Wheat Growth Research Articles

Application of microalgae in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils and its stimulatory effect on wheat growth

Application of microalgae in remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils and its stimulatory effect on wheat growth

Effects of phytostabilized Zinc Sulfide nanocomposites on growth and Arsenic accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Arsenic stress

Effects of phytostabilized Zinc Sulfide nanocomposites on growth and Arsenic accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Arsenic stress

Influence of the drechslera biseptata (sacc. roum.) fungus on the transgressive variability in common wheat

Drechslera biseptata fungus influences the organs of growth and development (germination, embryonic radicle, stem) of common winter wheat, mostly by inhibiting them, which is reflected on the seedling vigor index. The action of the pathogen and the orientation of the cross to the formation of F1 hybrids is reflected on the phenotypic structure and the rate of positive transgressions in the segregating F2 populations in terms of growth organs. The obtained data signify the important role of the positive complementary actions of genes in the formation of the character of resistance of common wheat to the pathogen. Wheat combinations were identified with a high degree and frequency of positive transgressions for the most sensitive organ to the action of the pathogen - the embryonic radicle.

Effects of Iron, Zinc, and Silicon Nanoparticles on Morpho-Physiological Growth, Yield, and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Drought Stress

Effects of Iron, Zinc, and Silicon Nanoparticles on Morpho-Physiological Growth, Yield, and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Drought Stress

Impact Analysis of Different Mixtures of Compost and Polymer on Soil Physical Properties and the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Polymer and compost amendment is a general approach to improve soil properties and promote crop productivity. This study was carried out to assess the effect of polymer and compost amendments on the growth parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soil properties. The experiment was carried at the Agricultural Research Station/College of Agriculture and Marshes/University of Thi-Qar using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results show that the addition of polymers and compost significantly improved soil properties such as bulk density, total porosity, and moisture content and also increasedthe dry weight of the plant, spike weight, number of spikes, spike length, plant height, number of tillers, leaf area. These results illustrate that polymers and compost should be incorporated in agriculture for higher production.

Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida IRS13 and its alginate-like exopolysaccharide as a potent biostimulant promote growth and tolerance in wheat under chilling stress

Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida IRS13 and its alginate-like exopolysaccharide as a potent biostimulant promote growth and tolerance in wheat under chilling stress

Digital twin-based winter wheat growth simulation and optimization

Digital twin-based winter wheat growth simulation and optimization

TiO2 nanomaterial promotes plant growth and disease resistance

ABSTRACT TiO2 nanomaterials can promote plant growth and enhance disease resistance. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study applied TiO2 to promote the growth of wheat, soybean, tobacco, cucumber, and corn. Genetic analysis using macro-element transporter rice mutants in rice revealed that growth promotion induced by TiO2 was dependent on potassium transporter (AKT1), nitrate transporter 1.1B (NRT1.1B), ammonium transporter 1 (AMT1), and phosphate transporter 8 (PT8). TiO2 also enhanced chlorophyll accumulation, and growth promotion was inhibited in the chlorophyll biosynthesis rice mutants, yellow-green leaf 8 (ygl8) and divinyl reductase (dvr), indicating that TiO2 promoted growth through chlorophyll biosynthesis. In addition to photosynthesis, TiO2 affected light signaling by inhibiting the translocation of Phytochrome B (PhyB) from the cytosol to the nucleus, thereby improving resistance to rice sheath blight (ShB). TiO2 application also enhanced resistance to wheat stem rust, tobacco wildfire, angular spot disease, and rice ShB by inhibiting the growth of bacterial and fungal pathogens, suggesting that TiO2 regulates plant defense signaling and has antibacterial and antifungal effects. Field experiments with wheat, soybeans, and rice confirmed that TiO2 treatment significantly increased the crop yield. These findings suggest that TiO2 is a promising nanomaterial for the simultaneous enhancement of plant growth and disease resistance.

Effects of γ-PGA application on soil physical and chemical properties, rhizosphere microbial community structure and metabolic function of urban abandoned land.

China's rapid urbanization has led to the conversion of extensive farmland on urban fringes into non-grain uses, exacerbating the scarcity of arable land resources. Reclaiming these abandoned or underutilized areas presents a viable solution. However, many of these lands are contaminated with construction debris and have uneven soil quality, rendering them unsuitable for crop cultivation. This study aims to investigate the effects of γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) on improving such soils. A 6-month field experiment was conducted on green spaces with mixed construction waste in Chengdu's urban ring. The study analyzed the impact of γ-PGA on soil bacterial communities, metabolites, and physicochemical properties during different wheat growth stages, namely tillering, jointing, flowering, and maturity. γ-PGA significantly increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. It also boosted enzyme activities such as urease, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase. The soil mechanical structure improved, with increases in clay, sand, and macroaggregates. As wheat grew, the fractal dimensions of soil volume and infiltration performance increased, while bulk density decreased, indicating enhanced water retention and gas exchange. Beneficial microorganisms like Actinobacteria and Devosia increased in abundance, promoting soil fertility. Metabolomics analysis revealed that γ-PGA enriched pathways involved in carbohydrate digestion, starch metabolism, and nucleotide processes, creating a more favorable environment for plant growth. This research underscores the crucial role of γ-PGA in soil restoration and fertility enhancement. The findings provide valuable insights for reclaiming non - grain farmland, offering a potential solution to the challenge of arable land shortage caused by urbanization. The study's results contribute to the existing knowledge on soil improvement techniques and have practical implications for sustainable agricultural development in urbanized regions. However, further research could explore the long-term effects of γ-PGA application and its applicability in different soil types and environmental conditions.

Potential of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and/or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria as durum wheat boosters under salt stress

To cope with salt stress, the use of biotimulants based on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is an innovative approach. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of AMF and PGPR applied individually or in combination on the tolerance of durum wheat (Triticum durum) plants subjected to different concentrations of salinity (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl). The saline solution was added gradually, and the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. In this study, growth and physiological parameters were evaluated. The results obtained showed that salt stress negatively affected wheat productivity and growth, as well as physiological and biochemical parameters. The combined treatment AMF+PGPR improved stomatal conductance by 91% compared with non-inoculated plants subjected to 200 mM NaCl. Biostimulants applied separately or in combination reduced the adverse effects of salinity, improving not only stomatal conductance but also chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment synthesis. Moreover, these biostimulants significantly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA); In fact, the greatest reductions in lipid peroxidation (137%) were recorded in plants treated with AMF+PGPR. Finally, the results demonstrated the positive effect of AMF and PGPR, especially their combination, to improve wheat plant growth under saline conditions.

Winter wheat mapping using unbalanced multi-source remote sensing data

ABSTRACT The integration of optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing images enhances the acquisition of winter wheat planting information and improves the accuracy of winter wheat mapping. However, the distinct imaging mechanisms of multi-source sensors present challenges, particularly when optical remote sensing data suffers from missing information due to atmospheric conditions. This data imbalance can lead to biased optimization during joint learning processes, hindering the network’s ability to capture comprehensive spatio-temporal information on winter wheat. To address this issue, this study introduces a multi-source spatio-temporal feature joint balanced optimization model (MS-JBM). The model enhances winter wheat mapping accuracy by extracting complete spatio-temporal feature information through balanced extraction and complementary two-phase spatio-temporal features. MS-JBM initially leverages similar and stable temporal information from multiple sources to obtain an unbiased representation of multi-source spatio-temporal features. Subsequently, it utilizes complete SAR spatio-temporal features as the primary foundation for constructing winter wheat growth knowledge, guiding the comprehensive interaction of multi-source spatio-temporal features. This process yields complete spatio-temporal feature information of winter wheat, with semantic consistency across multiple interaction rounds ensuring process stability. Comprehensive evaluations on three datasets demonstrate that the proposed MS-JBM model surpasses existing multi-source spatio-temporal feature extraction models.

Impact of Climate Change on Wheat Production in Algeria and Optimization of Irrigation Scheduling for Drought Periods

This study investigates the impact of climate variability on wheat production in Algeria’s semi-arid interior plains from 2014 to 2024, aiming to curb the challenges of rainfed wheat cultivation, optimize irrigation, and improve water productivity. The Soil–Water–Atmosphere–Plant (SWAP) model-driven approach refined irrigation scheduling to mitigate climate-induced losses and improve resource efficiency. Using historical climate data, soil properties, and wheat growth observations from the experimental farm of the Technical Institute for Field Crops, the SWAP model was calibrated and validated using one-factor-at-a-time sensitivity analysis, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.93 and a Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) of 17.75. Two drought-based irrigation indices, Soil Moisture Drought Index (SMDI) and Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI), guided adaptive irrigation strategies, showing a significant reduction in crop failure during drought periods. Results revealed a strong link between rainfall variability and wheat yield. Adopting a 9-day irrigation interval could increase water productivity to 18.91 kg ha−1 mm−1, enhancing yield stability under varying climatic conditions. The SMDI approach maintained soil moisture during extreme drought, while CWSI optimized water use in normal and wet years. This study integrates SMDI and CWSI into a validated irrigation framework, offering data-driven strategies to enhance wheat production resilience. Findings support sustainable water management and provide practical insights for policymakers and farmers to refine irrigation planning and climate adaptation, contributing to long-term agricultural sustainability.

Screening, Identification, and Fermentation of Brevibacillus laterosporus YS-13 and Its Impact on Spring Wheat Growth.

The low availability of phosphorus (P) in soil has become a critical factor limiting crop growth and agricultural productivity. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate a bacterial strain with high phosphate-solubilizing capacity to improve soil phosphorus utilization and promote crop growth. A phosphate-solubilizing bacterium, designated as YS-13, was isolated from farmland soil in Henan Province, China, and identified as Brevibacillus laterosporus based on morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical traits, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Qualitative assessment using plate assays showed that strain YS-13 formed a prominent phosphate solubilization zone on organic and inorganic phosphorus media containing lecithin and calcium phosphate, with D/d ratios of 2.28 and 1.57, respectively. Quantitative evaluation using the molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method revealed soluble phosphorus concentrations of 21.24, 6.67, 11.73, and 17.05 mg·L-1 when lecithin, ferric phosphate, calcium phosphate, and calcium phytate were used as phosphorus sources, respectively. The fermentation conditions for YS-13 were optimized through single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, using viable cell count as the response variable. The optimal conditions were determined as 34 °C, 8% inoculum volume, initial pH of 7.55, 48 h incubation, 5 g L-1 NaCl, 8.96 g L-1 glucose, and 8.86 g L-1 peptone, under which the viable cell count reached 6.29 × 108 CFU mL-1, consistent with the predicted value (98.33%, p < 0.05). The plant growth-promoting effect of YS-13 was further validated through a pot experiment using Triticum aestivum cv. Jinchun 6. Growth parameters, including plant height, fresh biomass, root length, root surface area, root volume, and phosphorus content in roots and stems, were measured. The results demonstrated that YS-13 significantly enhanced wheat growth, with a positive correlation between bacterial concentration and growth indicators, although the growth-promoting effect plateaued at higher concentrations. This study successfully identified a high-efficiency phosphate-solubilizing strain, YS-13, and established optimal culture conditions and bioassay validation, laying a foundation for its potential application as a microbial inoculant and providing theoretical and technical support for reducing phosphorus fertilizer inputs and advancing sustainable agriculture.

Effects of different straw returning amounts on soil physicochemical properties, dry matter accumulation, and yield of wheat

Abstract As a main way to reuse straw resources in the farmland, returning straw to the soil can effectively alleviate the adverse effects of direct straw burning on the soil and environment. Although there are previous studies on this aspect, few studies investigate the impact of the annual return of rice and wheat straws on wheat yield and soil properties. In this study, wheat ‘Annong 1124’ was used as the material. The four experimental treatments include: neither rice nor wheat straw returned to the field (R0), wheat straw returned to the field (RW), rice straw returned to the field (RR) and, both rice and wheat straw returned to the field (R2) were set up. The effects of different amounts of straw returning on soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient content, dry matter accumulation, and yield of wheat were studied, to clarify the characteristics of wheat yield formation, soil properties, and nutrient content changes under the condition of rice and wheat annual straw return. The results showed that straw returning increased soil aggregate content and root activity of wheat at the jointing stage. Still, they decreased soil pH and root activity at the flowering stage and increased soil aggregate content at small particle size (d ≤ 0.5 mm and 0.50 mm &lt; d ≤ 1.00 mm). Straw incorporation (R2, RR, and RW) decreased soil urease activity in the early growth stage, increased soil urease activity in the late wheat growth stage, and increased soil nutrient content. Straw returning improved the dry matter quantity of wheat at the jointing stage and had a great difference in the dry matter accumulation of wheat at the flowering stage. RR and R2 treatments reduced the dry matter accumulation of wheat at anthesis by 11.97% and 7.38%, respectively, while RW treatment increased the dry matter accumulation by 25.38%. Straw returning (RW, RR, and R2) decreased the number of wheat spikes but increased the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. In 2019 and 2020, RW treatment increased wheat yield by 1.32% and 3.76%, RR and R2 treatment decreased wheat yield by 2.82%, 0.78%, and 1.70%, 0.42%, respectively. The results of path analysis showed that soil pH, soil biomass carbon, and soil urease activity had significant effects on wheat yield, especially soil biomass carbon. In summary, RW treatment increased soil nutrient content first and then increased dry matter accumulation at the flowering stage, which was beneficial to the transportation of dry matter from stem and leaf to grain. The grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of wheat increased, but RR and R2 decreased the yield of wheat. Therefore, whether or not straw returning to the field can improve crop yield is related to the way straw returns to the field and crop type, as well as the time of straw returning.

Spatial Prediction of Soil Texture in Low-Relief Agricultural Areas Using Rice and Wheat Growth Information with Spatiotemporal Stability

In low-relief agricultural areas, crop cover makes it challenging to obtain remotely sensed bare soil spectral data for predicting soil texture. Therefore, this study proposed a method for predicting soil texture using crop growth information with spatiotemporal stability. Spatiotemporal Stable Peak (SSP) maps were generated using the Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) time-series data of rice and wheat, and they were used to represent crop growth information with spatiotemporal stability. Eighty-three soil sampling sites were arranged on the SSP maps with a regular grid. Ridge Regression, Ordinary Kriging, and Co-Kriging were adopted to map soil texture. The results showed that the SSP was closely related to clay and sand contents, with Pearson’s |r| ranging from 0.57 to 0.67. SSP-based Ridge Regression yielded better prediction accuracy (MAE = 3.95 and RMSE = 4.57) than Ordinary Kriging (MAE = 4.45 and RMSE = 5.19) in predicting clay content. The comparison between Ordinary Kriging and SSP-based Co-Kriging further demonstrated the effectiveness of SSP in improving clay content prediction accuracy, with an increase in R2 of 70% and a reduction in RMSE of 3.85%. Similar results were obtained for sand content prediction. These results suggest that SSP can serve as an effective environmental variable for predicting soil texture spatial variation in low-relief agricultural areas.

Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the potential mechanism by which Streptomyces pactum Act12 enhances wheat root drought tolerance by coordinating phytohormones and metabolic pathways

BackgroundDrought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that limit wheat growth and yield. Streptomyces, a class of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with multifarious metabolic potential and remarkable stress resistance properties in soil, have significant potential in enhancing the drought tolerance of crops. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Streptomyces improve the drought tolerance function of the wheat root are poorly understood.ResultsIn this study, we investigated the role and molecular mechanisms of Streptomyces pactum Act12 in regulating the drought tolerance of wheat root by combining pot experiments and multi-omics techniques. The pot experiment results demonstrated that under drought stress, Act12 treatment significantly promoted the development of the wheat root system, including the total root length, surface area, number of root tips, and diameter. Furthermore, Act12 treatment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD activity increased by 23.7%), the content of osmotic regulators proline (265.8%) and soluble protein (116.8%), and significantly decreased the content of malondialdehyde (39.0%). The integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome demonstrated that Act12 might promote root development through the synergistic regulation of phytohormone signaling. Concurrently, it might optimize energy supply and enhance the stability of cell membranes via the regulation of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glycerophospholipid metabolism.ConclusionConsequently, Act12 enhanced the drought adaptability of the wheat root system from multiple perspectives. This study reveals the central role of Act12 in the regulation of drought resistance in plants and provides a theoretical basis for the development of drought-resistant biologics based on Streptomyces.

The Impacts of Farming Activities on the Coevolutionary Structure of Plant Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities.

Human agricultural activities can impact the soil microbial ecosystem, but the future implications of such changes remain largely unknown. This study aimed to explore how soil microbes survive and reproduce under the pressure of human agricultural cultivation and whether they resist or adapt. A 10-year continuous experiment was conducted, planting a maize and soybean rotation (control group), alfalfa (legume), and wheat (poaceae) to study the impact of different crop planting on soil microbial communities. During the experiment, the physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were measured, and the rhizosphere microbial communities were analyzed. Different crop plantings had varying effects on soil microbial species diversity, but these differences were relatively limited. The relative abundance of Cyanobacteriales (order) was higher in wheat than in alfalfa. Moreover, Cyanobacteriales were positively correlated with soil peroxidase, thereby promoting wheat growth. In addition, nutrition for fungi is mainly derived from decaying straw and plant roots. This study divided soil microbes under agricultural cultivation conditions into three categories: adaptive microbes, neutral microbes, and resistant microbes. At the ecological level of plant rhizosphere microbes, the plant rhizosphere soil microbial community showed a coevolutionary relationship with human cultivation activities. Future research needs to pay more attention to the adaptability of soil microbial communities to agricultural cultivation and the potential impact of this adaptability on the global ecosystem.

Crop Residue Orientation Influences Soil Water and Wheat Growth Under Rainfed Mediterranean Conditions

Under rainfed Mediterranean-style conditions, crop growth and yield are largely determined by the availability of water. We investigated the role of residue orientation (standing or horizontal) and quantity on temperature, soil water, and wheat growth in two experiments with annual (winter) cropping. In the first trial at Shenton Park, tall (0.3 m) standing residues combined with thick (4 t ha−1) horizontal residues increased the soil water at sowing by more than 100 mm compared with the bare soil control, increasing the wheat yield by about 2 t ha−1. The average soil water storage was linearly related to the total residue quantity (r2 = 0.86). Both standing and horizontal residues reduced the daily soil temperature fluctuations, but increased the air temperature fluctuations. Tall-cut residues had higher maximum and lower minimum air temperatures 0.05 m above the ground than short-cut residues with more horizontal material. Under field conditions, more soil water was stored in the growing season with the residues cut relatively tall with less on the ground compared with an equivalent residue amount consisting of shorter residues with more on the ground, although the differences were not great. Tall stubble was also associated with greater green leaf area and PAR interception. At the Cunderdin trial, the residue was greater between the harvester wheel tracks than at the outer edge of the cutting front. Under the very dry seasonal conditions experienced during the trial, greater residue resulted in increased soil water storage, particularly in the top 0.5 m of soil (up to 29 mm), greater green leaf area index, and higher crop yields (up to 300 kg ha−1) behind the harvester, associated with greater spike m−2, greater spikelets spike−1, and lower root:shoot ratio. These results demonstrate the importance of considering residue orientation to maximise crop water use efficiency and yield.

Biochar amendment alters rare microbial taxa and enhances wheat growth in alkaline farmland: insights into soil microbiome dynamics

IntroductionBiochar is recognized as a promising soil amendment for maintaining soil fertility and improving soil conditions. Alkaline farmland is widely distributed globally. Soil microbial taxa, including rare, intermediate, and abundant bacteria, fungi, protists, and phoD-harboring microbes, play essential roles in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling. However, the impacts of biochar on the community composition of these taxa in alkaline farmland are not well understood. Gaining insights into how the soil microbiome responds to biochar application and its association with crop biomass is crucial for sustainable agriculture. In particular, the responses of rare microbial communities, such as rare protists and phoD-harboring microbial taxa, to biochar and their relationship with crop biomass remain largely unexplored.MethodsIn this study, topsoil (0–10 cm) samples were collected from a three-year field experiment in a wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Jimai 22)-maize (Zea mays cv. Jiyuan 169) rotational cropping system. The experiment included treatments with and without biochar application (CK). Gene abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA and phoD, a gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase involved in phosphorus cycling, was quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The compositions and diversities of bacterial, fungal, protistan, and phoD-harboring microbial communities were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing.ResultsBiochar application significantly reduced soil total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) contents. It increased soil N:P ratios by 19.63%, 2.80%, 23.36%, and 27.10% in B0.5, B1.0, B1.5, and B2.0 treatments, respectively. Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) positively correlated with bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance, while total nitrogen (TN) linked to the ratio of phoD to bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundance and rare protistan taxa. In terms of crop yield, the B1.5 treatment (3.42 t ha−1) increased wheat yield by 35% compared to the CK treatment. Mantel test and random forest analyses indicated that rare phoD-harboring, protistan, and fungal communities significantly contributed to wheat growth.DiscussionThis study offers valuable insights into the effects of biochar on soil microbiomes, especially the responses of abundant, intermediate, and rare taxa. The changes in soil nutrient contents and the correlations between soil properties and microbial communities suggest that biochar can modify the soil environment and microbial structure. The significant contribution of rare microbial communities to wheat growth emphasizes their importance in maintaining agricultural ecosystem health and ensuring sustainable ecosystem services. These findings can guide the rational application of biochar in alkaline farmland to promote sustainable agriculture.

Iturin and fengycin lipopeptides inhibit pathogenic Fusarium by targeting multiple components of the cell membrane and their regulative effects in wheat.

Biocontrol microorganisms and their derived metabolites with antagonistic activity represent promising alternatives to chemical fungicides in managing plant pathogens. The lipopeptides (LPs) iturin and fengycin derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S76-3 exhibit highly inhibitory effects against pathogenic fungi, especially Fusarium graminearum (Fg), the primary pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. However, the specific target of iturin and fengycin in Fg and the underlying mechanism of antagonistic activity remain unclear. Here, global transcriptome sequencing, combined with both genetic and chemical approaches, demonstrates that the LPs exhibit antagonism toward Fg by binding to multiple components in the cell membrane of Fg cells, including ergosterol, phospholipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol, and ankyrin. Lipopeptides result in cell swelling by inducing cell wall remodeling and osmotic substance glycerol synthesis mediated by cell wall integrity and high-osmolarity glycerol signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that LPs can activate the induced systemic resistance in wheat against FHB and deoxynivalenol accumulation. Additionally, LPs were able to promote wheat growth by regulating auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin signaling pathways while also delaying seed germination through the stimulation of abscisic acid and ethylene signaling pathways. These findings advance knowledge on the underlying mechanism of iturin and fengycin antagonistic activity and provide a new avenue for developing agricultural and clinical broad-spectrum antifungal agents and identifying plant growth regulators in the future.