Wet Process Research Articles

Impact of Meteorological Factors on the Wire Icing Thickness and Growth Rate in Mountain Areas under Dry and Wet Growth Patterns

Wire icing events pose a significant threat to the southern power grid’s transmission lines in China. Fifteen such events were identified from 2018 to 2020 on the Guilin-Haiyang Mountain transmission line. Hourly measurements of ice thickness and concurrent meteorological data were analyzed using the Makkonen model’s freezing rate formula to categorize the events into distinct growth patterns: dry and wet. The relationship between wire icing and meteorological factors across different micro-topography (windward slope, leeward slope, and pass) was further explored. Several key conclusions can be drawn. First, the altitude is positively correlated to the icing thickness, but relatively independent of the icing rate; however, such independence between the icing rate and altitude cannot be interpreted by the negative correlation of altitude with temperature and the positive relationship between wind speed and liquid water content. Second, a pronounced connection of the icing rate with meteorological factors is not shown until the wet and dry patterns are separated. Notably, the correlations differ between these two patterns, with icing rate being negatively correlated with temperature for the wet growth process, but positively correlated with wind speed and liquid water content for the dry growth process. Third, both wet and dry growth processes exist across the icing events. A shift from wet to dry growth was evident with increasing altitude. At the mountain’s base, wet growth predominates, with the icing rate determined by the temperature close to the freezing point, whereas the higher temperature and lower liquid water flux account for the shorter wire icing duration, lower icing rate, and thus the thinner icing thickness at the leeward slope compared to the windward slope at a similar altitude. This study sheds light on the variations in icing rates under different micro-topographies and the underlying physical mechanisms governing icing growth patterns and provides a much-needed understanding of these distinct growth processes on the development of a more sophisticated predictive model for conductor icing.

Measurement report: Vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles detected in and above the marine boundary layer in the remote atmosphere

Abstract. Each year, commercial ships emit over 1.67 Tg of particulate matter (PM) pollution into the atmosphere. These ships rely on the combustion of heavy fuel oil, which contains high levels of sulfur, large aromatic organic compounds, and metals. Vanadium is one of the metals most commonly associated with heavy fuel oil and is often used as a tracer for PM from ship exhaust. Previous studies have suggested that vanadium-containing PM has impacts on human health and climate due to its toxicological and cloud-formation properties, respectively; however, its distribution in the atmosphere is not fully understood, which limits our ability to quantify the environmental implications of PM emitted by ships. Here, we present data obtained from a Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the 2016–2018 Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) and show that ∼ 1 % of the accumulation mode particles measured in the marine boundary layer of the central Pacific and Atlantic oceans contain vanadium. These measurements, which were made without targeting ship plumes, suggest that PM emitted by ships is widespread in the atmosphere. Furthermore, we observed vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles at altitudes up to 13 km, which demonstrates that not all ship exhaust particles are immediately removed via wet deposition processes. In addition, using laboratory calibrations, we determined that most vanadium-containing ship exhaust particles can contain up to a few weight percent of vanadium. This study furthers our understanding of both the chemical composition and distribution of PM emitted by ships, which will allow us to better constrain the climate, health, and air quality implications of these particle types in the future. We note that these data were collected prior to the 2020 International Maritime Organization (IMO) sulfur regulation and stand as a reference for understanding how ship emissions have evolved in light of these regulations.

Perbedaan Metode Pengolahan Pascapanen dalam Memengaruhi Kadar Kafein Roasted Bean Kopi Robusta Argopuro

This study aims to determine the caffeine content of Argopuro Jember robusta coffee beans based on differences in post-harvest processing methods. The research was conducted at the Jember State Polytechnic Agricultural Products Processing (PHP) Laboratory and the Jember State University Integrated Testing Unit Laboratory in June-September 2022. The samples were robusta coffee logs originating from the Argopuro area of ​​Jember. The post-harvest coffee processing process is divided into four (4) methods, namely natural processing (dry process), semi-wet processing, wet (full wash process), and honey processing. Green beans from the results of each processing method are roasted at light, medium, and dark levels. The roasted bean caffeine content test from each post-harvest processing method at each roasting level was carried out descriptively (simple, without repetition). Overall, the caffeine content of the roasted beans produced in this study still meets the SNI 01-3542-2004 standard, a maximum of 2%. The caffeine content of Argopuro Jember robusta coffee roast beans at the light roast level ranges from 1.44-1.65%, 1.38-1.92% for medium roast, and 1.61-1.81% for dark roast. The highest caffeine content in roasted beans at each roasting level is 1.65% (dry process), 1.92% (full wash process), and 1.81% (full wash process), respectively. Meanwhile, roasted beans with the lowest caffeine content with a value of 1.38% are produced using the semi-wet process processing method at a medium roast level. The fluctuations in caffeine values ​​produced in this study indicate that post-harvest processing methods do not affect the caffeine content of roasted beans at light, medium, or dark roast levels.

Improving the roughness of copper working electrode through electroless deposition for carbon dioxide reduction reaction

Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion into usable fuels (CO, CH4, C2H4, and HCOOH) is a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy deficit. Herein, we employ the wet etching process to significantly enhance the surface roughness of the copper foil, followed by deposition of Cu particles on the surface-etched copper foil (Cu NPs/Cu foil) for electrochemical CO2 reduction. FESEM and AFM results confirms the morphology and roughness changes. Introducing glycine to the electrolyte increase the Faraday efficiency (FE) of the resulting products. Upon adding 5 × 10−5 mM glycine significantly improves the FEs 10.1 % CO, 8.7 % CH4, 11.7 % C2H4, and 44.5 % HCOOH, with 75.0 % as C1 and C2 compounds. Concurrently, hydrogen production decreases to 20.2 % at a potential of –1.4 V utilizing roughened Cu NPs/Cu foil as a catalyst. These results shed light on the factors contributing to increased hydrocarbons and formic acid production with enhanced surface roughness of Cu foil.

Water at the nanoscale: From filling or dewetting hydrophobic pores and carbon nanotubes to "sliding" on graphene.

In this work, we study the effect of nanoconfinement on the hydration properties of model hydrophobic pores and carbon nanotubes, determining their wetting propensity and the conditions for geometrically induced dehydration. By employing a recently introduced water structural index, we aim at two main goals: (1) to accurately quantify the local hydrophobicity and predict the drying transitions in such systems, and (2) to provide a molecular rationalization of the wetting process. In this sense, we will further discuss the number and strength of the interactions required by the water molecules to promote wetting. In the case of graphene-like surfaces, an explanation for their unexpectedly significant hydrophilicity will also be provided. On the one hand, the structural index will show that the net attraction to the dense carbon network that a water molecule experiences through several simultaneous weak interactions is sufficient to give rise to hydrophilic behavior. On the other hand, we will show that an additional effect is also at play: the hydrating water molecule is retained on the surface by a smooth exchange of such simultaneous weak interactions, as if "sliding" on graphene.

Study on Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Double-End Supported Elastic Substrate Prepared by Wet Etching Process.

Preparing elastic substrates as a carrier for dual-end supported nickel chromium thin film strain sensors is crucial. Wet etching is a vital microfabrication process widely used in producing microelectronic components for various applications. This article combines lithography and wet etching methods to microprocess the external dimensions and rectangular grooves of 304 stainless steel substrates. The single-factor variable method was used to explore the influence mechanism of FeCl3, HCl, HNO3, and temperature on the etching rate, etching factor, and etching surface roughness. The optimal etching parameter combination was summarized: an FeCl3 concentration of 350 g/L, HCl concentration of 150 mL/L, HNO3 concentration of 100 mL/L, and temperature of 40 °C. In addition, by comparing the surface morphology, microstructure, and chemical and mechanical properties of a 304 stainless steel substrate before and after etching treatment, it can be seen that the height difference of the substrate surface before and after etching is between 160 μm and -70 μm, which is basically consistent with the initial design of 0.2 mm. The results of an XPS analysis and Raman spectroscopy analysis both indicate that the surface C content increases after etching, and the corrosion resistance of the surface after etching decreases. The nano-hardness after etching increased by 26.4% compared to before, and the ζ value decreased by 7%. The combined XPS and Raman results indicate that the changes in surface mechanical properties of 304 stainless steel substrates after etching are mainly caused by the formation of micro-nanostructures, grain boundary density, and dislocations after wet etching. Compared with the initial rectangular substrate, the strain of the I-shaped substrate after wet etching increased by 3.5-4 times. The results of this study provide the preliminary process parameters for the wet etching of a 304 stainless steel substrate of a strain measuring force sensor and have certain guiding significance for the realization of simple steps and low cost of 304 stainless steel substrate micro-nano-processing.

Synthesis of CuO nanosheets on Cu foil via one-step wet chemical process at different reaction temperatures and their photoelectrochemical performance

Cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures were directly grown on copper substrate via a simple one step solution-immersion process. The films were formed by the direct oxidation of copper in aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O8. The influence of the reaction temperature on the structural, morphological, optical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the formed copper compounds nanostructures was investigated. The XRD and Raman spectroscopy results revealed the formation of Cu(OH)2/CuO composite for the samples prepared at 3 and 25 °C, and pure CuO was obtained for the samples prepared at 45 and 55 °C. The SEM micrographs showed that the formed Cu(OH)2 and CuO present a nanowire bundles and nanosheet morphology, respectively. The increase of the reaction temperature enhanced the absorbance of the CuO samples in the entire visible region. According to the photoelectrochemical measurements, the increase of the reaction temperature resulted in an improvement of the PEC response. The CuO nanosheets synthesized at 55 °C presents the highest and the most stable PEC response. A reasonable mechanism describing the formation of nanostructured copper compounds at different reaction temperatures is discussed in this paper.

Preparation of dispersible carbon nitride powder and fabrication of its thin films by wet-process

To establish a low-cost and environment-friendly method for producing blue fluorescent materials and their thin films, we investigated the conditions for synthesizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) powder from urea and melamine. We found that urea can be used to synthesize g-C3N4 at lower annealing temperatures than melamine. The synthesized g-C3N4 powder showed good dispersibility in deionized water and methanol, and it was found that relatively uniform g-C3N4 thin films could be obtained by low-speed spin-coating, especially with highly volatile methanol dispersions. These results indicate that blue fluorescent thin films can be fabricated using a wet process at room temperature.

Carbon Footprint for Jeans’ Circular Economy Model Using Bagasse

To date, clothing has been produced and disposed of in large quantities. It is also known that each process, from the procurement of raw materials to production, transportation, sales, laundry, and disposal, has a significant environmental impact. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the fashion industry account for 4% of the global total. Therefore, apparel makers are shifting from a linear economy to a circular economy. For example, the Japanese start-up Curelabo Co., Ltd. (Okinawa, Japan) developed jeans (bagasse washi jeans) made from bagasse, which is a residual material derived from sugarcane after the extraction of cane juice. Furthermore, the use of improved dyeing reduces boiler fuel consumption and eliminates the need for detergents and acid. For disposal, the used jeans and their production waste are processed into biochar for carbon sequestration. In this study, we attempted to calculate GHG emissions using life cycle assessment (LCA) for the circular economy model developed by Curelabo Co., Ltd. GHG emissions from the production of bagasse washi jeans were 1.09 × 101 kg-CO2e. Dyeing, bleaching, and fabric finishing, known as the wet processes, were found to contribute a large proportion of GHG emissions due to their high energy consumption. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of GHG emissions from bagasse washi jeans, including transport, sales, laundry, and disposal, were 1.53 × 101 kg-CO2e. First, the use of bagasse washi yarn for the weft reduced by 2.99 × 10−1 kg-CO2e compared with the use of conventional 100% bleached cotton yarn. Second, compared with conventional dyeing, GHG emissions from the improved dyeing process were reduced by 2.78 kg-CO2e. Third, the disposal of the used jeans and their production waste into biochar reduced GHG emissions by 9.01 × 10−1 kg-CO2e. Additionally, GHG emissions can be reduced by re-inputting waste in the paper-making process and by using liquefied natural gas as boiler fuel in the dyeing process.

Study on Strengthening the Crystallization Process of Removing F and P from Phosphogypsum Produced by Dihydrate–Hemihydrate Wet Process

Study on Strengthening the Crystallization Process of Removing F and P from Phosphogypsum Produced by Dihydrate–Hemihydrate Wet Process

Stabilizing Solution–Substrate Interaction of Perovskite Ink on PEDOT:PSS for Scalable Blade Coated Narrow Bandgap Perovskite Solar Modules by Gas Quenching

The development of scalable 1.25 eV mixed Pb–Sn perovskite solar modules by blade coating lags behind Pb‐based perovskites due to limited understanding of solution–substrate interaction of the perovskite ink on PEDOT:PSS and subsequent gas quenching. To address this challenge, the wet film deposition and quenching process to better understand narrow bandgap perovskite film formation on PEDOT:PSS are studied. It is found that the wetting of Pb–Sn perovskite ink on PEDOT:PSS is highly unstable over relevant coating time scales, causing the contact angles to decrease rapidly from 42° to 16° within seconds. This instability leads to localized irregularities in the wet film, resulting in uneven solvent extraction and inhomogeneous nuclei density. As a result, rough perovskite films with voids at the buried interface are obtained. To overcome this problem, a quasistatic wetting process by reducing the blade coating speed is developed, thereby stabilizing the wetting behavior of Pb–Sn perovskite precursor ink on PEDOT:PSS. This optimized process facilitates the deposition of high‐quality, void‐free Pb–Sn perovskite films with uniform thickness over 8 cm of coating length using moderate (1.4 bar) N2 quenching. 20% efficient narrow bandgap perovskite solar cells and minimodules with 15.8% active area efficiency on 15.9 cm2 are achieved.

Selection of Various Indications of Tempering Lubricant Concentration Reuse in the Wet Rolling Process

ABSTRACTDiscarded tempering lubricants retained significant reuse potential, making their recycling a vital step in reducing resource wastage and wastewater treatment costs in the strip steel industry. Hence, developing an accurate, rapid evaluation indicator for recycled fluid concentration was essential for facilitating this process. Research showed that among common evaluation indicators for metal fluids, three—electrical conductivity, refractive index and total base number (TBN)—due to their high linear correlation with tempering lubricant concentration (R2 > 0.995), could be utilised to monitor the dynamic changes in the concentration of tempering lubricants. Subsequent experiments on reused tempering lubricants revealed that electrical conductivity, significantly altered by iron powder (7%–24% variance), and refractive index, impacted by hydraulic oil (3% deviation), highlighted contaminant challenges; yet, filtration effectively mitigated iron powder's effect on TBN. Finally, A 17‐day reused tempering lubricants simulation demonstrated consistent effectiveness of the three indicators in monitoring the need to update tempering lubricant concentration. However, in terms of sensitivity, precision, and particularly stability and relative mean deviation, the TBN concentration evaluation indicator outperformed, with TBN (3.38%) < Refractive Index (7.92%) < Electrical Conductivity (11.05%). This indicates the TBN method's superior stability over conductivity and refractive index methods, with its accuracy deviation below 2%, making it a stable, simple and reliable metric worthy of broader adoption.

Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Wearable All-Carbon Nanotube Photodetector Arrays.

With electronic devices evolving toward portable and high-performance wearables, the constraints of complex and wet processing technologies become apparent. This study presents a scalable photolithography/chemical-free method for crafting wearable all-carbon nanotube (CNT) photodetector device arrays. Laser-assisted patterning and dry deposition techniques directly assemble gas-phase CNTs into flexible devices without any lithography or lift-off processes. The resulting wafer-scale all-CNT photodetector arrays showcase excellent uniformity, wearability, environmental stability, and notable broadband photoresponse, boasting a high responsivity of 44 AW-1 and a simultaneous detectivity of 1.9 × 109 Jones. This research provides an efficient, versatile, and scalable strategy for manufacturing wearable all-CNT device arrays, allowing widespread adoption in wearable optoelectronics and multifunctional sensors.

Assessment of Binder Modification in Dry-Added Waste Plastic Modified Asphalt.

Plastic production has risen steadily, but recycling rates lag. Researchers are increasingly investigating the use of plastics in road construction, especially in terms of modifying asphalt with waste plastics. The dry process, which involves incorporating plastics into hot aggregates, is increasingly gaining traction as an alternative to the wet process, where plastics are added to hot bitumen. Past studies indicate enhanced asphalt mixture properties with the dry process, but there is debate about the role of waste plastics-whether they should be used as aggregates, fillers, or binder modifiers. This study explores the extent to which dry-added waste plastic modified the binder of the asphalt mixtures. Fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the impact of plastic on the binder, while image analysis quantified polymer swelling and dispersion in the binder matrix. It was concluded that when plastics are added to hot aggregates, they will act as binder modifiers. Lower plastic content and reduced polymer crystallinity led to increased polymer swelling and better dispersion in the mixture. This study recommends plastic inclusion of less than 2.5% (by volume) in the dry-added method since high plastic content leads to polymer agglomeration, especially for highly crystalline polymers. Additionally, mixes modified with amorphous plastics exhibited superior workability and performance compared to those modified with crystalline plastics. This study also suggests that using plastics to replace both bitumen and filler can improve cost efficiency, reduce the carbon footprint, and enhance the overall performance of the asphalt mixture.

Identification and Derivation of Emerging Contaminants in the Roof Rainwater Confluence

To identify emerging contaminants （ECs） in rainwater is a topic that has gradually received widespread attention. Rainwater resources, specifically urban roofs, play a crucial role in utilizing rainwater efficiently by understanding the occurrence and migration characteristics of pollutants in precipitation. This study selected a typical roof and studied the differences in rainwater quality and pollution occurrence at different collection stages during six rainfall events from March to May in 2023. Principal component analysis （PCA） and correlation analysis were used to explore the distribution, migration, and transformation of ECs in the collection process of roof rainwater. The findings revealed the presence of 44/54 ECs in wet deposition, dry and wet deposition, and roof runoff processes, with a total concentration range of 63.0 to 432.4 ng·L-1 and an average concentration of 166.8 ng·L-1. Notably, bisphenol A （BPA） exhibited the highest concentration, ranging from 14.7 to 265.6 ng·L-1, with an average concentration of 62.5 ng·L-1, followed by ofloxacin （OFX） and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate （EHMC）, with detected concentrations up to 45.5 ng·L-1 and 44.8 ng·L-1. Dissolved organic matter （DOM）, nitrogen pollutants, and particulate matter were important factors affecting the occurrence characteristics of ECs, with a mantel correlation coefficient of up to 0.98 （P<0.01）. Based on the analysis of different rainfall events and collection stages, variations were observed in the accumulation pathways and contribution ratios of different pollutants. The wet deposition exhibited the highest content of ECs in the initial stage, whereas the dry and wet deposition and roof runoff processes displayed higher ECs content in the later stages. Additionally, the average ECs contribution rates of dry and wet deposition to roof runoff were 21.48% and 78.52%, respectively. Due to the influence of roof material and surface roughness retention performance, over 30% of ECs, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products （PPCPs）, endocrine-disrupting compounds （EDCs）, and pesticides, were deposited on the roof during the runoff collection. The results of this research can provide the theoretical foundation and technical support for the identification and control of ECs in urban roof runoff and for the safe storage of rainwater.

Microplastic pollution and ecological risk assessment of a pond ecosystem.

Microplastic (MP) pollution has been observed in various ecosystems as a result of the rapid increase in plastic production over the past half-century. Nevertheless, the extent of MP pollution in different ecosystems, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, has not been well-studied, and there are limited investigations on this particular topic, specifically in Türkiye. Here, we quantify the occurrence and distribution of MPs in surface water samples collected from Topçu Pond (Türkiye) for the first time. Water samples were collected at five stations and filtered (30 L for each station) through stacked stainless steel sieves (5mm, 328µm, and 61µm mesh size) with a diameter of 30cm. The abundance, size, color, shape, and type of collected debris samples were analyzed after the wet peroxide oxidation process. MP particles were observed in all samples at an average abundance of 2.4 MPs/L. The most abundant MP size class and type were 0-999µm and fiber respectively. On the other hand, prevalent colors were black and colorless in general. According to the Raman analysis results, the identified MP derivatives were polypropylene (40%), polyamide (30%), ethylene acrylic acid (20%), and polyvinylchloride (10%). Moreover, the pollution load index (PLI) index was used to determine the pollution status. PLI values were determined as 1.91 at station S1, 1.73 at station S2, 1.31 at station S3, 1 at station S4 and 1.24 at station S5. The PLI value determined for the overall pond was 1.4. The results of this research show that MP pollution is present in Topçu Pond and contributes to the expanding literature on MP pollution in pond ecosystems.

Design and Characterization of a Continuous Melt Milling Process Tailoring Submicron Drug Particles

Solid crystalline suspensions (SCSs) containing submicron particles were introduced as a competitive solution to increase dissolution rates and the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In an SCS, poorly water-soluble drug crystals are finely dispersed in a hydrophilic matrix. Lately, melt milling as an adapted wet milling process at elevated temperatures has been introduced as a suitable batch manufacturing process for such a formulation. In this work, the transfer from batch operation to a two-step continuous process is demonstrated to highlight the potential of this technology as an alternative to other dissolution-enhancing methods. In the first step, a powder mixture of a model drug (griseofulvin) and a carrier (xylitol) is fed to an extruder, where a uniform suspension is obtained. In the second step, the suspension is transferred to a custom-built annular gap mill, where comminution down to the submicron region takes place. The prototype’s design was based on batch grinding results and a narrow residence time distribution, intended to deliver large quantities of submicron particles in the SCS. The throughput of the mill was found to be limited by grinding media compression. By inclining the mill at an angle, the grinding media position was manipulated, such that compression was avoided. Different states of the grinding media in the grinding chamber were identified under surrogate conditions. This strategy allows the maintenance of an energy-optimized comminution without adaption of the associated process parameters, even at high throughputs. Using this new process, the production of an SCS with 80–90 % submicron particles in a single passthrough was demonstrated.

Enhanced mechanical and interfacial performances of carbon fiber reinforced composites with low percentage of amine functionalized graphene

AbstractThis paper reports improvement in the tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) properties of ADG‐NH2/Epoxy/CFRP composites at low filler content. Five symmetrical CFRP composite laminates were prepared through wet layup process assisted by vacuum bagging technique with varying wt% proportions (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) of ADG‐NH2/Epoxy. Tensile tests, short beam shear test and flexural tests were carried out as per ASTM D3039, ASTM D2344 and ASTM 790‐10 respectively to assess the effect of the ADG‐NH2 functionalized nano additives on their mechanical properties. The variation in ILSS were studied for varying temperatures (room temperature, 35, 50, 75, 85, &amp; 100°C for each type of ADG‐NH2/Epoxy wt% (neat, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 &amp; 1)) of ADG‐NH2/Epoxy/CFRP composites. The ILSS was enhanced up to ∼27% for 0.5 wt% of ADG‐NH2 reinforced CFRP at room temperature but reduced with the higher concentrations (0.75 wt% &amp; 1 wt%). It was observed that ILSS reduced with gradual temperature variations up to 100°C w.r.t room temperature. But an increment was observed up to 0.5 wt% for ADG‐NH2 for all temperature. Form the test results, it has been recorded an improvement in mechanical properties that is, the elastic modulus by ∼18%, ultimate tensile strength by ∼21%, % elongation at break by∼19% and toughness by∼28% for the 0.5 wt% of ADG‐NH2 graphene nano additive reinforced CFRP composite laminates as compared to neat epoxy CFRP laminates. Results also show the augmentation in the Max load by ∼24%, flexural strength by ∼33%, flexural modulus by ∼43%, and flexural strain by ∼26% were observed for the 0.5 wt% of ADG‐NH2 graphene nano additive reinforced CFRP composite laminates as compared to neat epoxy CFRP composite laminates. Fractographic studies of fractured surface using SEM analyses shows better adhesion mechanisms which supports the augmentation in mechanical properties with addition of amine functionalized graphene to CFRP laminate.Highlights Reinforcement of amine functionalized (ADG‐NH2) graphene in the epoxy matrix and incorporation with carbon fibers to enhance the interfacial and flexural properties. Evaluation of temperature effects on interlaminar shear strength properties of amine functionalized CFRP composites Improvements in tensile, ILSS and flexural properties observed for a low percentage (0.5 wt%) of ADG‐NH2 graphene reinforced CFRP composite laminates. Use of aerospace grade epoxy and resin with amine functionalized graphene for further use in aerospace industry applications.

Eco‐friendly glass wet etching for MEMS application: A review

AbstractGlass is one of the most essential materials in various industrial fields. A representative application is as interposers in the semiconductor and display industries and microfluidic devices in the bio‐industry. Due to technological advancements, electric devices and various products are becoming lighter and smaller. Consequently, precision processing of the substrate is becoming increasingly important. One significant leading technology among these is through glass via (TGV) technology, which is attracting attention as a future alternative to through silicon via. In particular, TGV should be capable of microfabrication with a large aspect ratio and a consistent small hole size. TGV is typically fabricated using a wet etching process, so wet etching technology is a prominent focus in microfabrication. However, glass has isotropic properties, making achieving a high aspect ratio difficult. Traditionally, research on the wet etching method using hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been conducted. Nevertheless, HF etching has several disadvantages, including air pollution and human harm. Additional studies have been performed to address these issues. This review paper will cover the conventional HF‐based wet etching method and alternative HF etching processes (eco‐friendly materials). This technology would significantly help overcome the traditional problems associated with HF etching and fabricating precision‐processed glass in the semiconductor, display, and bio‐device industries.

Tuning dissipation dilution in 2D material resonators by MEMS-induced tension

Resonators based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have exceptional properties for application as nanomechanical sensors, which allows them to operate at high frequencies with high sensitivity. However, their performance as nanomechanical sensors is currently limited by their low quality (Q)-factor. Here, we make use of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to apply pure in-plane mechanical strain, enhancing both their resonance frequency and Q-factor. In contrast to earlier work, the 2D material resonators are fabricated on the MEMS actuators without any wet processing steps using a dry-transfer method. A platinum clamp, which is deposited by electron beam-induced deposition, is shown to be effective in fixing the 2D membrane to the MEMS and preventing slippage. By in-plane straining the membranes in a purely mechanical fashion, we increase the tensile energy, thereby diluting dissipation. This way, we show how dissipation dilution can increase the Q-factor of 2D material resonators by 91%. The presented MEMS actuated dissipation dilution method does not only pave the way toward higher Q-factors in resonators based on 2D materials, but also provides a route toward studies of the intrinsic loss mechanisms of 2D materials in the monolayer limit.