Western Banks Research Articles

Perceptions of relationship marketing among account managers of commercial banks in a Chinese environment

Relationship marketing is widely regarded as effective in developing competitive advantage. But views on exactly what activities constitute relationship marketing may differ in various cultural settings. In‐depth interviews with account managers in commercial banks in Hong Kong yielded a list of activities considered critical to building relationships. In a following survey, account managers in Asian banks rated the importance of the various social activities higher than did account managers in Western banks, although all respondents were ethnic Chinese. The Western banks rated business activities more important than did the Asian banks. Factor analysis shows that managers in Western banks perceive dimensions of business activities consistent with recent thinking about relationship marketing. Respondents in the Asian banks do not view social activities and business activities to be distinct, nor do they distinguish strongly differentiated dimensions of business activity elements.

Banks, the IMF, and the Asian crisis

This paper examines the impact of the Asian crisis on bank stocks. In the second half of 1997, Western banks outperformed their stock markets. In contrast, East Asian bank indices incurred losses in excess of 60% in each of the crisis countries. Most of these poor performances are explained by stock market movements in the crisis countries. After taking into account these movements, currency exposures affected banks adversely only in Indonesia and the Philippines. Except for the Korean program, which affected positively bank stocks in all countries in our sample but one, IMF programs had little effect on bank values.

Managing the finances

States that many Y2K budgets are still being adjusted upwards by many companies, and organizations. Looks at: interest rates; capital security; and credit terms. Posits that credit areas of, not only developing nations, but also such as Japanese corporations, who trade with Western banks, could be at risk. Includes a checklist, for financial directors to consider, in a highlighted box.

Banks, the IMF, and the Asian Crisis

This paper examines the impact of the Asian crisis on bank stocks across four Western countries and six Asian countries. In the second half of 1997, Western banks experienced positive returns. In contrast, East Asian bank indices incurred losses in excess of 60% in each of the crisis countries. Most of this poor performance is explained by the exposure of the banks to general stock market movements in their countries. Currency exposures affected banks adversely beyond their stock market impact only in Indonesia and the Philippines. Except for the Korean program, IMF programs had little effect on bank values. The announcement of the Korean program increased shareholder wealth at the U.S. banks with the highest reported exposure in Korea by about 7% and had a favorable effect on bank shareholder wealth in all the countries in our sample but one. There is no evidence that the Korean IMF program had a positive impact on banks without exposure to Korea and hence our results do not support the argument that such programs reduce systemic risk.

Natural gas in east Siberia and the Russian far east: A view from the Chinese corner

Summary Complementary interests in Russia and China, at both national and local levels, are likely to ensure that the natural gas reserves of East Siberia and the Russian Far East are developed in the near future. Which fields are developed first and which transport routes are chosen will depend on the interaction of three types of influence: finance, energy security, and politics. Any one of the major field development and pipeline projects will almost certainly require foreign sources of finance. Given the present state of the economies of South Korea and Japan, funding for these projects will probably come mainly from western banks and multilateral agencies, both of which set the parameters that will affect the development and choice of projects. China as the consumer and Russia as the seller will seek security for their supply and their market respectively. These requirements will impact on how the gas transportation infrastructure is developed. Furthermore, the political considerations involve not just the relationships between the nations of Northeast Asia, but the domestic political forces within the respective regions of China and eastern Russia.

Strategic marketing management: the case of Islamic banks

Banks set up to operate in accordance with the Islamic Sharia’h principles have mushroomed in the last two decades. The basic difference between Islamic and non‐Islamic banks lies in the fact that the former operate on an equity‐participation system in which a predetermined rate of return is not guaranteed, whereas the latter’s operation is based on both equity and debt systems that are driven by interest. This essential difference resulting from the implementation of the Islamic Sharia’h principles, provides the incentive for Islamic bankers to search for different products/services to offer. Now the Islamic banking system is facing stiff competition not only from similar Islamic banks but also from Western banks disposed to modify their activities in accordance with Islamic Sharia’h principles, and is confronted with progressive forces pushing towards change. Change can be achieved by employing an effective marketing strategy. Assesses the effectiveness of marketing strategies by drawing on quantitative characteristics derived from a sample of Islamic banks from among a list of the top 100 Arab banks. Provides recommendations as to the measures to be adopted in order to improve the marketing effectiveness of the Islamic banks.

Overcoming the Liability of Foreignness

This study addressed the question of whether firms in a competitive, globally integrated environment face a “liability of foreignness” and to what extent either importing home-country organizational capabilities or copying the practices of successful local firms can help them overcome this liability. Predictions were tested with a paired sample of 24 foreign exchange trading rooms of major Western and Japanese banks in New York and Tokyo. Results support the existence of a liability of foreignness and the role of a firm's administrative heritage in providing competitive advantage to its multinational subunits. They also highlight the difficulty firms face in copying organizational practices from other firms.

Fruit types and seed dispersal modes of woody plants in Ahuriri Summit Bush, Port Hills, western Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand

Abstract In Ahuriri Summit Bush Scenic Reserve, a 5 ha area of mixed angiosperm-podocarp forest, are 56 wild woody plant species, including five adventives. Lists are given for fruit types, seed numbers per fruit, fruit sizes, degree of fleshiness of the pericarp or accessory tissues of ripe fruit, fruit colours, and dispersal modes for the seeds. Of the 22 tree species, 86% have fruit with fleshy pericarps or accessory tissues; corresponding values for the 20 shrub species are 80%, and for the 14 vine species 50%. Most of these fleshy fruit (87%) are between 2 and 8 mm in diameter. The fruit of only four species exceed 10 mm in diameter. The most frequent fleshy fruit colours are black to dark purplish-black (40%), or red (25%). Some fruit are purple, blue, orange, yellow, or white. It is assumed that birds eat the fruit and disperse the seeds of all fleshy-fruited species (and the seeds of Pittosporum spp.). Seeds of the dry-fruited species are dispersed by wind or gravity alone. One or more of kereru (...

Seed trapping in Ahuriri Summit Bush Scenic Reserve, Port Hills, western Banks Peninsula, 1985–1986

Abstract Seedfall in a mixed native angiosperm-gymnosperm forest, Port Hills, Canterbury, was investigated for the period early January 1985–December 1986, using seed traps with a mouth area of 0.1 m2, sited in a restricted random fashion within a 25 × 25 m marked quadrat (16 traps in 1985, 20 in 1986). All plants 1 m tall or more in the quadrat were mapped, with dimensions recorded. From the total of 56 wild woody plant species in the forest (22 tree species, 20 shrubs, 14 vines) in 1985, 19 were represented in the total seed catch of all traps by 50 or more seeds and a further 12 by 10 or more seeds. Corresponding numbers in 1986 (adjusted in proportion to the increased number of traps) were 18 species represented by 62 or more seeds and a further five by 12 or more seeds. For many of the species there were notable differences in total numbers of seeds caught in the 2 years, and the temporal distribution and length of seedfall (and fruiting peaks) also differed. In 1985, a total of 17 847 full (i.e., po...

Prestations and Affinity in a Bilateral Society: The Timugon Murut of Sabah, Malaysia

This article describes Timugon ritual prestations of bridewealth, rice, and water buffalo with the aim of illuminating the nature of Timugon social structure and the processes of reproduction and change in Timugon social units and relations. We begin by describing the values the Timugon place upon residence, consanguinity, and affinity, and then examine how social actors engage one another to create affinal networks which serve them for much of their lives. We will explore the mechanisms by which they reproduce their social system, the motivating values which stimulate and sustain actor participation, and the characteristics and duration of the affinal networks. The Timugon, located in the southwest ofthe state of Sabah, East Malaysia, speak a dialect of the Ida'han Murut languages. They are linguistically and culturally distinct from the Sarawak, or Kelabic Murut, and related groups in Kalimantan, the Indonesian side of Bomeo. Numbering between 80,000 and 90,000, the Timugon occupy a small, well-defined geographic area, spanning about twenty miles from north to south and approximately five miles east to west. Over half of the Timugon villages are situated on the western banks of the Pegalan River running south through the fertile Tenom valley, with a few on its eastern bank and the remaining on the eastern side of the Padas River, which flows from the south. Above the confluence of these two rivers is the town of Tenom, the district center and market town for the local people. The field research for this paper was conducted by Brewis as part of a larger program of research on the language and culture of the Timugon people. Residing for extended periods between 1983 and 1989 in the village of Natanduan, five miles north of Tenom, Brewis conducted extensive ethnographic interviewing and partici? pant observation. Systematic observation and data collection on Timugon presta? tions and social structure has been the focus of field research during 1987 and 1988, with Lingenfelter serving in a consulting and supporting role.

Corynosoma wegeneri (Acanthocephala: Polymorphida) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) Larvae in Scotian Shelf Groundfish

We examined larvae of the seal parasites Corynosoma wegeneri and Pseudoterranova decipiens in various fish species collected from Western and Sable Island banks between February 1989 and October 1990. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), yellowtail flounder (Pleuronectes ferrugineus), windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus), longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus), and sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus) were infected by both parasites, longhorn sculpin being a new host record for C. wegeneri. Only C. wegeneri occurred in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus), and neither parasite was found in northern sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) or capelin (Mallotus villosus). The two parasites were most numerous in sea raven and longhorn sculpin. Corynosoma wegeneri was more prevalent in fish sampled in 1989–90 than in previous surveys of Atlantic cod and haddock from the Scotian Shelf. Pseudoterranova decipiens and C. wegeneri occurred throughout the sampling area, but small fishes in the vicinity of Sable Island had the heaviest sealworm infections, and both parasites in longhorn sculpin declined with distance from Sable Island. Increases of C. wegeneri in groundfish, like recent increased levels of P. decipiens infection on the Scotian Shelf, can be attributed to the dramatic growth of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) population on Sable Island.

Gradient in seaweed vegetation patterns along the North Icelandic coast, related to hydrographic conditions

The benthic algal vegetation of the North Icelandic coast exhibits particular features, different from those found in southern and western Iceland on the one hand and in eastern Iceland on the other. It is characterised by low-eulittoral belts of Devaleraea ramentacea, Petalonia species and Chordaria flagelliformis as well as by meadows of diverse Acrosiphonia species. In the tide pools Atlantic and typical North Icelandic associations occur side by side. This area thus represents an intermediate region between Atlantic and subarctic growth conditions. A certain gradient in the west-east direction was observed within the North Icelandic vegetation type and is possibly related to the gradual cooling and dilution of the water masses which pass the North Icelandic shelf. The hydrographic discontinuity in the extreme NW creates a sharp floristic and vegetational boundary for benthic algae, whereas in the NE a gradual transition towards the subarctic East Icelandic vegetation was observed. The Atlantic character of the vegetation was more pronounced in the western than in the eastern part of the north coast. An enclave of warm water vegetation was interposed along the western banks of the Tjornes peninsula.

Islamic Banking

Gives an account of Islamic Banking practice, and the implications of Islamic law for Islamic and Western banks. The growth in Islamic fundamentalism presents problems for Islamic banks and Western banks in serving Muslim states and countries with sizeable Muslim populations. Shows the techniques available to Islamic banks and considers some of the marketing problems they face in non‐Muslim countries. Also considers the international banking market and the role Islamic banks have there, and reviews the problems of bank recognition. A forward view examines what the future may hold for Islamic Banking. The appendix presents the principal concepts of banking under Islamic Law.

Structure and evolution of the Galicia Interior Basin (Atlantic western Iberian continental margin)

An industrial multichannel seismic reflection data set is presented on the Galicia Interior Basin (G.I.B.), a sedimentary basin that has been poorly studied until now. Seismic stratigraphic units defined in other areas of the western Iberian continental margin as well as some deeper reflections can also be identified within this basin, although they show some particular characteristics. The G.I.B. is bounded to the east by a major fault identified beneath the continental shelf and to the west by an alignment of highs (“Western Banks”). The structural framework of the area consists of NNW-SSE-trending normal faults cross-cut by NE-SW transfer faults. The inception of the G.I.B. probably ocurred during Triassic times. Within the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous rifting phase it probably experienced several extensional episodes, the most intense one being during Valanginian times. Evidence for compressional tectonic activity in this basin during Cenozoic times has also been found. When comparing the G.I.B. with the adjacent “deep Galicia margin” a gap in the timing of the main extensional events as well as some differences in the structural styles have been found. In a wider regional context, an integration of data about the timing of the processes of continental rifting and oceanic spreading along the whole western Iberian margin is consistent with a northward propagating rift for the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous phase.

Creating Chicago’s North Shore: A Suburban History by Michael H. Ebner

304 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE appetite whetted but not satisfied. Far more important, Barth needs to place San Francisco and Denver in the historiographic context of in­ stant cities. Since his opening chapter is an excellent analysis of the historic role of instant cities, he certainly is capable of undertaking this task. While previous instant cities such as Freiburg and Joachimsthal followed similar pursuits, my impression is that San Francisco and Denver were the first instant cities devoted to mining and commerce that gained cosmopolitan status. These criticisms should in no way detract from the importance of Barth’s work. Instant Cities is a major contribution to the field, helping us to understand the phenomenon of rapid urban growth. T his phenomenon at present is becoming commonplace, especially in the Third World where urbanization is proceeding at a pace at least as hectic as in early San Francisco and Denver. Instant Cities is required reading for all those interested in urban history and urban studies. Fred W. Viehe Dr Viehe is an assistant professor at Youngstown State University and the author of “Black Gold Suburbs: The Influence of the Extractive Industry on the Suburbanization of Los Angeles. 1890- 1930” and other articles on the southern California metropolis. Creating Chicago's North Shore: A Suburban History. By Michael H. Ebner. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. xxx + 338; illustra­ tions, notes, appendixes, bibliography, index. $29.95. Creating Chicago’s North Shore is a highly readable and thoroughly researched survey of the development of eight affluent communities along the western banks of Fake Michigan, just north of Chicago. Michael Ebner, professor of history at Lake Forest College, provides a clear and informative social history of suburban growth north of Chicago in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The North Shore was settled first along a stagecoach highway, Green Bay Road, connecting Chicago with Milwaukee. With the building of the Chicago & North Western Railroad parallel to the earlier road, population expanded as Chicagoans who could afford the luxury purchased the expensive real estate of the North Shore. They sought an escape from the city to an idyllic environment with stunning views of Lake Michigan, oak-forested hills and ravines, the possibility of quiet and privaev, and the association with others of like social status. Ebner studies the uniqueness and idiosyncratic character of each of the suburbs. The public image or identity that became associated with each community sometimes led to resistance to the broader shared identity as the North Shore. For the technologically minded reader, the book is of only minor interest in that it gives little attention to the development of the TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 305 transportation systems that tie the communities together. Rather than focus on the technology of railroads, road building, or automobiles, Ebner discusses repeated efforts by residents to resist technological change. There was considerable opposition to the construction of a second commuter rail line, to the construction of Sheridan Road along the lakeshore, and to the arrival of the automobile. The onslaught of technology became a threat to the beauty, quietness, privacy, and established values of the exclusive communities. The reader should also not expect to gain insight into such areas as street layout, public works, utility development, park design, archi­ tecture, and planning philosophy in the towns studied. The book is a history of people and their image of the society in which they lived more than of the physical man-made environment. It is a beautifully written, well designed, and handsomely illustrated social history, an important contribution to the literature of urban and suburban development. Frances H. Si i im r 1)r Steiner is associate professor of art and architectural history at Rosary College. She is the author of several architectural books ancl is currently writing a volume on Chicago architecture. Native American Architecture. By Peter Nabokov and Robert Easton. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Pp. 431; illustrations, glossary, bibliography, index. $50.00. Many books about the Native American attempt to recover the character of Indian life at some point before contact with Europeans and then show how it changed over the intervening centuries. Ellis is legitimate, but it is difficult...

Evidence for and possible causes of increased mortality of bull muskoxen during severe winters

Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) were classified by sex and age at 12 locations on four islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Northwest Territories. We classified 147 muskoxen on Bailey Point, southwestern Melville Island, and 92 on northeastern Prince of Wales Island in August 1983. We subsequently classified 5449 muskoxen on western Victoria and Banks islands in July–August 1986, which we used as a basis for evaluating the 1983 samples. The pooled sex ratio for muskoxen ≥ 3 years old was significantly skewed toward females, and the proportion of single bulls was also lower on Bailey Point than on northeastern Prince of Wales Island in August 1983 or on Banks or Victoria islands in July–August 1986. Sexual behaviour was frequently observed at Bailey Point in August 1983, which suggests that both bulls and cows were in breeding condition. Almost no aggressive rutting behaviour was seen at Bailey Point, in contrast to observation of the complete range of sexual and aggressive behaviours on Prince of Wales Island. Above-average (1970–1985) snow depths were experienced from March to May in five of the six winters preceding winter 1982–1983. We suggest that severe winters imposed malnutrition-related mortality on spent bulls. The depleted fat reserves of these bulls apparently could not sustain them during severe and prolonged winters. This kind of winter mortality among breeding bulls likely is higher in areas of high muskox densities where more interactions between bulls during the rut lead to greater energetic costs.

Utilization by fishes of shallow, seagrass-covered banks in Florida Bay: 1. Species composition and spatial heterogeneity

Species composition and relative capture rates of water column fishes occurring on the shallow (<1 m), seagrass-covered mudbanks of Florida Bay were assessed using small-mesh gillnets. The fauna was largely temperate, with few tropical representatives, and was similar to the fish community in adjacent basins. There was a high variability in the catch across the Bay, reflecting heterogeneity in both the physical environment and various aspects of the seagrass canopy. The Gulf site, in the northwestern section of the Bay, had the highest species richness and highest capture rates of individual species, relative to other sites. Higher densities of potential prey, greater available foraging area, and organically rich, fine sediments are probably influential in the greater fish utilization of this bank. The greater exchange of western Florida Bay with open Atlantic or Gulf waters is proposed as a secondary factor influencing species richness; the probability of non-resident species occasionally appearing on western banks is greater than in isolated interior sections of the Bay.

Distribution and Subspecies of the Dovekie in Alaska

The Dovekie (Alle alle) is a primarily North Atlantic alcid that also breeds in the Arctic Basin of the northeastern U.S.S.R. and probably eastward to the Bering Strait and the northern Bering Sea (Vaurie 1965, Kessel and Gibson 1978, AOU 1983). In the latter areas, the Dovekie occurs annually and almost certainly breeds at Little Diomede Island, King Island, and western St. Lawrence Island (Kessel and Gibson 1978), where it is seen on talus slopes containing colonies of auklets (Parakeet Auklet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula, Least Auklet, Aethia pusilla, and Crested Auklet, A. cristatella). Surprisingly, there is no record of the Dovekie from the auklet colonies at Big Diomede Island (Portenko 1973). The only published Alaska records of Dovekies away from these islands are single records from Point Barrow (Bailey 1948), Wainwright (Hersey 1916), and St. George Island (Holmes 1968; also see Fig. 1). In this paper, we report additional records that further outline the range, and we discuss the subspecific status, of the Dovekie in Alaska. The only records of Dovekies from the Alaska sector of the Beaufort Sea are from Cooper Island, approximately 20 nm east of Point Barrow. Divoky has seen Dovekies there in three of the past 12 years (1976 to 1987): lone birds on 23 July 1980, 23 June 1983, and 16 June 1986. These birds landed in a Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle) colony at times of the day when the guillemots' attendance was at its maximum (500 to 700 birds), suggesting that the Dovekies were attracted by the large number of guillemots. There also is a record of a Dovekie from the Alaska sector of the Arctic Basin, an adult female collected 20 July 1968 in heavy pack ice at 84030'N, 144000'W, approximately 850 nm north of Barter Island (UAM 1000). Dovekies may be more numerous in the Canadian Beaufort, for Smith (1973) found them to be regular along western Victoria Island and sporadic along western Banks Island, whereas Divoky (1984) saw none during approximately 300 hr of pelagic seabird transect research in the Alaska Beaufort. There are five Dovekie records from the Alaska sector of the Chukchi Sea. An immature was collected near Point Barrow on 13 July 1935 (CAS 7864; Bailey 1948), and two birds were seen near Wainwright on 10 August 1914 (Hersey 1916). On 15 September 1981, J. Nelson (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska; pers. comm.) saw three Dovekies at 71004'N, 161058'W, approximately 110 nm west of Barrow; on the following day, he saw four more at 70031'N, 161054'W, approximately 40 nm west of Wainwright. On 30 August 1987, A. E. Stone (University of Alaska, Fairbanks; pers. comm.) saw a breeding-plumaged bird at 67038'N, 167035'W, approximately 130 nm northeast of Little Diomede Island. Dovekies have been recorded recently at St. Matthew Island, central Bering Sea, in three different years. At least nine were seen offshore from Big Lake on 28 May 1982 (A. L. Sowls, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Homer, Alaska; pers. comm.), and one or two were seen in auklet colonies near Glory of Russia Cape on 12 to 24 June 1983 (B. A. Cooper, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; pers. comm.) and 10 July 1985 (Sowls, pers. comm.). There are no specimens from St. Matthew Island. There are four Dovekie records from the Pribilof Islands, two from St. Paul, one from St. George, and one at sea near the Pribilofs. At St. Paul, lone birds were seen with flocks of auklets off Reef Point on 13 June 1981 and 19 June 1984 (Kessel and Gibson, UAM; unpubl. records). The St. George record is of a single bird in a mixed flock ofauklets east of St. George village on 8 July 1958 (Holmes 1968). The at-sea record is of one bird seen at 58009'N, 171035'W (approximately 70 nm northwest of St. Paul Island) on 26 May 1978 by K. L. Wilson and A. E. Good. There are no specimens from the Pribilof Islands. There are three pelagic records of Dovekies from the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands, two from the eastern Aleutians and one from the vicinity of the west'Received 5 October 1987. Final acceptance 22 February 1988.

Savings mobilisation in developing countries

Stagnating development aid and continued reluctance on the part of western commercial banks to grant new loans to problem debtor countries have led many developing countries to pay greater attention to the mobilisation of their own resources. This article outlines a strategy for increasing the extent to which domestic savings are made available for development financing.

Platforms of the Nicaraguan Rise: Examples of the sensitivity of carbonate sedimentation to excess trophic resources

Research Article| December 01, 1988 Platforms of the Nicaraguan Rise: Examples of the sensitivity of carbonate sedimentation to excess trophic resources Pamela Hallock; Pamela Hallock 1Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Albert C. Hine; Albert C. Hine 1Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Gabriel A. Vargo; Gabriel A. Vargo 1Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jane A. Elrod; Jane A. Elrod 2Laboratory for Oceans, Code 671, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Walter C. Jaap Walter C. Jaap 3Bureau of Marine Research, Florida Department of Natural Resources, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (1988) 16 (12): 1104–1107. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<1104:POTNRE>2.3.CO;2 Article history first online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Pamela Hallock, Albert C. Hine, Gabriel A. Vargo, Jane A. Elrod, Walter C. Jaap; Platforms of the Nicaraguan Rise: Examples of the sensitivity of carbonate sedimentation to excess trophic resources. Geology 1988;; 16 (12): 1104–1107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<1104:POTNRE>2.3.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract The Nicaraguan Rise is an active tectonic structure in the western Caribbean. Carbonate accumulation on its platforms has not kept pace with relative Holocene sea-level rise, despite a tropical location remote from terrigenous sedimentation. Trophic resources apparently exceed levels favoring coral-reef development because sponge-algal communities dominate the drowning western platforms, in contrast to mixed coral-algal benthos on Pedro Bank and well- developed coral reefs along the north coast of Jamaica. Concentrations of biotic pigments in sea-surface waters show a corresponding west-east gradient; oceanic waters flowing over the western banks carry nearly twice as much biotic pigment as oceanic waters north of Jamaica. Sources enriching the western Caribbean are terrestrial runoff, upwelling off northern South America, and topographic upwelling over the Nicaraguan Rise. That relatively modest levels of trophic resources can suppress coral-reef development holds important implications for understanding carbonate platform drownings in the geologic record. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.