important to grow hybrids that are most adapted to frequent weather anomalies during the growing season. This can significantly reduce their negative impact on the productivity of spring wheat. The results of a study of 20 samples (soft spring wheat Triticum aestivum L.) and (durum spring wheat Triticum durum) of different ecological and geographical origin for adaptability when changing environmental conditions (Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Sweden) are presented. Adaptability indicators were determined by the following characteristics: mass of one spike, mass of grain from one spike, number of grains from one spike, mass of 1000 seeds, mass of grain from 1 m2. Samples that have high plasticity and stability by these characteristics have been identified. As a result of the conducted studies, the dependence between the main signs of productivity were established: the number of grains from one spike, the mass of grains from one spike, the mass of 1000 seeds, the mass of one spike, the mass of seeds from 1 m2 of Triticum aestium and Triticum durum samples. We have considered the adaptability of selection characteristics of samples by years with different environmental conditions: air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation amount, and hydrothermal coefficient.

Особенности роста зародышевой корневой системы Triticum durum Desf. сортов саратовской селекции

The objects of the study were plants of 14 varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Cultivation was carried out in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 18 ± 1°C under the conditions of a sixteen-hour photoperiod. To study the growth characteristics of the root system of seedlings, the length of the main root and the length of the adventitious roots of the upper and lower tiers were measured; thus, the growth rate of the root system was determined. The cultivars, the seedlings of which are characterized by the longest root system, have been identified – Luch 25, Saratovskaya 59 and Saratovskaya zolotistaya. The varietal characteristics of the growth of the main embryonic root were revealed, the growth rate of which significantly varies among the objects of study. The length of the adventitious roots of the lower layer in plants of the studied varieties ranged from 208 mm (Elizavetinskaya) to 278 mm (Saratovskaya 57 and Annushka); the upper layer – from 105 mm (Nikolasha) to 216 mm (Luch 25). The root-to-shoot ratio was calculated. In 5-day-old seedlings of the studied varieties, this varies from 0,92 to 1,89 rel. units; the degree of variation of the trait is average. In 12-day-old seedlings, the root supply index decreases, amounting to 0,42–1,29 relative units; the degree of variation of the trait is significant (with the exception of variety Luch 25).

Multifaceted functional diversity for multifaceted crop yield: Towards ecological assembly rules for varietal mixtures

Abstract Ecological theories suggest that higher plant genetic diversity can increase productivity in natural ecosystems. So far, varietal mixtures, that is, the cultivation of different genotypes within a field, have shown contrasting results, notably for grain yield where both positive and negative mixing effects have been reported. Such discrepancy between ecological theories and agronomical applications calls for a better understanding of plant–plant interactions in crops. Using durum wheat Triticum turgidum ssp. durum as a model species, we investigated the effect of functional trait composition on productivity and grain quality of varietal mixtures by growing 179 highly diverse genotypes in pure stands and 197 two‐way mixtures in field conditions. We quantified the agronomic performance of the mixtures relative to their components grown in pure stands on two variables related to productivity, vegetative biomass yield and grain yield, and one variable related to grain quality, grain protein content. We then analysed the relationship between the relative performance of the mixtures and their functional composition that we characterized with trait means and trait differences on 19 above‐ and below‐ground traits. We found that biomass and grain yield increased by 4% overall in mixtures relative to single varieties, but that mixing effects were non‐significant for grain protein content. The combined effects of trait means and trait differences explained 12%, 17% and 22% of the variability of relative grain yield, biomass yield and grain protein content, respectively, with different traits affecting productivity and grain quality. Clustering varieties into functional groups allowed us to identify the most beneficial associations for multifaceted agronomic performance. Synthesis and applications. Functional traits explained a significant part of the relative agronomic performance of mixtures compared to monocultures (12%–22%, depending on the yield component). They can thus serve as a basis to identify groups of varieties whose combinations are expected to generate positive mixing effects, especially for productivity, and without compromising grain quality. Selection could then target convergence between groups for some traits and divergence between groups for other traits using empirically derived relationships between functional traits and agronomic performance as a guideline.

Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat Triticum Turgidum L. Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat Triticum Turgidum L. Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Durum Wheat Stress Tolerance Induced by Endophyte Pantoea agglomerans with Genes Contributing to Plant Functions and Secondary Metabolite Arsenal

In the arid region Bou-Saâda at the South of Algeria, durum wheat Triticum durum L. cv Waha production is severely threatened by abiotic stresses, mainly drought and salinity. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) hold promising prospects towards sustainable and environmentally-friendly agriculture. Using habitat-adapted symbiosis strategy, the PGPR Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa was recovered from wheat roots sampled in Bou-Saâda, conferred alleviation of salt stress in durum wheat plants and allowed considerable growth in this unhostile environment. Strain Pa showed growth up to 35 °C temperature, 5–10 pH range, and up to 30% polyethylene glycol (PEG), as well as 1 M salt concentration tolerance. Pa strain displayed pertinent plant growth promotion (PGP) features (direct and indirect) such as hormone auxin biosynthesis, production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, and ammonia and phosphate solubilization. PGPR features were stable over wide salt concentrations (0–400 mM). Pa strain was also able to survive in seeds, in the non-sterile and sterile wheat rhizosphere, and was shown to have an endophytic life style. Phylogenomic analysis of strain Pa indicated that Pantoea genus suffers taxonomic imprecision which blurs species delimitation and may have impacted their practical use as biofertilizers. When applied to plants, strain Pa promoted considerable growth of wheat seedlings, high chlorophyll content, lower accumulation of proline, and favored K+ accumulation in the inoculated plants when compared to Na+ in control non-inoculated plants. Metabolomic profiling of strain Pa under one strain many compounds (OSMAC) conditions revealed a wide diversity of secondary metabolites (SM) with interesting salt stress alleviation and PGP activities. All these findings strongly promote the implementation of Pantoea agglomerans strain Pa as an efficient biofertilizer in wheat plants culture in arid and salinity-impacted regions.

Susceptibility of North Dakota Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to 31 H Genes Mediating Wheat Resistance.

The agricultural landscape of North Dakota is changing. Corn and soybean are now commonplace, but once were rare. Spring sown wheat Triticum aestivum L. and durum wheat Triticum turgidum spp. durum continue to be dominant, but more winter-sown wheat is expected in the future. The presence of wheat in the landscape throughout much of the year will benefit populations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), which occurs throughout the state, sometimes in large numbers. Hessian fly is unusual among crop pests for which resources for plant resistance are well developed. On wheat genotypes expressing a single effective H resistance gene, 100% of larvae die before exhibiting any growth. Over 35 H genes in the public domain are available for crossing into elite cultivars. We explored the effectiveness of 31 Hessian fly resistance genes for a North Dakota Hessian fly population. Six genes-H4, H15, H21, H23, H26, and H29-caused 100% larval mortality. Seven others caused at least 80% mortality. Experimental data were used to address three additional questions. Do adult females avoid laying eggs on plants that will kill their offspring: Are neonate larvae able to detect resistance that will end up killing them? Do all 31 genes confer equal protection against larval-induced growth deficits? North Dakota wheat breeders have the necessary tools to create highly resistant wheat cultivars. So far, H genes have been deployed singly in cultivars. Advances in plant breeding will enable gene stacking, a more durable strategy over time.

Drought tolerance of some bread and durum wheat vareities during germination

A laboratory experiment was conducted in Phytochemistry lab., Field Crop Science Department, College of Agriculture, University of Sulaimani during summer season of July to August, 2009. This factorial experiment conducted in a Randomized Complete Design with three replications, the factors are: the first was two species of wheat, Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum : Tammuz, Rabiaa, Rizgary, Sham-6 and Aras, and Durum Wheat Triticum durum: Acsad, Seminto, Crezo, Ovanto and Sham-3 and the second factors was five salt solutions 5000, 10000, 15000, 20000 and 25000 ppm. Various morpho-physiological parameter germination percentage, root length, shoot length, mean germination time were studied. From the results it was observed that Rabbia variety was the mostly drought tolerant among the other bread wheat varieties having significant effect of most germination attributes, Sham-3 variety gave maximum values of germination % and radicle length, while maximum coleoptile length, coefficient of velocity of germination% and minimum days required to germination recorded by Crezo variety. For both bread and durum wheat, the highest values of most germination attributed were obtained by treatment of control. Concerning the interaction between both of bread and durum wheat varieties and NaCl concentration, Tammuz variety with the treatment of control gave maximum values for most characters, while the interaction between Rabbia variety and 20000ppm NaCl recorded minimum days needed to germination. But regarding mean germination time character, interaction of Acsad, and Sham-3 with control treatment gave maximum value. In which all other values of germination attributes were 0.00 for 10000, 15000, 20000 and 25000ppm salt concentration, because all durum wheat varieties had not tolerant for drought condition.

Lead Phytotoxicity Induced Changes in Biochemical Markers in Germination and Seedlings in Durum Wheat <i>Triticum durum</i> Desf. Cv.Vitron and Gta

Among the heavy metals most commonly found on land, lead is a strongly represented pollutant in soil and sediments. It is easily absorbed and accumulated in different parts of plants. On the macroscopic scale, lead causes unfavorable effects on plants. First and in the event of excess, it may exert toxicity affecting several stages of germination development in leaf formation and root elongation in the early stages of development. The effect of lead on two varieties of durum wheat Triticum durum cv Gta and Vitron have been analyzed on germination under laboratory conditions. The objective is to determine the influence of lead on (i) germinal parameters and (ii) the stress physiological markers. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design with 3 replications of 20 seeds per variety, including 4 concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (0, 320, 430 and 660 ppm) on the germination. Average ambient temperature was 22°C, the humidity was 32% and photoperiod light/dark was 16/8 h. The obtained results showed a real sensitivity of germination to lead. Indeed, it was noted a total absence of germination of the two varieties in all seeds treated with the highest concentration. The treatment of seeds by the increasing doses of lead decreased the germinative faculty considerably, the content of pigments and disrupted the cellular metabolism, the proteins, the proline and glutathione levels. These results indicated that lead stress caused a decrease in germinal parameters and significant impairment of cell biochemical markers. Such effect was inversely proportional to the doses used. It was also noted that the Gta variety was less sensitive to lead toxicity than Vitron.

Microsatellite mapping of the loci for false glume and semi-compact spike in Triticum L.

The “false glume” is an extra glume between the glume and lemma of the outer florets of each spikelet. The “false glume” phenotype was found in tetraploid wheat Triticum durum Desf. (2n = 4x = 28, genome BBAuAu) ‘Sharik’ and a Chernobyl radio mutant (‘UKR-1’) of hexaploid wheat T. aestivum L. (2n = 6x = 42, genome BBAuAuDD). The spikes of Sharik and UKR-1 were semi-compact; suggesting homoeoallelism or allelism at the false glume and semi-compact spike loci, which are specific to diploid wheat T. sinskajae A. Filat. et Kurkiev (2n = 2x = 14, genome AmAm). The objective of this study was to map the novel mutant genes for false glume and semi-compact spike in T. aestivum, T. durum and T. sinskajae, and to assess homoeologous relationship in genus Triticum L. by using molecular markers. It was evident that the gene false glume (fg) and semi-compact spike genes were linked in the F2 of UKR-1/T. aestivum ‘Novosibirskaya 67’, F2 of Sharik/T. durum ‘LD222’ and F2 of T. sinskajae k-48993/T. monococcum L. (2n = 2x = 14, genome AmAm) CItr 13962. The segregation analyses confirmed that the semi-compact spike locus (sc1) in Sharik was allelic to the sc1 locus in UKR-1, whereas neither loci were allelic to the C locus on chromosome 2D or the Cp locus on chromosome 5A. The sc1 gene and fg gene were bracketed by Xgwm372 and Xgwm312 in the F2 of Sharik/LD222, and by Xgwm372 and Xwmc644 in the F2 of UKR-1/N67. The sog gene for semi-compact spike of T. sinskajae, and fg genes were bracketed by Xgwm558 and Xwmc644 in the F2 of k-48993/CItr 13962. It was concluded that the semi-compact and spike false glume genes in T. sinskajae, T. durum and T. aestivum were determined by homoeoalleles in the short arm of chromosome 2A.

Floristic composition of weeds, morphological and productive characteristics of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains in organic production

This study was aimed at assessing the floristic composition of weeds, studying properties of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains (stem height, last internode length and spike length, thousand-grain weight, grain yield) and the relationship between the studied traits and dry weight of weeds in an organic production system. Testing was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, in a two-year period (2009/2010?2010/2011). The study included one variety of durum wheat Triticum durum (Dolap, G1), the compact wheat Triticum compactum (Bambi, G2) and spelt Triticum spelt (Nirvana, G3). A treatment for maintaining the increase in the biological soil fertility included two different fertilisation variants: T1 ? fertilisation only with microbiological fertiliser as a top dressing (5.0 l ha-1); T2 ? biohumus fertilisation (3.0 t ha-1) and microbiological fertiliser as a top dressing (5.0 l ha-1); T0 ? control ? without the use of fertilisers. The results have shown that the genotype and treatment, as studied factors, very significantly affected the dry weight of weeds, stem height, last internode length and spike length, as well as the yield of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains, while the effect of their interaction was lower. In terms of the lowinput system, a highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.58) was observed between the stem height and the dry weight of weeds. In addition, a significant negative correlation was noticed between the grain yield and the dry weight of weeds (r=-0.44). These results showed that proper selection of the genotypes with the application of fertilisers could have a significant effect on the weeds and could lead to establishing a stable production in the organic production system.

Some chemical and physical properties, fatty acid composition and bioactive compounds of wheat germ oils extracted from different wheat cultivars

Fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolics and α-tocopherol contents of wheat germ oils obtained from two bread wheats Triticum aestivum L. and one durum wheat Triticum durum L. species commonly cultivated in Turkey were investigated in this study. Fourteen different fatty acids were determined in wheat germ oil samples in which linoleic acid 53.88-57.55% , oleic acid 16.56-20.38% and palmitic acid 16.66-17.70% were found as predominant fatty acid types. Among the major fatty acids, linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid in bread wheat germ oils whereas oleic and palmitic acids were the predominant fatty acids in durum wheat samples. The antioxidant activity of the wheat germ oil samples ranged between 0.94-1.01 µmol g-1 whereas the total phenolic and the α-tocopherol between 67.79-126.51 mg GAE 100 g-1 and 1343 to 2176 mg kg-1, respectively. The lowest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content were detected in bread wheat germ oil while the other bread wheat and the durum wheat exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, respectively

Contribution of the Study of Physiological Disturbances of Wheat Triticum durum in the Presence of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Contribution of the Study of Physiological Disturbances of Wheat Triticum durum in the Presence of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Evaluation Response of Severeal Durum Wheat Triticum durum Varieties Newly Derived to plant Density in Anbar Province Conditions

A Field experiment was carried out on the right bank of the Euphrats river north west of the Ramadi city in Anbar Province in a farmers field (Al-Dawwar area) during the winter season 2013-2014 . Use RCBD design with split-plot arrangement with three replications. The objective of this study was to know the effect of plant densities on the growth and yield of wheat cultivares to determine the best cultivares suitable to the environment of the experiment .Used four cultivares (Dor-29 , Dor-85 , Baghdad-2 , and Wahat Al-Iraq ) in (Main-plots) , and plant densities (100 , 120 ,140 , 160 Kg.ha-1) in (sub-plots)Results of the study were summarized as follows: Plants of varieties which planted of different densities shows significant differences , which low plant density( 100kg.ha-1 )gave higher 1000 kernel weight (47.33 g), number of grains (44.25 grain . spike-1),grain yield (7.20 to.ha-1) and the largest value of harvest index (51.24%)while the higher plant density( 160 kg.ha-1 ),significant in the characteristics of number of spikes (395.92 spike . m-2).The result showed a significant difference between varieties that is Baghdad-2 cultivar superior in number of spikes (379.52 spike.m-2),grain yield (6.04 to.ha-1) and harvest index (40.58%).Wahat Al-Iraq was superior significantly in 1000 grain weight (45.25 g). While Dor-29 cultivar superior in number of grain (38.00 grain . spike-1).and there was is a significant interaction between cultivars and plant densities

Genetic diversity of modern Russian durum wheat cultivars at the gliadin-coding loci

The allelic diversity at four gliadin-coding loci was examined in modern cultivars of the spring and winter durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. Comparative analysis of the allelic diversity showed that the gene pools of these two types of durum wheat, having different life styles, were considerably different. For the modern spring durum wheat cultivars, a certain reduction of the genetic diversity was observed compared to the cultivars bred in the 20th century.