Wet Reaction Research Articles

Solution‐Based Approach for the Continuous Fabrication of Thin Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes by Wet Mechanochemical Synthesis and Electrophoretic Deposition

To use lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) as the energy storage system in wearable smart electronic devices, LIBs must be downsized, particularly with respect to their thickness. To address this need, herein a solution‐based fabrication process for thin LIB electrodes is proposed. This process involves the powder synthesis of precursor materials through a wet mechanochemical reaction, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to coat the current collector, and thermal conversion to attain the final electrode active material. Specifically, the wet mechanochemical synthesis of Li1.81H0.19Ti2O5·xH2O (LHTO) using a planetary ball mill produces a mixture of nanosheet and nanotube particles. These particles are then uniformly coated onto Cu foil through EPD while controlling the film thickness from 5 to 17 μm by varying the applied voltage and coating time. Finally, the LHTO/Cu foils are thermally converted into thin Li4Ti5O12/Cu anodes without added conductive materials. The resulting anodes exhibit a discharge capacity of ≈50 μAh cm−2 and good cycling performance. Wet milling particle synthesis and EPD coating can both be employed in continuous manufacturing processes, thus constituting an efficient route for fabricating electrodes for thin LIBs.

Simultaneous reduction and functionalization of graphene oxide sheets with tannic acid for a strong composite material with multi-modally interactive interfaces

A multi-modally interactive interface is investigated to develop a strong structural material based on hybridization of graphene oxide (GO) and tannic acid (TA) through cross-linking with coordination and covalent bonds. GO is reduced and functionalized with TA by a simple wet-chemical reaction. The resulting TA-reduced and functionalized GO (TA-RGO) sheets are macroscopically assembled into lamellar structured paper like artificial nacre by vacuum-assisted filtration. The assembled TA-RGO paper is sequentially cross-linked by Fe3+ ion and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form a strong interface through multimodal interactions such as hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, coordination and π-π interactions. The suspended, assembled and cross-linked TA-RGO sheets are systematically characterized by various analytical tools. By forming the multimodal interactions, the tensile strength, modulus and toughness of GO paper were enhanced from 59.5 ± 4.1 MPa, 7.8 ± 1.4 GPa, and 765 ± 112 kJ/m3 to 167.7 ± 15.4 MPa, 17.6 ± 0.4 GPa, and 1484 ± 192 kJ/m3, respectively. Based on the results, we clearly demonstrated TA can be harnessed as a multifunctional agent for reducing, functionalizing and cross-linking RGO sheets to construct a strong structural material by forming multi-modally interactive interfaces.

Copper Tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ): A Metal-Organic Semiconductor for Room-Temperature Visible to Long-Wave Infrared Photodetection.

Mid-wave and long-wave infrared (MWIR and LWIR) detection play vital roles in applications that include health care, remote sensing, and thermal imaging. However, detectors in this spectral range often require complex fabrication processes and/or cryogenic cooling and are typically expensive, which motivates the development of simple alternatives. Here, we demonstrate broadband (0.43-10 μm) room-temperature photodetection based on copper tetracyanoquinodimethane (CuTCNQ), a metal-organic semiconductor, synthesized via a facile wet-chemical reaction. The CuTCNQ crystals are simply drop-cast onto interdigitated electrode chips to realize photoconductors. The photoresponse is governed by a combination of interband (0.43-3.35 μm) and midgap (3.35-10 μm) transitions. The devices show response times (∼365 μs) that would be sufficient for many infrared applications (e.g., video rate imaging), with a frequency cutoff point of 1 kHz.

The rheological characteristics of soy protein isolate-glucose conjugate gel during simulated gastrointestinal digestion

• Gels were prepared using soy protein isolate-glucose conjugates cross-linked by transglutaminase. • The mechanical properties of gels were increased by glycation with limited reaction time. • The rheological properties of SPI-glc conjugate and mixture gels after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion have been studied. • Conjugate gels had slower gastric digestion kinetics than gel prepared by SPI-glc mixture. • There were no differences in simulated intestinal digestion among SPI-glc conjugate and mixture gels. In this study, soybean protein isolate (SPI) and glucose (glc) were conjugated by wet Maillard reaction at 95 °C for 0–6 h with a mass ratio of 1:2. The degree of grafting and SDS-PAGE of SPI-conjugates were studied and a highest degree of grafting (23.14 %) was achieved at reaction time of 4 h. Gels were then prepared by crosslinking SPI-glc mixture or conjugates using transglutaminase, and their mechanical properties were charactered by hardness and gumminess. To further study the impact of conjugation on the gastrointestinal digestion of gel, rheological properties of gels after in vitro gastric and intestinal digestions were evaluated through amplitude and frequency sweep tests. Compared with SPI and SPI-glc mixture, gels formed by conjugates with 1 h and 4 h reaction time showed significantly higher viscosity, storage modulus (G') and complex modulus (G*) values after gastric digestion, indicating that these conjugate gels had slower gastric digestion kinetics. There were no significant differences among these samples in simulated intestinal digestion. Therefore, the SPI-glc conjugate gels may have great potential to be used for gastric delivery.

The temperature stability of dielectric properties in NBT-xBT@BT-BZN ceramics

NBT-xBT@BT-BZN composite ceramic materials were prepared by wet solid-phase reaction method. The effects of NBT-xBT (x = 6, 7, 8, 9 mol%) on the phase structure, morphology and dielectric properties of NBT-xBT@BT-BZN composites were studied in detail. It is found that the introduction of BT into NBT leads to enhanced temperature stability in dielectric property. Samples with NBT-0.07BT shows good dielectric property, in which the temperature change rate of the dielectric constant at −55 °C–200 °C is −0.1% to −14.5%, meeting the requirements of X9R. These results indicate that the NBT-0.07BT@BT-BZN is a promising candidate for high temperature stable materials.

Preparation of polypropylene with high melt strength by wet reaction blending of lignin

AbstractIn this paper, the melt strength of polypropylene is shown to be significantly improved by lignin‐cooperative construction of heterophase network structure and the evolution mechanism of lignin on the topology of polypropylene is investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis shows that the free radicals generated by polypropylene irradiation can remain active for 2 weeks; rheological studies show that lignin promotes the formation of heterogeneous network structures in polypropylene, and its melt is characterized by long‐chain branching. Phase angle‐complex modulus, complex viscosity‐complex modulus, Han's, and Cole–Cole curves are used to analyze the liquid–solid transformation, and the results indicate that the enhanced interfacial action is due to the formation of the heterogeneous network structures. The mechanical properties show that the impact strength is increased by 1.8 times due to the synergistic effect of lignin and acrylamide. SEM shows the formation of a fibrous network structure around the lignin, which undergoes interfacial yielding, improving the interfacial interaction between the components.

Superhydrophobic modification of the surface of cellulosic materials based on honeycomb-like zinc oxide structures and their application in oil–water separation

Honeycomb-like zinc oxide structures were prepared on the surface of cellulosic materials including cotton fabric fiber and filter paper fiber through plasma treatment followed by wet chemical reaction, the effect of plasma treatment is to increase the wettability and reactivity of cellulosic materials, so that the zinc oxide can nucleate and grow into a honeycomb-like structure on the cellulose fibers. The superhydrophobic surface was then obtained by modifying stearic acid on the zinc oxide structure. The microstructure, chemical composition and state, and wettability of the cellulosic materials were studied in detail. After the modification, the water contact angle and water sliding angle of the modified cotton fabric were 151° and 3.4°, respectively, and those of the modified filter paper is 154° and 4.5°, which indicates super-hydrophobicity. Due to the structural characteristics of zinc oxide-stearic acid structure, the superhydrophobic structure can maintain superhydrophobic performance in strong acidic or strong alkaline environments or after ultrasonic vibration treatment. Further, superhydrophobic modified cotton fabric and filter paper can be used for oil–water separation and adsorption of oil droplets in aqueous solution, and the oil–water separation efficiency is greater than 90%. This method of superhydrophobic modification of cellulosic materials has broad application prospects.

Biodegradable flexible transparent films with copper iodide and biomass-derived nanocellulose for ultraviolet and high-energy visible light protection

In this work we present utilization of solar energy for a creation of biocompatible, biodegradable, and renewable thin film transparent materials that can protect against overabundant ultraviolet (UV) radiation and high energy visible (HEV) light of solar spectrum. From biomass of herbaceous plants Miscanthus × giganteus and Phragmites australis we obtained nanocellulose suspensions NCm through acid hydrolysis and NCp through TEMPO oxidation, respectively. These suspensions transformed into corresponding transparent flexible NCm and NCp nanocellulose films and used as substrates for 0.17 – 0.23 µm thick nanostructured layers of wide band gap semiconductor CuI deposited via wet chemical method Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) to obtain promising visibly transparent UV- and HEV-shielding materials CuI/NCm and CuI/NCp. Under this investigation, we compare UV- and HEV-shielding properties of transparent NCm, CuI/NCm, NCp, and CuI/NCp flexible samples depending on structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, optical properties, and thickness. It is shown that the best CuI/NCp sample with 0.23 µm thick CuI film and 8 µm thick NCp substrate has optical transmittance up to 82% for visible light at wavelengths above 500 nm, blocks 65% of high-energy visible radiation, and has excellent sun protection factor (SPF = 112).

Stabilization of Size-Controlled BaTiO3 Nanocubes via Precise Solvothermal Crystal Growth and Their Anomalous Surface Compositional Reconstruction.

Crystal growth of barium titanate (BaTiO3) using a wet chemical reaction was investigated at various temperatures. BaTiO3 nanoparticles were obtained at an energy-efficient temperature of 80 °C. However, BaTiO3 nanocubes with a preferred size and shape could be synthesized using a solvothermal method at 200 °C via a reaction involving titanium tetraisopropoxide [(CH3)2CHO]4Ti for nucleation and fine titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles for crystal growth. The BaTiO3 nanocubes showed a high degree of dispersion without the use of dispersants or surfactants. The morphology of BaTiO3 was found to depend on the reaction medium. The size of the BaTiO3 particles obtained using water as the reaction medium was the largest among the particles synthesized using various reaction media. In the case of alcohol reaction media, the BaTiO3 particle size increased in the order methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, and 1-pentanol. Furthermore, BaTiO3 powder obtained using alcohol reaction media resulted in cubic shapes as opposed to the round shapes obtained when water was used as the medium. We found that the optimal condition for the synthesis of BaTiO3 nanocubes involved the use of 1-butanol as the reaction medium, resulting in an average particle size of 52 nm, which is the average distance of the cubes measured diagonally from corner to corner, and gives an average side length of 37 nm, and a tetragonal crystal system as evidenced by the powder X-ray diffraction pattern obtained using high-energy synchrotron X-rays. The origin of the spontaneous polarization of the BaTiO3 tetragonal crystal structure was clarified by a pair distribution function analysis. In addition, surface reconstruction of BaTiO3 nanocubes led to an outermost surface comprising two layers of Ti columns.

Proposed Industrial Scale Setup for Production of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Wet Chemical Synthesis Method

In this study, an industrial method is provided for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by a simple and economical wet chemical precipitation reaction between Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2) and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) at low temperatures less than 80 °C. In first step, Small quantity of ZnO powder is produced in laboratory scale. As-synthesized lab-scale ZnO powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Orthogonal experiments were performed to find out the optimal conditions for the maximum yield of ZnO powder. In second step, the process flow diagram (PFD), material & energy balance and design of reactor were done on the basis of lab-scale data. Overall, this research work proposes that ZnO powder can be manufactured easy and economical method which can be used for various branches of industry: rubber, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, electronic etc.

Corrosion behavior of pulse laser deposited 2D nanostructured coating prepared by self-made h-BN target in salinity environment

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) target was prepared by two step wet chemical reaction method using a nontoxic starting materials (urea and boric acid). Optimized annealing parameters (1600 °C for 2 h) and N2 environment are applied for pertinent growth of boron nitride nano powder. A mechanical procedure was acquired to convert this powder into pallet (target) for further analysis. The prepared target (white pallet) was used to fabricate the corrosion resisting h-BN nano-sheet coating using pulse laser deposition technique. A thick h-BN coating was deposited on SS 304 and Si substrates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to characterize the coating for structural and morphological purpose. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA) were employed to characterize the coating for surface properties and chemical composition purpose. However, Contact angle and electrochemical work station were employed for wetting and corrosion analysis tests. We find that pulsed laser deposition (PLD) grown h-BN coating shows the non-wetting (134.2°) and reduce corrosion rate by one order of magnitude compared to bare SS. On the basis of these results, the h-BN nano-sheet coating may be a promising candidate for corrosion resist application in (3.5% NaCl solution) salinity environment.

Effect of ball collision direction on a wet mechanochemical reaction

Mechanochemical reactions can be induced in a solution by the collision of balls to produce high-temperature and high-pressure zones, with the reactions occurring through a dissolution–precipitation mechanism due to a change in solubility. However, only a fraction of the impact energy contributes to the mechanochemical reactions, while the rest is mainly consumed by the wear of balls and the heat generation. To clarify whether the normal or tangential component of collisions makes a larger contribution on the reaction, herein we studied the effect of collision direction on a wet mechanochemical reaction through combined analysis of the experimental reaction rates and simulated ball motion. Collisions of balls in the normal direction were found to contribute strongly to the wet mechanochemical reaction. These results could be used to improve the synthesis efficiency, predict the reaction, and lower the wear in the wet mechanochemical reactions.

Fabrication and experimental analysis of hydroxyapatite based composite materials for medical implants

Abstract Hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bones and teeth. It has been extensively used as an implant material for bone substitute owing to its excellent biocompatible properties. Hydroxyapatite based composite materials shows significant properties in the field of biomedical applications. In our present work, Hydroxyapatite was synthesized via wet chemical precipitation reaction. Then four types of Hydroxyapatite based composites with 7.5 wt% each of Zinc oxide (ZnO), Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and Ceria (Ce2O) via conventional sintering. The density of these composite materials was measured experimentally by Archimedes principle and compared with the theoretical density. The porosity of each composite material is calculated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out to identify different phase. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis confirms the porosity. Energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to determine the ratio of different elements. The hardness of the composite materials was evaluated using Vickers’ hardness tester. The compressive strength was evaluated using Compression test. It was observed that hardness and compressive strength of composite material increased with the addition of Fe2O3, ZnO, CeO2 and TiO2. However, the maximum value of hardness and compressive strength increased with the addition of Fe2O3 and were found to be 7.4 GPa and 406.3 MPa respectively. SEM micrographs clearly exhibit least porosity in HAP-Fe2O3 samples which contributes to enhancement of mechanical properties.

Design and simulation of C2N based solar cell by SCAPS-1D software

:Recently, a novel nitrogenated holey two-dimensional material, C2N, has been successfully synthesized via a simple wet-chemical reaction. Its merits have drawn much attention from the scientists. However, to the best of our knowledge, few reported works employed C2N as photovoltaic materials and the practical solar cells based on C2N have not been fabricated in lab. In this work, we carried out simulation using Scaps-1D to investigate the influences of different parameters on the C2N based solar cell. By varying the acceptor density, layer thickness, defect density of C2N and changing different N layers coupling with C2N, we found out that suitable acceptor density, around 1015cm−3, large layer thickness of C2N and low defect density were key factors to obtain high-performance solar cells. Small band offset also played an importance role in enhancing the performance of photovoltaic materials. With optimized parameters, C2N coupling with CdS as heterojunction can achieve an efficiency of over 17%. This work may provide valuable insights into future design of C2N based solar cells.

Investigation of Synthesis of Sodium Aminodiborane in One Step and Its Reaction Kinetics

In this study, sodium aminodiborane (NaNH2(BH3)2) synthesis was carried out in a constant volume batch reactor with a single feed at various temperatures and inlet molar ratios. It was synthesized, ammonia borane and sodium hydride as precursors, by a wet chemical reaction method using tetrahydrofuran which is a solvent under atmospheric pressure. These experiments were carried out at varied temperature ranges from 0 °C to 24 °C, and varied inlet molar ratios (AB/NaH) from 0.75 to 1.25. Sodium amidoborane is synthesized when the experiment is carried out in a stoichiometric ratio, but sodium aminodiborane is synthesized when the mole of ammonia borane is higher than the mole of sodium hydride. In order to characterize the products, FTIR, XRD, GC-MS/MS, and quantitative analysis techniques were utilized. In addition, sodium aminodiborane’s synthesis reaction kinetic was determined. r apparent = 0.8594 e ^ (- 4366 / RT) C AB ^ (0.8) C NaH ^ (0.2). The apparent activation energy, Ea, and frequency constant, k0, were calculated about 4366 J/mol and 0.8594 h-1, respectively

Controllable synthesis of tunable aspect ratios novel h-BN nanorods with an enhanced wetting performance for water repellent applications

One dimensional (1-D) nanostructured layer with tunable aspect ratio holds the prodigious potential for achieving smart surfaces with controlled wettability. Herein, a simple and cost-effective technique was employed to develop the high quality and novel hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanorods. These h-BN nanorods (BNNRs) with tunable aspect ratio contained oriented aligned nanoparticles along the [0001] direction were prepared by wet chemical reaction method using non-toxic precursor (melamine, urea and boric acid). Controlled chemical reactions in applied atmosphere (Ar 90% + NH3 10%) play an important role to transform the morphological growth and tune the aspect ratio (AR) of h-BN nanorods by simply varying the annealing temperature (1100–1300 °C). The correlation between structural, morphological and wetting properties of prepared materials were also investigated in detail. The behavior of wettability was also analyzed in term of water contact angle and surface free energy using two complex models, Wu and Owens & Wendt. Overall, the effect of annealing temperature and atmosphere were accountable to trigger the growth (aspect ratio from ~2.5 to ~5.2) and wetting behavior from hydrophobic to ~ super hydrophobic (contact angle from 127° to 145°.). Produced at 1300 °C, the highly oriented h-BN nanorods with large aspect ratio (AR) ~5.2 and excellent wettability (hydrophobicity ~145°) may be a promising candidate for water repellent applications.

SCAFFOLD FROM MICRO ELECTROSPUN POLYLACTIDE ACID AND WET CHEMICAL HYDROTHERMAL REACTION HYDROXY APATITE USED FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION

Polylactic acid (PLA) microfibrous composite scaffolds having hydroxy apatite (HA) particles in the fibers were prepared by electrospinning of PLA and wet chemical hydrothermal reaction HA with average diameter of 8.13 µm. The fibers were compressed in mould into bulk scaffolds. Microscopy characterizations confirmed integration of the crystalline HA and PLA fibers in both before and after compression. The morphology, porosity of scaffolds were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The HA content were observed by SEM and determined by Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA). Agglomeration gradually appeared and increased on the fiber surface along with the increase of HA concentration. The fiber diameter also increased with the HA concentration. Mechanical property of scaffold was examined by compressional strength test. The scaffold prepare for bone substitute implant application with suitable mechanical performance and morphology.

NdCl3 Dose as a Universal Approach for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Low-Temperature-Processed SnOx

The defects on the surface of low-temperature-processed electronic transport layers hindered the development of efficient flexible perovskite solar cells. Herein, we develop a universal NdCl3 dosing strategy to circumvent the residual Sn(II)-OH defects from the incomplete wet-chemical reaction. The introduction of NdCl3 does not lead to the doping of Nd3+ ions but rather the formation of a composite film of NdCl3 with SnOx. The dose of NdCl3 effectively reduces surface trap states at low-temperature-processed SnOx films, leading to increased carrier extraction and reduced carrier accumulation/recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface. These improvements result in perovskite solar cells (PvSCs) with significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) and eliminated hysteresis. Finally, efficiencies of 18.62% and 21.49% for PvSCs based on MAPbI3 and FA1-xMAxPbI3 perovskites, respectively, were achieved on rigid substrates. The test on a flexible device based on Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95(I0.83Br0.17)3 perovskite realized a PCE of 16.14% and an incredible VOC of 1.158 V. This study indicated the potential of NdCl3 dose as a universal approach to enhance the performance of PvSCs with low-temperature-processed SnOx ETL.

Engineering stable Zn-MnO2 batteries by synergistic stabilization between the carbon nanofiber core and birnessite-MnO2 nanosheets shell

Aqueous Zn/MnO2 batteries have attracted considerable attention for large-scale energy storage application owing to their low cost, high safety and environmental friendliness. However, MnO2 cathodes still suffer from the inferior utilization and deficient cyclability at a wide range of current densities. Integrating MnO2 with conductive carbon is promising to overcome the challenges. Unfortunately, the required use of strongly oxidative acids or expensive plasma to functionalize the inherently hydrophobic carbon makes it an obstacle for scalable production. Herein, the hierarchical core-shell carbon nanofiber(CNF)@MnO2 (MOC) nanowires were synthesized by using a facile, controllable and scalable approach combining simple grinding and low-temperature wet-chemical reaction. A synergistic effect was demonstrated for the MOC cathode in Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs). The conductive CNF backbone significantly boosts the electron transfer kinetics, while ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets provide large electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact areas and facilitate the ionic diffusion. Additionally, the intimate contact between CNFs and MnO2 synergistically renders an interconnected network with high electronic and ionic conductivity and flexibility to minimize structural collapse and strain of volume variation upon cycling. The favorable synergistic effect ensures the high capacity, long shelf life, enhanced rate capability and extraordinary cycling stability of MOC. It shows a high capacity of 221 mAh g−1 after 700 cycles at 200 mA g−1. Even at 3000 mA g−1, it still maintains 130 mAh g−1 after 2750 cycles without obvious capacity decay. Featuring the exceptional electrochemical performance, rational design for synergy and low-cost manufacturing, the developed MOC cathode is promising for cost-efficient and high-performance ZIBs.

1D hierarchical CdS NPs/NiO NFs heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

One-dimensional (1D) hierarchically structured CdS nanoparticles (NPs)/NiO nanofibers (NFs) heterostructures with remarkable removal efficiency for diazo dye Congo red (CR) were fabricated by a stepwise synthesis process, which was involved a chemical bathing deposition combined with calcination, and a microwave-assisted wet chemical reaction. The crystal phases, morphologies, optical absorption properties, and adsorption/photocatalytic activity of as-prepared products were investigated by XRD, FESEM, TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectrum respectively. The experimental results indicated that binary satellite- core CdS NPs/NiO NFs heterojunctions are comprised of n-type CdS NPs with size of 10–30 nm decorated onto 1D p-type NiO NFs with diameter of 60–180 nm and length up to microns, which are self-assembled by nanoparticles with 30–100 nm in size. The possible formation mechanism for satellite-core structured CdS/NiO heterojunction is proposed. Interestingly, the decolorization efficiency over CdS/NiO heterostructures reached up to 91.2% in removal of aqueous CR at high concentration within 40 min under visible light irradiation, which was approximately 5.2 and 3.8 times as high as that of pure CdS nanocrystals (NCs) and the mixture of NiO NFs and CdS NCs. Furthermore, the possible photocatalytic mechanism was also investigated. The as-designed hybrid CdS NPs/NiO NFs heterostructures exhibited improved photocatalytic activity, which is attributed to the enhancement of the visible light adsorption, the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, and the high adsorption capacity towards CR molecules, thereby displaying superior visible- light-driven photodegradation of CR in high concentration. This work may provide a green engineering heterojunction technology to develop the advanced multifunctional nanocomposites for their applications in wastewater purification.