Wheat Brain Research Articles

Gut Microbiome Associating with Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism during Biodegradation of Polyethene in Tenebrio larvae with Crop Residues as Co-Diets.

Tenebrio molitor and Tenebrio obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are two commercial insects that eat plant and crop residues as diets and also biodegrade synthetic plastics polyethylene (PE). We examined biodegradation of low-density PE (LDPE) foam (Mn = 28.9 kDa and Mw = 342.0 kDa) with and without respective co-diets, i.e., wheat brain (WB) or corn flour (CF), corn straw (CS), and rice straw (RS) at 4:1 (w/w), and their gut microbiome and genetic metabolic functional groups at 27.0 ± 0.5 °C after 28 days of incubation. The presence of co-diets enhanced LDPE consumption in both larvae and broad-depolymerized the ingested LDPE. The diet type shaped gut microbial diversity, potential pathways, and metabolic functions. The sequence of effectiveness of co-diets was WB or CF > CS > RS for larval development and LDPE degradation. Co-occurrence networks indicated that the larvae co-fed with LDPE displayed more complex correlations of gut microbiome than the larvae fed with single diets. The primary diet of WB or CF and crop residues CS and RS provided energy and nitrogen source to significantly enhance LDPE biodegradation with synergistic activities of the gut microbiota. For the larvae fed LDPE and LDPE plus co-diets, nitrogen fixation function was stimulated compared to normal diets and associated with LDPE biodegradation.

Production of cellulases and xylanases by Humicola grisea var. thermoidea and application in sugarcane bagasse arabinoxylan hydrolysis

Humicola grisea var. thermoidea is a deuteromycete that secretes a large spectrum of hydrolytic enzymes when grown on lignocellulosic residues. Agricultural residues are rich in lignocellulosic material and can be used as an alternate source for the production of different value-added products. The fungus was grown on sugarcane bagasse (SCB), wheat brain (WB), rice straw (RS) and corn cob (CC) as carbon source. The major endoxylanase, cellobiohydrolase, arabinofuranosidase and avicelase activities were observed when the fungus had grown on WB, while the major endoglucanase, FPAse and β-xylosidase activities on SCB. Secreted proteins by H. grisea upon growth on WB (HgWB) and SCB (HgSCB) by 144 h were analyzed by SDS/PAGE and Zymogram. The results suggested that HgWB and HgSCB presented a different pool of cellulases and xylanases. Cellulases and xylanases are used in enzyme cocktail to cellulose hydrolysis in cellulosic ethanol plants from SCB, hemicelluloses currently represents the largest polysaccharide fraction wasted in these plants. H. grisea enzymes (HgWB and HgSCB) and recombinant hemicellulases (endoxylanase GH11 – HXYN2, β-xylosidase – HXYLA and arabinofuranosidase ABF3) were employed to design hemicellulases cocktail which were employed to recovery arabinoxylan (AX) from steam explosion sugarcane bagasse (seSCB). The hydrolysis of seSCB with hemicellulases cocktail proved to be efficient and the release of reducing sugars (RS) from AX arriving at 91% conversion and the highest hydrolysis yields were obtained when using 4.200 U g−1 (Units per gram substrate) of HXYN2, 10 U g−1 of HXYLA and 4 U g−1 of ABF3. After AX hydrolysis, the solid fraction containing cellulose was hydrolyzed with commercial cellulases and presented 28% increase in hydrolysis yield (glucose production) comparing to seSCB hydrolysis without enzymatic pre-treatment. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was an important tool to observe the modifications in seSCB after steam explosion treatment and hydrolysis. SEM images revealed that steam explosion caused considerable damage to the fibers, such as the relaxation, fragmentation and peeling of the superficial layers of the cellulose and after enzymatic hydrolysis can be observed a greater number of cracks and more brittle in the structure. The results demonstrated that enzymatic pre-treatment with hemicellulases cocktail allowed recovery of pentoses from AX which can be converted in diverse products and improved glucose production from cellulose fraction.

PSVIII-7 In vitro fermentation of different dietary fibers selectively changed sow gut microbiota composition

Abstract In vitro fermentation experiments with modified starch 1 (MS1), modified starch 2 (MS2), guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), konjac flour (KF), wheat brain (WB), and inulin (I) were conducted for 48 h to investigate the effects on gilt gut microbiota. Fecal examples were obtained from three gilts; the fermentation kinetics parameters were analysed in Logistic-Exponential (LE) model such as the final asymptotic gas volume (Vf, ml/g), initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value=0 (FDR0, h-1), fractional rate of gas production at particular time (k, h-1) and half-time to asymptote (T1/2, h). Samples were collected after fermentation for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 16S rDNA microbial analysis. MS1, MS2, and I had the highest Vf (P < 0.01). The k of GG and I were significant higher (P < 0.01). FDR0 of MS2, GG, and I were the lowest following KF, MS1, WB, and XG, successively (P < 0.01). T1/2 of MS1, KF, WB, and GG were lower (P < 0.01). MS1, MS2, and GG produced more acetate (P < 0.05) and total SCFAs (P < 0.01), and butyrate produced by MS2 was significant higher (P < 0.01). The microbiota composition changed dramatically after fermentation, decreasing bacteria abundance and alpha-diversity (P < 0.01). The relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased, while phyla Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Fusobacteria were selectively promoted by DF. The LEfSe analysis showed Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Aeromonadales were enriched in MS1 treatment; Clostridiales, Clostridia, and Anaerosporobacter were enriched in MS2 treatment; Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidetes were enriched in GG treatment; Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 were enriched in XG treatment; Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Ruminiclostridium were enriched in KF treatment; Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillales, were enriched in I treatment. In conclusion, different type of DFs may play a specific role in gilt gut microbiota changing and composition.

Çay Atığından Hazırlanan Farklı Kompost ve Partikül Büyüklüğünün Ganoderma lucidum Mantarının Verimi ve Bazı Morfolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

The objective o f this study was to determine the effects o f substrates prepared by the mixtures o f sawdust and wood-chip o f oak with tea manufacture waste (TW) at the rate o f 10, 15, 20 and 25% on the yield and some morphological characters o f Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Ganoderma lucidum was obtained from Company o f Agromycel in Denizli. In the study, pH, moisture, N and C contents, and C :N ratios o f substrates, and also days to first fruiting, yield and some morphological characters were determined. Substrate mixtures o f sawdust (OS) and wood-chip (OWC) o f oak at the rate o f 80% with 18% wheat brain (WB), 1% sucrose and 1% CaCO3 were used as their controls. The highest mushroom yield was obtained from 90 OWC:10 TW (73.07 g/kg substrate) and 75OS:25TW (21.21 g/kg substrate). It was determined that mushroom yields o f the substrates, except for the mixtures o f 80:20TW, 85:15TW and 90:10TW prepared by oak sawdust with tea waste, were higher than that in control substrate o f 80:18WB.