Germination Of Wheat Seeds Research Articles

GREENING THE GROWTH: UNVEILING THE IMPACT OF COMPOST EXTRACT ON SEED GERMINATION AND SOIL-COMPOST MIXTURES ON BIOMASS YIELD AND LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT

The study, conducted between March and April 2019 at Bangladesh Agricultural University, evaluated the effects of compost extract on the germination, biomass production, and leaf chlorophyll content of rice, wheat, maize, and cowpea seedlings grown in different soil-compost mixtures. The treatments for the germination study were: T0=Control (only water), T1=1:1 compost extract and water, T2=1:5 compost extract and water, T3=1:10 compost extract and water, and T4=1:20 compost extract and water. The treatments for the biomass production and leaf chlorophyll content of seedlings were: T0=Control (500g soil), T1=250g soil and 250g compost, T2=375g soil and 125 g compost, T3=450g soil and 50g compost, T4=500g soil and compost extract (1:10 extract and water), T5=500g soil and compost extract (1:50 compost extract and water) and T6=500g soil and compost extract (1:100 compost extract and water). Data were collected on seed germination at 24, 48 and 72 hrs. of seed placement and those for biomass production and leaf chlorophyll content. Municipal solid waste compost- extract exerted beneficial effect on the germination of rice, wheat, maize and cowpea seeds. Growing seedlings in soil-compost mixtures increased the biomass production and leaf chlorophyll content of rice, wheat, maize and cowpea seedlings but compost- extract showed negative effect.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON FIELD GERMINATION OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS

Winter wheat is the main grain crop in Ukraine, but in recent years its yields have been declining and grain quality has been deteriorating. A significant amount of winter wheat grain does not meet the requirements for food grain, which in turn affects the quality of flour and bread. The main factor for obtaining highly productive winter wheat crops is to improve their structure, which depends on the sowing time, seeding rate, field germination of seeds, plant survival in winter, etc. The yield and quality of winter wheat seeds are formed during the period of their cultivation, where both the genetic potential of the variety and soil, climatic and agronomic conditions play an important role [4]. Therefore, creating favourable conditions for high field germination of seeds is one of the priority tasks in growing grain crops. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of weather factors on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. The research programme envisages determining the impact of weather conditions - average daily temperatures, the sum of active temperatures, precipitation during sowing and germination, and productive soil moisture reserves at a depth of 0-10 cm - on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. Laboratory and field studies were conducted at the experimental farm of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics during 2016-2020. Varieties of different maturity groups - medium early and medium early - were used for the study. Field germination was calculated as the ratio of the number of seedlings to the total number of sown germinating seeds. Studies of the influence of weather conditions on the field germination of winter wheat seeds have shown that in 2016 the temperature regime of this period was lower, the sum of active temperatures was 117,5 ºC, the average daily temperature was 11,8 ºC, and the amount of precipitation for three decades was only 5,4 mm, with a moisture deficit of 88,0%. Such conditions did not contribute to the accumulation of productive soil moisture and its preservation, which led to a decrease in the percentage of field germination of seeds to 76%. With a high sum of active temperatures during the third decade of September 2017 of 141,1 oC and 2,2 mm less precipitation in September, the productive moisture content of the sowing soil layer (0-10 cm) was 23 mm, which is below the optimal level (30 mm), and the average field germination rate of the varieties' seeds was 77%. The period of sowing and germination in 2018 was characterised by sufficient moisture supply, with precipitation at the level of the long-term average of 57,7 mm (36,5 mm in the first decade and 21,2 mm in September), which was 28,2% higher than the long-term average, and productive soil moisture of 34 mm, which ensured field germination at 82%. The periods of sowing and germination in 2019 and 2020 were also favourable for seed germination. The average daily air temperature, which was at the level of the long-term average in 2019 and 2,8 °C higher than the long-term average in 2020, and sufficient precipitation, which contributed to the accumulation of productive moisture in the soil (37 mm in 2019 and 35 mm in 2020, which is 7-5 mm more than optimal), ensured field germination of seeds at the level of 86% and 83%, respectively. The study of the influence of varietal characteristics on the field germination of seeds revealed that with almost the same laboratory germination of sown seeds, there was no significant difference between varieties in field germination of both medium early and medium early varieties. On average, for medium-early ripening varieties, the field germination of seeds over five years was 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 82%, and for medium-ripening varieties also 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 83%. Over the years of research, there was also no significant difference in field germination of seeds depending on varietal characteristics, it changed only depending on weather conditions during sowing and germination.

Influence of Pre-Sowing Irrigation on Seed Generation in Winter Wheat

The effect of pre-sowing irrigation on the germination of wheat seeds was studied during the autumn sowing of varieties from the regional nursery of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Pre-plant irrigation and seeding on moist soil resulted in stronger seedlings and a larger and deeper root system compared to seeding on dry soil and watering after seeding. The average germination of seeds in the control variants for all varieties sown in three agility on dry soil and row irrigation after sowing was 76.7% or an average of 200 seeds per square meter, and with presowing irrigation it was 83.4% or, on average, 20 seeds more than control. The highest water use efficiency and seed germination were observed when planting on moist soil, suggesting that the combination of preplant irrigation and phosphorus application had a beneficial effect on germination and seed retention of wheat.

Intensity of germination of winter wheat seeds depending on the maturity groups of varieties and elements of cultivation technology

Intensity of germination of winter wheat seeds depending on the maturity groups of varieties and elements of cultivation technology

Use of biosurfactants produced by Bacillus subtilis H1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as a disinfectant and plant growth stimulation

Sustainable agriculture involves the maximum use of the resource potential of the earth, with the constant renewal of the fertility of the ecosystem. One method of transition to sustainable agriculture is the use of biological control agents, which include biosurfactants. We assessed the possibility of using crude biosurfactants obtained from Bacillus subtilis H1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as dressing agents for untreated wheat seeds and the presence of seed germination stimulating properties. It was shown that crude rhamnolipids obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 inhibited the area occupied by fungal mycelia at a concentration of 500 mg/l. Surfactin, derived from Bacillus subtilis H1, inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 100 mg/L. Stimulation of germination of wheat seeds by 1.9 and 2 times was determined by rhamnolipid at a concentration of 500 mg/l and surfactin at a concentration of 100 mg/l for 168 hours of germination. The use of biocontrol agents is a promising method that can improve product quality while reducing the negative impact on the environment.

Allelopathic effect of couch grass (Elymus repens L.) on germination of common wheat seeds

Allelopathic effect of couch grass (Elymus repens L.) on germination of common wheat seeds

Effect of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin on Wheat and Radish Seeds Germination and Tomato Seedling Growth

Effect of Difenoconazole and Azoxystrobin on Wheat and Radish Seeds Germination and Tomato Seedling Growth

Trichoderma longibrachiatum TG1 increases endogenous salicylic acid content and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under salinity stress.

Several studies have reported the deleterious effects of excessive salt stress on Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Seed pretreatment with exogenous salicylic acid (SA) enhances plants to tolerate salt stress. Herein, the present study aims to investigate the potential of plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TG1) to increase the plant growth and enhance the salicylic acid (SA) contents and antioxidants activity in wheat seedlings under different concentrations of salt stress. Wheat seeds were pretreated in TG1 spore suspension before exposure to different salt stresses. Compared with 0, 50, 100, 150 salt stresses, the TG1 and NaCl increased the wheat seeds germination rate, germination potential and germination index significantly; the shoot height and root length were increased by an average of 39.45% and 29.73%, respectively. Compared to NaCl stress across the four concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), the TG1 treated wheat seedlings increased SA concentration and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) by an average of 55.87% and 24.10% respectively. In addition, the TG1+NaCl-treated seedlings increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidases (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the shoot by an average of 47.68%, 23.68%, and 38.65% respectively compared to NaCl-stressed seedlings. Significantly, the genes, SOD, CAT, and POD were relatively up-regulated in the salt-tolerant TG1-treated seedlings at all NaCl concentrations in comparison to the control. Wheat seedlings treated with TG1+NaCl increased the transcript levels of SOD, POD and CAT by 1.35, 1.85 and 1.04-fold at 50 mM NaCl concentration, respectively, compared with 0 mM NaCl concentration. Our results indicated that seeds pretreatment with TG1 could increase endogenous SA of plants and promote seedling growth under salt stress by improving enzymatic antioxidant activities and gene expression.

THE EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF ELYTRIGIA REPENS L. ON THE GERMINATION OF WHEAT SEEDS

This article summarizes the results of the study of the allelopathic effect of water-soluble secretions from the rhizomes of creeping wheatgrass on the germination of wheat seeds. In field conditions, the chemical effect of Elytrigia repens L. on the growth of all agricultural crops is characterized as inhibitory. Therefore, the purpose of the article was to establish in laboratory conditions the phytotoxicity of water extracts from the rhizomes of Elytrigia repens L. at various concentrations on the germination of wheat seeds and further development of seedlings. In the course of research, we established that the presence of allelopathically active substances of creeping wheat inhibits the energy of wheat seed germination in all experimental variants. The water extract in a ratio of 1 to 1000 had a stimulating effect on seed germination and further growth of wheat seedlings compared to the control option, in which its seeds were germinated in distilled water. An increase in the concentration of water extracts of creeping wheatgrass (1:100; 1:50; 1:20 and 1:10) directly proportionally led to a significant inhibition of the growth of the germinal root of wheat. The lag of indicators in length ranged from 0.34 cm (1:100) to 1.32 cm (1:10) on the fourth day of accounting. Further measurements of both the length of the germinal root and the total length of the root system of wheat confirmed the prolongation of the negative impact of wheatgrass emissions. The stem length of wheat seedlings also depended on the concentration of allelochemical substances of Elytrigia repens L. in Petri dishes: it decreased with increasing concentration. According to the above options, during the accounting on the 7th day, the decrease in the indicator was from 44.4% (1:100) to 95.9% (1:10) in relation to the control option. That is, the allelopathically active water-soluble substances of Elytrigia repens L. can have a stimulating or inhibiting effect on the germination process of wheat seeds, depending on their concentration level.

Chemical characterisation, insecticidal and antioxidant activities of essential oils from four Citrus spp. fruit peel waste

Citrus peel is a major fruit waste generated during the processing of citrus fruits. We extracted and chemically characterised essential oil from four different species of citrus peel waste and evaluated its insecticidal, antioxidant and phytotoxic activities. GC-MS/MS characterisation revealed D-limonene as the major constituent of citrus peel waste essential oil. The essential oils from the four citrus peel wastes showed significant contact, fumigant and repellent activities against two key stored grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays revealed the antioxidant potential of the citrus peel waste essential oil. The essential oil did not affect the germination of wheat seeds and revealed the safety of essential oil to germinating seeds. Hence, the essential oil extracted from citrus peel waste can be valorised and utilised as a botanical insecticide against T. castaneum and C. chinensis.

Micromycetes Trichoderma for plants protection against alternariosis

Currently there is an increased presence of Alternaria sp. mycotoxins in raw food materials and foods. In order to reduce the development of Alternaria fungi and to reduce their harmfulness, it is important to use biological preparations on the base of the microorganisms for plant protection. The aim of the research is to select strains of Trichoderma sp. fungi promising to control alternariosis in plants crops. The antagonistic activity of the mycelial culture of Trichoderma towards Alternaria was studied by dual culture method. The antifungal activity of the culture liquid was evaluated by agar diffusion method. The culture liquids containing metabolites of three strains, inhibited the growth of the pathogen by forming inhibition zones with a radius of 13-16 mm. Germination of wheat seeds on infectious background of soil contamination with the pathogen A.alternata identified micromycetes to create a biological product against alternariosis. Biological effectiveness of isolates 2N and 13N used for seeds protection against Alternaria is 87.3% and 83.6%, respectively.

Effects of Melatonin Priming on Seed Germination of Wheat under Salt Stress

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been identified as a new growth regulator in plants due to its beneficial effect in abiotic stress reduction. The experiment was conducted at the Wheat Cultivation Department Laboratory, Gezira Scheme, Sudan. To investigate the effects of melatonin priming in alleviating the negative effect of salt stress on seed germination of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Elnilein and Imam). Six concentrations were used: control, salt (300 mM NaCl) and four concentrations of melatonin (M) 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μM with salt (300 mM NaCl) add to each concentration: CT, ST, M1+ST, M2+ST, M3+ST, M4+ST. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The parameters studied included: seed germination rate (%), germination index, mean germination time (d), lengths (cm) and dry weight (mg) of coleoptile and radicle, starch, soluble sugar, and sucrose concentrations, amylase activities, activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) including malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and superoxide (O2-) production rate, abscisic acid (ABA). The parameters of seedling establishment were: Shoot height, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root. The treatment M3+ST (500 μM Melatonin + 300 mM NaCl) had the highest seed germination rate, germination index lengths and dry weights of coleoptile and radicle, soluble sugar, sucrose concentrations, amylase and antioxidant enzymes activities, and ABA concentration, seedling shoot and root length, and fresh and dry weight of shoot and root in Imam and Elnilein cultivars, respectively.
 The study revealed that melatonin priming effectively alleviates salt stress during seed germination and seedling establishment in winter wheat.

Effect of some Pseudomonas strains and Agave americana L. on wheat germination under salt stress

Currently, several efforts focus remedying the problem of agricultural soil salinity using eco-friendly strategies. This study aimed particularly the study of Triticum durum (durum wheat) seeds germination in the presence of Pseudomonas strains and hydro-alcoholic extract of Agave americana L. under saline stress conditions. The preliminary phytochemical screening of A. americana, phylogenetic identification and production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by Pseudomonas strains, in vitro impact of hydro-alcoholic extract and Pseudomonas strains combination on salt stress resistance, preliminary effects of A. americana on Triticum durum germination and phytopathogenic fungi inhibition under salt stress were carried out using corresponding protocols. In in vitro trials, phytochemical screening revealed the richness of A. americana in polyphenols (1014.062±161.017 mM GA equivalent/g FW) and flavonoids (51.065±27.391 mg quercetin equivalent/g FW). The ability of Pseudomonas strains to produce the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) varied from 116.67±8.25 µg/ml to 857.14±80.50 µg/ml. The leaf extract of A. americana is an effective osmoprotectant that improves the resistance of the strain P1 Pseudomonas plecoglissicida to saline stress. In in vivo experiments, the extract of A. americana did not show any effect on the germination of wheat seeds. However, it effectively inhibited the contamination of seeds by phytopathogenic fungi during germination and saline conditions. Findings of the study revealed that Pseudomonas plecoglissicida and A. americana extract are very promising for the inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi and the alleviation of salt stress.

FORMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROCENOSES OF SPRING WHEAT DEPENDING ON CERTAIN TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS

The article presents and substantiates the peculiarities of spring wheat cultivation depending on the genotype, type of predecessor and different fertilizer rates. The varietal comparison of agrocenoses of foreign selection was made. The signs of influence of separate elements of technology on the field similarity of plants, their value of productive tillering and yield changes of spring wheat varieties. The share of influence of factors and their interaction on formation of spring wheat grain yield was determined. The research found that the field germination of spring wheat seeds after soybean, sunflower and corn varied depending on the year of research. For the cultivar Aquilon, the greatest variation in percent similarity was found between 2019 and 2020, ranging from 2.6% after soybeans to 5.0% after sunflowers. For the Collada variety, this difference was less and was 1.6% and 1.9% after soybean and sunflower, respectively. Therefore, the Collada variety was more plastic in relation to the predecessor. The highest coefficient of productive tillering of spring wheat plants in the variety Aquilon 1,90-1,93 was obtained with the fertilizer N120Р60К60. For the variety Shiroko productive tillering rate increased by 4-9% when N60Р60К60 was applied. When N120Р60К60 was applied, this figure rose by 7-12% and was 1.85-1.92. For the variety Kollada coefficient of productive tillering 1.85 was the highest after corn on grain and the application of mineral fertilizers in the rate of N120Р60К60. On average for two years of research grain yield of spring wheat variety Shiroko varied in the range of 4.38-6.38 t/ha, in the variety Aquilon - 4.02-6.07 t/ha, and in the variety Kollada - 5.36- 6.61 t/ha depending on the variants of experience. The share of the influence of the factors fertilizer, variety, forecrop was 55%, 18% and 9%, respectively. Between the interaction of factors the combination fertilizer-variety - was the highest and amounted to 2,3%.

Exploration of Potential Indigenous Non-phytopathogenic Fungi for Bio-organic Fertilizer Recycling from Organic Waste

Using potential microbes in biodegradable solid waste management is an emerging science. Microbes play a significant role in recycling of organic solid wastes. Therefore, the present project was carried out to isolate indigenous potential non-phytopathogenic fungi from local relevant decomposed substrates for the purpose of organic waste recycling as bio-organic fertilizer (BOF). A total of thirteen fungal strains were isolated. Seven of them were identified as Trichoderma spp., and the rest were Penicillium spp. Germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata), mustard (Brassica campestris), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds were assessed by application of 13 fungal isolate suspensions. Significant increase of germination percent was achieved in mung bean (98.35%), mustard (96.65%), and wheat (93.35%) by fungal treatments RW-T02, PL-P01, and CD-T01/MSW-T05, respectively, compared to the controls. But radicle and plumule lengths were not promoted by fungal treatments in the majority of cases. Significantly, the longest radicle and plumule lengths of mung bean and mustard were found in control treatments. Conversely, in wheat the longest radicle and plumule length were achieved in treatments MSW-T05 and RW-T03, respectively. Based on superior performances of percent germination and radicle/plumule length, six fungal isolates were selected for compatibility performance in mixed cultures. In the compatibility tests, two fungal combinations (ABF and BCE) presented superior mutual intermingle appearances. Perhaps these combinations may play significant roles in biodegradation of organic wastes.

Germination, physio-anatomical behavior, and productivity of wheat plants irrigated with magnetically treated seawater.

Salinity is an abiotic stress that reduces the seed germination and productivity of wheat. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of irrigation with magnetically treated seawater on the germination, growth, certain physiological and anatomical parameters, and production attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sakha 93 plants. Experiments were conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Egypt, during two consecutive winter seasons. Pot experiments involved ten treatments with non-magnetized and magnetized water with various degrees of salinity. Plant samples were taken 95 days after sowing. Irrigation with magnetically treated seawater was found to have beneficial effects on plant growth, water relations, biochemical characteristics, and yield components compared with untreated plants. The germination of wheat seeds increased 13% when treated with magnetic seawater. On the yield scale, the spike length was increased by 40% in season one, and 82% in season two when compared to the control, while the weight of 100 grains increased by 148% and 171%, in each season, respectively, when treated with magnetic water. The anatomical leaf and stem parameters of the plants were markedly improved by watering with magnetically treated seawater at 10 dS m−1 compared to the control. However, the leaf water deficit, transpiration rate, and abscisic acid content in the plant shoots decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The use of magnetically treated seawater of up to 7.5 dS m−1, instead of tap water, is recommended due to benefits to germination and seedling parameters, growth, yield, and physiological, chemical, and anatomical characteristics. In conclusion, magnetic treatment of seawater improved germination performance, growth, and yield of wheat under saline conditions.

Occurrence of cytogenetic effects under the action of epimutagen in winter wheat

Research on studying the features of 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.50% epimutagen Triton-X-305 impact at the cellular level, which means the way of identifying the viability of pollen in plants of the first generation, and cytological analysis of chromosomal aberrations in the cells of the primary meristem of germinal roots during germination of bread winter wheat seeds have been conducted. Research in this direction allows us to significantly improve the monitoring of same type of substances in the environment and to forecast the nature of their action at the DNA-level. Genotypes Podolyanka and Spivanka created by Ukrainian selection and varieties of French selection Altigo, Courtot, Lyrik, Flamenko have been studied. These genotypes were selected in order to characterize possible genotype-mutagenic interactions for a compound of complex hereditary pattern for a range of concentrations with maximum contrast taking into account the possible high site-specific effect. The main purpose of this research was to identify the specificity of impact of the agent Triton X-305 at the cellular level and identify parameters fully showing the effect of this substance on the subsequent induction of biodiversity and the enhancement of hereditary variability at the cellular level. Such indicators as pollen sterility effected by various concentrations, the total frequency of chromosomal rearrangements, the spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements, including fragments and double fragments, single and double bridges, micronuclei and lagging chromosomes have been investigated. The ratio of fragments to bridges as an indicator of the active factor nature, the number of cells with two or more rearrangements as an indicator of genetic toxicity of this substance has been established. As a result, a significantly weaker effect of the epimutagen on the overall frequency of chromosomal rearrangement has been shown unlike other factors of a mutagenic nature, at the same time changing the ratio of the obtained aberrations in favour of micronuclei and lagging chromosomes. In addition, other parameters are determined as more meaningful for identifying a specific agent of impact, and the differences in concentrations are less contrasting. There is also a less significantly decreasing fertility, however, this parameter is highly dependent on the source material. In the future, we intend to assess the variability, primarily of a hereditary nature, by the way of a visual analysis of the obtained material in subsequent generations, as well as through biochemical analysis, yield qualities analysis and morphometry of the obtained material.

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SOME ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WHEAT

In the study, it was aimed to determine whether the essential oil components (geraniol, carvacrol, citronellol and thymol) and their different concentrations (0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml/petri) would cause any allelopathic effects on the germination of wheat seeds. The experiment was carried out in the laboratory environment according to the divided plots experimental design in random plots. The effects of allelochemical species (Carvacrol, Thymol, Geraniol, Citronellol) and their doses were found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.01) on the germination rate and seedling dry weight of wheat seeds. The effects of allelochemical species (p&lt;0.05) and doses (p&lt;0.01) on seedling fresh weight were found to be statistically significant. As a result, it was determined that some of the herbal allelochemicals used were effective on seed germination and seedling growth in wheat, and the effect ratio increased as the dose increased. It is thought that some essential oil components can be used in the production of bio-herbicides for winter grass weeds, provided that similar studies are carried out on winter crop plants.

Validating the Impact of Water Potential and Temperature on Seed Germination of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) via Hydrothermal Time Model.

Wheat is the most extensively cultivated crop and occupies a central place in human nutrition providing 20% of the daily food calories. This study was conducted to find both T and ψ effects on wheat germination and the cardinal Ts value; a lab experiment was accomplished using HTT models. Cultivars were germinated under different accelerated aging periods (AAP, 0, 24, 48, and 72 h) at each of the following constant Ts of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C at each of the ψs of 0, −0.05, −0.1, −0.15, and −0.2 MPa. GR, GP, and other germination parameters (GI, GRI, CVG, SVI-I, SVI-II, GE, and MGT) were significantly determined by solute potential, temperature, and reciprocal action in both cultivars (p ≤ 0.01). Depending on the confidence interval of the model co-efficiently between cultivars, there was no significant difference. Hence, the average of cardinal Ts was 15, 20, and 35 °C for the Tb, To, and Tc, respectively, in the control condition (0 MPa). Hydro-time values declined when Ts was raised to To in cultivars, then remained constant at Ts ≥ To (2.4 MPah−1 in Pirsabak 15 and 0.96 MPah−1 in Shahkar). The slope of the relationship between ψb(50) and TTsupra with temperature when Ts is raised above To and reaches 0 at Tc. In conclusion, the assessed parameter values in this study can easily be used in simulation models of wheat germination to quantitatively characterize the physiological status of wheat seed populations at different Ts and ψs.

Influence of Colchicine Concentrations on Wheat Seeds Germination and Seedling Quality

The study investigated the effect of colchicine (C) on seeds germination, as well as morph physiological traits of wheat, where dry wheat seeds were treated with colchicine at concentrations of (C) were (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 %) compared to soaking in distilled water (control). The variance analysis results of laboratory germination experiments as well as in field experiments under rain-fed conditions showed that there were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the mean of most of the studied quantitative traits: germination quality such as germination force (%), germination energy (%), and laboratory germination (%). Leaf area (cm2 ), root spread, stem diameter (cm), as well as wet and dry weight under the influence of the different concentrations of colchicine. Where the results showed that when used wheat seeds which pre-soaked with colchicine solution at a concentration of (0.06) % for 56 hours pre-sowing, led to an obvious significant increase in all studied traits morph physiological properties and seedling vigor when compared to the control (untreated seeds - treated with distilled water only) as well as when compared with other concentrations of colchicine.