Wheat Culture Research Articles

EFFECTSOF PHOSPHOPOTASSIC FERTILIZATION ON WHEATCULTUREIRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER

To improve the state and plant resistance to salinity which is our objective in this study, we worked on fertilization in salted medium. The experiment comprises two doses of phosphorus P1, P2 and four doses of potassium K0, K1, K2, K3 while using two levels of water salinity S1 and S2. The experiment is carried out in pots of vegetation with a durum wheat culture. The experimental device applied is �split-plot comprising 16 treatments and 3 repetitions. The results show that salinity has a significant effect on the reduction of growth and yield of plant; however the fertilizer has contributed to the improvement of aptitudes of plant in salted medium. The phosphoric fertilization played a very important role, the highest dose P2 gave good results of growth, yield of grain, yield of straw and the weight of 1000 grains. However the potash contribution has a less clear effect, but it is noted that the weak and medium dose K1 and K2 are the best with regard to some parameters under the conditions of our experiment. Concerning the content of grains of phosphorus, we noticed that the highest contents are recorded in the most saline treatments. Besides, the treatments having received the dose P2 present sodium contents of grains weaker than those having received the dose P1, this shows the importance of phosphorus under these conditions. It seems that the fertilization in saline condition ensures a favorable nutritional medium against the aggressiveness of salinity.

Impact of long-term agricultural management practices on soil prokaryotic communities

The profound intensification of agricultural practices by increased application of agro-chemicals, short crop rotations and ploughing resulted in loss of soil fertility, erosion and accumulation of soil-borne plant pathogens. Soil microbial communities are key players in ecosystem processes and are intimately linked to crop productivity and health. Thus a better understanding of how farming practices affect soil microbiota is needed in order to promote sustainable agriculture. The long-term field trial in Bernburg (Germany) established in 1992 provides a unique opportunity to assess the effects of i) the crop (maize vs. rapeseed) preceding the actual winter wheat culture, ii) tillage practice (mouldboard plough vs. cultivator tillage) and iii) standard nitrogen (N)-fertilization intensity with application of growth regulators and fungicides (intensive) compared to reduced N-fertilization without growth regulators and fungicides (extensive). We hypothesized that these different farming practices affect the soil prokaryotic community structures with consequences for their functional potential. Total community-DNA was extracted directly from soils sampled at wheat harvest. Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes amplified from total community-DNA revealed a significant effect of tillage practice and the preceding crop on prokaryotic community structures, whereas the influence of N-fertilization intensity was marginal. A number of differentially abundant prokaryotic genera and their predicted functions between mouldboard plough vs. cultivator tillage as well as between different preceding crops were identified. Compared to extensive N-fertilization, intensive N-fertilization resulted in higher abundances of bacterial but not of archaeal amoA genes, that are involved in ammonia oxidation. Our data suggest that long-term farming strategies differently shape the soil prokaryotic community structure and functions, which should be considered when evaluating agricultural management strategies regarding their sustainability, soil health and crop performance.

Effects of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on mature embryo culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In this study, the effects of ZnO, CuO, and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, namely, Kirik and ES-26, were investigated as micro elements in mature embryo culture. In this direction, nanoparticle constructions were tested with both the normal amount (1 ×) and the two (2 ×) and three (3 ×) quantities available in the Murashige and Skoog media. The study was supported by negative and positive controls. Obtained findings suggest that wheat embryos left to develop in applications containing nanoparticles do not actively utilize nanoparticle structures. As a result, the development of nanoparticle-containing applications was less than control. It has been determined that media containing 3 × CuO nanoparticles and media containing 3× ZnO nanoparticles are more successful than controls in terms of callus formation rate among all applications. The most successful group in terms of plant-building ability has been the control group. Plant regeneration did not increase with nanoparticle application compared to control. However, it is thought that this situation is mainly related to the utilization process of the plant by the nanoparticles. However, since the properties of nano-sized elements are variable, it is considered that the obtained data may be related to toxicity. This study is a first in the test of NP structures obtained by green synthesis in mature embryo culture. It is thought that this study contributes to the literature in determining the effects nanoparticle’s have on tissue culture development stages of embryos.

Effect of Genotyps and Polyethylene Glycol on Immature Embryo Culture in Wheat

Seven wheat genotypes were used in this investigation to study the effect of genotypes, levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations and their interaction on immature embryo induction, as well as, estimating heritability for in vitro traits. The genotypes were in vitro evaluated for immature embryos culture ability at four levels of PEG concentrations. Significant differences between genotypes were obtained for some traits at four PEG levels. Levels of mean squares were significant for some traits such as number of green point, plant length and number of tillers. Whereas, mean squares of interaction between genotypes × PEG levels was insignificant for all traits except number of tillers. The results demonstrated that the greatest percentages for green points and plant weight were recorded by the hybrid Sakha 93 × Gemmiza 9. In addition, Sakha 93 × Sids 1 was the best genotype for root length and number of tillers. Whereas, the greatest value for number of plantlets was observed in Sakha 93 and sakha 94. The addition of 10 g/l PEG to MS nutrient medium and 1 mg/l NAA and 0.5 mg/l Kinetin in regeneration medium could be the best concentration for immature embryo purpose in wheat. Furthermore, the genetic variations were highly positive for some traits such as number of green point at levels A and B, number of plants at levels A,B and D, plant weight at level A, plant length at level C, root length at level A and number of tillers at levels A,B and D. The values of heritability were ranged between 53.66 to 90.48% for number of tillers at levels D and A, respectively. The results indicated that the genes controlled growing traits in wheat were highly affected by media composition.

In vitro screening of the spring wheat F2 hybrids for water deficit resistance

In vitro screening of the spring durum and bread wheat F2 hybrids for water deficit resistance by the direct selection using low molecular mannitol as a stressor was conducted. It is shown that with an increase in the concentration of mannitol from 0.2 to 0.8 M in all genotypes there was the inhibition of the growth of the callus culture that indicates the toxic effect of the stress factor. It was established that the concentration of 0.6 M mannitol allows to differentiate spring wheat genotypes for water deficit.It was found that the F2 hybrid Elehiia myronivska / Krasa Polissia was most resistant to osmotic stress because calli of this genotype under selective conditions are characterized by relatively high morphogenic potential, had the highest survival rate and regenerated plants were obtained only from explants of this hybrid after cultivation on the medium containing mannitol concentration of 0.8 M. The F2 hybrid Zhizel / Lan was most susceptible to osmotic stress because mass necrosis and lack of regenerative ability were observed in its calli, under selective conditions. The genotypic dependence of processes of shoot formation in in vitro culture was observed in the spring wheat forms of studied. The formation of regenerated plants from wheat calli took place through both gemmorizogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.Plant regenerants were obtained from the induced calli and their rearing, rooting and transfer to in vivo conditions were optimized. Genotypic responses to osmotic stress in the callus culture of spring wheat were manifested by different survival rate and different regenerative ability under the action of a stress factor. The hybrid Elehiia myronivska / Krasa Polissia can be used as a valuable material for further breeding of spring wheat. The in vitro tissue culture can be used as a test system for the screening of wheat genotypes for resistance to osmotic stress. The optimized procedure of vigorous regenerated plants production of spring durum and bread wheat in in vitro callus cultures can be used in cell selection and genetic engineering experiments

Induction of in vitro androgenesis in anther and isolated microspore culture of different spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) genotypes

This is the first report on isolated microspore culture—derived spelt wheat. The efficiency of anther- and isolated microspore was compared using four genotypes (‘Franckenkorn’, ‘GK Feher’, ‘Mv Martongold’, ‘Oberkulmer Rotkorn’). In anther culture, genotype dependency was observed, and cold pre-treatment enhanced the efficiency of the method. In isolated microspore culture, the ovary co-culture supported the development of embryo-like structures. The presence of growth regulators (0.5 mg/l 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l kinetin) were not essential for the induction of androgenesis, but these increased the production of embryo-like structures, green and albino plantlets. The low plant regeneration rate and high number of albinos hinder the practical application of isolated microspore culture while anther culture was efficient for in vitro green plantlets production in spelt wheat. The mean of green plantlets production was 41.45/100 anthers (from 20.93 to 83.07 depending on genotype). The phenomenon of albinism was mitigated in anther culture (3.48 albinos/100 anthers). Altogether, 1720 anther culture—derived green plantlets were produced from the four genotypes.

Yield of winter wheat and oats depending on the systems of basic cultivation of soil in short-term crop rotation

It has been determined that in the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine, using the system of basic soil cultivation, the best conditions for the formation of the winter wheat crop in the 2nd and 4th crops and in the 3rd oat culture were created. Polygonal soil cultivation has shown itself best in the 1st winter wheat culture. The highest yield was observed after a black couple and a mixture of peas and mustard.

NİĞDE İLİNDE BUĞDAY BİTKİSİNDE TESPİT EDİLEN AFİT TÜRLERİ

As in all plants, aphides produce damage to cultivated plants; they cause loss of quality and yield during plants sucking of sap, the formation of galaxies in the plants, curling, winding, drying and color change of plants, slowing or stopping of plant growth, transferring plant viruses are the most important ones. Wheat culture in and around Niğde province has an important place in terms of agricultural activities. For this reason, the identification of harmful aphids in wheat plants is very important for the biological and chemical struggle related to these aphids to be done correctly. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to detect harmful aphids in wheat plants, while the secondary objective of this study is to contribute to Turkey aphid fauna. Aphids collected from the Niğde province center and its villagers during the May-June period of the wheat plant. Leaf bitter host was taken with 0 number brush and taken to glass bottles containing ethyl alcohol. Preparations were prepared by using KCl, chloralhydrate, phenol, alcohol series and canada balsam in order. Diagnosis was made according to Blackman and Eastop (2000). The aphids which are harmful in agriculture wheat plant in Niğde province were determined as Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Sitobion fragariae (Walker), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas).

Trifloxystrobin + Protioconazole in Different Times of Application, Development and Disease Control in Wheat Culture

Trifloxystrobin + Protioconazole in Different Times of Application, Development and Disease Control in Wheat Culture

アグロバクテリウムによるコムギ形質転換法の確立へ向けて : 1)未熟胚培養系の効率化とアグロバクテリウム感染

アグロバクテリウムによるコムギ形質転換法の確立へ向けて : 1)未熟胚培養系の効率化とアグロバクテリウム感染

Doses and Stages of Application of Nitrogen In The Wheat Culture

Doses and Stages of Application of Nitrogen In The Wheat Culture

Distribution of alpha-amylase isozymes among the varieties of winter wheat in Russia and Ukraine

A catalog of winter wheat varieties bred in Russia and Ukraine for alpha-amylase isozymes is presented. Among them, 11 phenotypic classes were found. It was established that the observed differences in the frequency of specific phenotypes for alpha-amylase in the culture of winter wheat depended on the geographical origin. The percentage of the most widespread cultural phenotype, designated as AbCde, decreased from the south (45°–46° N) to the north (49°–50° N) by 31.0%. At the same time, the frequency of the abCde variant increased by 25.0%. The distribution of the Abcde phenotype changed significantly from 20.7% in the west (30o36′ E) to 0% in the east (40o18′ E). The observed territorial dynamics for alpha-amylase isoenzymes may indicate the adaptive value of the identified phenotypes of common winter wheat for the weather and climatic conditions of the region of their origin.

Влияние минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество зерна сортов озимой пшеницы по экологическим зонам Кабардино-Балкарской Республики

Вопросы питания и удобрения растений являются одними из важнейших в культуре озимой пшеницы независимо от зон возделывания. Правильное применение удобрений под озимую пшеницу играет исключительно важную роль, как показывают опыты научно-исследовательских учреждений и широкая практика; может в определенных условиях удвоить и даже утроить урожай, получать при этом зерно высокого качества по своим технологическим свойствам. Наибольший эффект от использования минеральных удобрений можно получить при дробном их внесении (осенью, весной и в период колошения). Все зависит от конкретных условий возделывания, в частности, от влагообеспеченности и плодородия почвы. В районах с недостаточным увлажнением, где вымывание азота из корнеобитаемого слоя почвы незначительное, разовое внесение всей нормы азота до посева обычно дает такие же результаты, как и дробное внесение. Исследования проводили по зонам республики: в степной зоне — в Терском государственном сортоучастке, в предгорной зоне — в Баксанском государственном сортоучастке, в горной зоне — в Зольском государственном сортоучастке в течение 2007 – 2009 гг. Исследовано влияние минеральных удобрений на урожайность сортов озимой пшеницы в условиях Кабардино-Балкарии. Урожайность сортов за годы исследований варьировала от 3,48 до 6,14 т/га в зависимости от зоны возделывания. С увеличением доз минеральных удобрений по всем зонам и сортам урожайность повышалась. Выявлены оптимальные дозы минеральных удобрений: N60P90K40 в степной зоне и N90P120K60 в предгорной и горной зонах.

Changes in distribution of zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid in cells during callus induction and organogenesis in vitro in immature embryo culture of wheat

Plant organogenesis remains one of the most essential questions of plant developmental biology. Callus tissue in vitro is a valuable tool for the studies on hormonal aspects of plant organogenesis, especially its early events, and immunohistochemical analysis is one of the few approaches offering information on the localization and role of hormones during organ development. The localization of endogenous zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid was investigated during simultaneous bud and root formation in calluses derived from immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Calluses were induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. To stimulate simultaneous bud and root formation, calluses were transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg L−1 kinetin and 0.2 mg L−1 indoleacetic acid. Strong immunostaining for both hormones was detected in proliferating callus tissue, in developing meristematic centers and meristematic zones (whose cells were shown to be involved in organ formation), and at the sites of shoot and root apex initiation. During further development, shoot apexes with leaf primordia were heavily immunostained for zeatin, while immunostaining for indole-3-acetic acid was more intense at the sites of leaf primordia initiation and incipient primordia themselves. In the developing roots, immunostaining for both hormones reached a maximum in the root apex and gradually declined with increasing distance from the apex. Cells of developing procambial strands were also strongly stained for both zeatin and indole-3-acetic acid. These data suggest considerable similarity between patterns of hormone distribution in organs in vitro and in vivo. Thus, callus culture is a convenient and useful model for the study of fundamental biological questions such as how hormones regulate development.

ЗАСОРЕННОСТЬ И СТРУКТУРА УРОЖАЯ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКОВ

The purpose of research is to develop methods of increasing and stabilization of wheat production, providing improved phytosanitary condition of crops and crop structure in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. Experimental studies were conducted in Kostanai Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture (Republic of Kazakhstan). In the experiment evaluated wheat predecessors in field crop rotations with different structure and set of crops (legumes, oilseeds). On average for the period 2009-2014 less clogged were the first crops of wheat after a couple more clogged – wheat crops for peas and oilseed rape. When sowing the first crop of wheat after the pair number of annual weeds during the growing season has increased by an average of 3.3 times, perennial – 1.5 times. In the case of wheat after pea content of annual weeds has increased 1.4 times, the amount of perennial weeds on average remained at the same level. When sowing wheat after oilseed rape on the period of harvesting the number of annual weeds on average increased by 1.6 times, the amount of perennial weeds decreased by 2.0 times. Thus, the level of infestation of crops the main grain of spring wheat culture in the beginning of the growing season was determined by how effective weed control in crops of previous crops, and at the end of the growing season, before the harvest, and still protect the system in the year of sowing. In terms of the productivity of the average for 2009-2014, research has proved better option sowing wheat crop after the first couple. When plant density of 195 pcs./m2 was formed 294 productive stems, ie, productive tillering was 1.5, with the number of grains per ear – 24.7 pc. and mass of 1000 seeds – 32.3 g. Good crop structure indicators wheat variations showed after peas and oilseed rape. Productive tillering in these cases was 1.4, the mass of 1000 seeds after the pea – 31.9 g, after oilseed rape – 32.0 g.

Separation and purification of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin from wheat culture using a simple two-step silica gel column chromatography

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecenes mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, often found in foodstuffs for humans and animals. DON is in great demand for the toxicological researches both in vivo and in vitro. In this work, wheat culture was inoculated with a Fusarium graminearum PH-1 strain for DON production. The solvent system for crude extraction was acetonitrile-water (84:16, v/v). A simple two-step silica gel column chromatography was employed to separate the DON mycotoxin from wheat culture, combined with preparative high performance liquid chromatography (preparative HPLC) to purify the compound. The solvent system for the second silica gel column chromatography was methylene chloride-methanol (17:1, v/v), which provided a good elution effect selected on thin layer chromatography (TLC). The target compound was identified by HPLC, and the chemical structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A total of 433 mg of purified DON was obtained from 1 kg of wheat culture, with a purity of 99.01%. The study had provided an easy-operating and cost-effective method to isolate an expensive compound in a simple way.

Selection and characterization of Argentine isolates of Trichoderma harzianum for effective biocontrol of Septoria leaf blotch of wheat.

Species of the genus Trichoderma are economically important as biocontrol agents, serving as a potential alternative to chemical control. The applicability of Trichoderma isolates to different ecozones will depend on the behavior of the strains selected from each zone. The present study was undertaken to isolate biocontrol populations of Trichoderma spp. from the Argentine wheat regions and to select and characterize the best strains of Trichoderma harzianum by means of molecular techniques. A total of 84 out of the 240 strains of Trichoderma were able to reduce the disease severity of the leaf blotch of wheat. Thirty-seven strains were selected for the reduction equal to or greater than 50% of the severity, compared with the control. The percentage values of reduction of the pycnidial coverage ranged between 45 and 80%. The same last strains were confirmed as T. harzianum by polymerase chain reaction amplification of internal transcribed spacers, followed by sequencing. Inter-simple sequence repeat was used to examine the genetic variability among isolates. This resulted in a total of 132 bands. Further numerical analysis revealed 19 haplotypes, grouped in three clusters (I, II, III). Shared strains, with different geographical origins and isolated in different years, were observed within each cluster. The origin of the isolates and the genetic group were partially related. All isolates from Paraná were in cluster I, all isolates from Lobería were in cluster II, and all isolates from Pergamino and Santa Fe were in cluster III. Our results suggest that the 37 native strains of T. harzianum are important in biocontrol programs and could be advantageous for the preparation of biopesticides adapted to the agroecological conditions of wheat culture.

A new preparative method for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B from wheat culture inoculated withAspergillus ochraceus

Ochratoxins are a mycotoxin family frequently found in agricultural commodities worldwide and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. To obtain large amounts of high-purity ochratoxins for food safety monitoring and toxicological research, a novel and effective method was established for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B (OTB) from a wheat culture inoculated with an ochratoxin-producingAspergillus strain. The inoculated wheat culture was first extracted with methanol:water (80:20, v/v), followed by one or two cleanup procedures involving acid-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and gel permeation chromatography. Subsequently, target analytes were separated and collected using preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Finally, a combined approach of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry was applied for purity analysis and structural identification of the obtained toxins. As a result, 100 g of an inoculated wheat culture yielded 69 mg of OTA and 6 mg of OTB with purities greater than 98%. This proposed method might serve as a valuable reference to obtain expensive ochratoxin standards. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on simultaneous preparation of OTA and OTB from artificially inoculated wheat culture.

Anther culture as an effective tool in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of genotype and induction medium in anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ten F1 winter wheat genotypes were tested in anther culture (AC) to compare the two most frequently applied induction media (W14mf and P4mf). Androgenesis was induced during the treatment of each tested genotypes and green plants were produced from them using both media. Based on statistical analysis, the genotypes significantly influenced (at the 0.001 probability level) the efficiency of AC (embryo-like structures (ELS), albinos, green plantlets and transplanted plantlets) and the media also had a significant effect on the number of ELS and albino plantlets. Both media can be used for AC in wheat doubled haploid (DH) plant production. The production of ELS and green plantlets was higher in P4mf medium (48.84 ELS/100 anthers, 4.82 green plantlets/100 anthers) than in W14mf medium (28.14 ELS/100 anthers, 4.59 green plantlets/100 anthers). However, the green plant regeneration efficiency of the microspore-derived structures was 16.9% when using W14mf medium, while this value was 9.6% in the case of ELS induced with P4mf medium. The application of W14mf medium thus proved to be time- and labour-saving medium in the large-scale production of DH wheat plants. In our experiments, 267 DH plants were produced for our winter wheat breeding program. The spontaneous rediploidization rate was 32.72%.

Metabolism of the14C-labeled herbicide clodinafop-propargyl in plant cell cultures of wheat and tobacco

ABSTRACTThe metabolism of 14C-clodinafop-propargyl (CfP) was examined in cell cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Heines Koga II’) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Besides the non-transgenic tobacco culture, cultures transformed separately with cDNA of human cytochrome P450-monooxygenases (P450s) CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 were examined. Experiments with wheat were executed in the presence and absence of safener cloquintocet-mexyl (CqM). After 48 h of incubation, only about 10% of applied 14C was found in media (both tobacco and wheat). Non-extractable residues of 14C-CfP in wheat cells were 16.54% (without CqM) and 30.87% (with CqM). In all tobacco cultures, 82.41–92.46% of applied radioactivity was recovered in cell extracts. In contrast to wheat, non-extractable residues amounted only to 1.50–2.82%. As determined by radio-thin layer chromatography (TLC) and -high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the parent CfP was not found in the cell extracts of wheat; in tobacco cell extracts, only traces of CfP were detected. After a hydrolysis of assumed carbohydrate conjugates of CfP derived polar 14C-labeled compounds, TLC and HPLC analysis showed that in wheat, a more complex pattern of metabolites of CfP were observed as compared to all tobacco cultures. In hydrolysates resulting from wheat, the identity of three primary products was confirmed by means of GC-EI-MS: free acid clodinafop (Cf), hydroxy-Cf hydroxylated at the pyridinyl moiety, and 4-(5-chloro-3-fluoropyridin-2-yloxy)phenol. In hydrolysates derived from all tobacco cultures, main metabolite was Cf besides only traces of further unidentified products. Differences among the different tobacco cultures (non-transgenic, transgenic) did not emerge. According to kinetics of disappearance of primary metabolite Cf as well as formation of polar soluble products and non-extractable residues, metabolization of CfP proceeded at a noticeably higher rate in wheat cells treated with safener CqM than in cells without CqM treatment. Thus, these results indicated a stimulation of CfP's metabolism by CqM, although metabolic profiles observed in CqM treated and non-treated cells (after hydrolysis) were qualitatively similar. The findings obtained from all tobacco cultures suggested that with the exception of ester cleavage to Cf, CfP cannot be metabolized by tobacco itself or by the human P450s examined.