Mapping the landscape of online antibiotic sellers in Indonesia: A study on distribution, regulation, and public health risks.

Consumer willingness to pay for salted chicken eggs: Demographic influence in West Java

Background. The professionalism of education supervision is a strategic factor in ensuring the quality of education delivery, especially at the primary and secondary levels. Purpose. This study aims to analyze the level of professionalism of school supervisors in West Java Province and its impact on improving the quality of teachers and schools. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, supported by simple quantitative data from a survey of 75 school supervisors across five districts. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and questionnaires, based on supervisory competency indicators set out in Permendikbud Number 143 of 2014. Results. The results of the study show that the professional competence of supervisors in West Java is in the high category (82%), especially in the dimensions of academic and managerial supervision. However, the main challenge remains mastering digital technology and implementing continuous evaluation. Conclusion. The analysis also showed a positive correlation between the intensity of supervision and improvements in the quality of teachers' performance and in the achievement of school accreditation. Implementation. This research emphasizes the importance of capacity building and continuous professional development for education supervisors as quality agents in the regions.

Aims. This study investigates the effectiveness of Ethno-Project-Based Learning (E-PjBL) integrated with Cirebon Mask Dance (Tari Topeng Cirebon) as an ethnoscience context in enhancing students’ creative thinking skills and science process skills. Methods. Employing a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group model, this research involved 72 junior secondary school students (Grade VIII) in Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia, divided into an experimental group (n = 36) receiving E-PjBL instruction and a control group (n = 36) receiving conventional inquiry-based learning. Data were collected using the validated Creative Thinking Skills Test (CTST), which assesses Torrance’s four dimensions (fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration), and the Science Process Skills Assessment (SPSA), which encompasses observing, classifying, predicting, hypothesizing, experimenting, and communicating. Statistical analyses using ANCOVA, N-gain scores, and effect size (Cohen’s d) revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher gains in creative thinking skills (ΔM = 18.73; p < .001; d = 1.42) and science process skills (ΔM = 21.46; p < .001; d = 1.67) compared to the control group. Result. Thematic qualitative analysis of student project artifacts and reflective journals further confirmed that the cultural symbolism embedded in the Cirebon Mask Dance, particularly its philosophical motifs that represent natural phenomena, served as authentic, meaningful stimuli for scientific inquiry and creative ideation. Conclusion. These findings establish E-PjBL as a culturally responsive pedagogical framework that bridges indigenous ecological knowledge with formal science education, offering a replicable model for ethnoscience integration in multicultural science classrooms.

Digital waqf has emerged as a transformative innovation in Islamic philanthropy, linking traditional endowment practices with contemporary digital technology; however, despite Indonesia’s estimated annual cash waqf potential of IDR 180 trillion, less than 2% has been realized due to limited public literacy and participation. This study aims to examine the determinants of digital waqf adoption by applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), with particular attention to perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and waqf literacy in shaping behavioral intention and actual use. Data were collected from 271 Muslim respondents in West Java and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that perceived ease of use significantly influences both perceived usefulness and behavioral intention, while waqf literacy also positively affects intention. In contrast, perceived usefulness does not show a significant effect on behavioral intention, suggesting that ease, understanding, and cognitive-religious awareness play a more prominent role than functional benefits in encouraging participation. Behavioral intention is confirmed as a strong predictor of actual use, highlighting its role as a critical link between awareness and real engagement in digital waqf activities. These results extend the TAM framework by incorporating waqf literacy as a cognitive-religious factor relevant to philanthropic technology adoption. Practically, the study suggests that waqf institutions should prioritize user-friendly platform design, expand literacy initiatives, and strengthen trust through transparency and accessibility to convert intention into sustained participation. ABSTRAK - Apakah Niat Berwakaf Digital Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Aktual? Bukti dari Jawa Barat. Wakaf digital hadir sebagai inovasi penting dalam filantropi Islam yang menghubungkan praktik wakaf tradisional dengan teknologi digital modern. Namun demikian, dari potensi wakaf uang nasional yang diperkirakan mencapai Rp180 triliun per tahun, realisasinya masih di bawah 2% akibat rendahnya literasi dan partisipasi masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi adopsi wakaf digital dengan menggunakan kerangka Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), khususnya persepsi kemanfaatan, persepsi kemudahan penggunaan, dan literasi wakaf dalam membentuk niat berperilaku serta penggunaan aktual. Data diperoleh dari 271 responden Muslim di Jawa Barat dan dianalisis menggunakan Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemudahan penggunaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap persepsi kemanfaatan dan niat berperilaku, sementara literasi wakaf juga memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap niat. Sebaliknya, persepsi kemanfaatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap niat, yang mengindikasikan bahwa faktor kemudahan, pemahaman, dan kesadaran kognitif-religius lebih dominan dibandingkan manfaat fungsional dalam mendorong partisipasi. Niat berperilaku terbukti sebagai prediktor utama penggunaan aktual, yang menegaskan perannya sebagai penghubung antara kesadaran dan tindakan nyata dalam wakaf digital. Temuan ini memperluas TAM dengan memasukkan literasi wakaf sebagai dimensi kognitif-religius yang relevan dalam adopsi teknologi filantropi. Secara praktis, lembaga wakaf perlu mengutamakan desain platform yang mudah digunakan, memperluas program literasi, serta meningkatkan kepercayaan melalui transparansi dan aksesibilitas guna mendorong partisipasi berkelanjutan.

Rapid media transformation and fast-paced changes in youth preferences become the main challenge for community-based cultural practices. In Desa Baros, West Java, Wayang Serok becomes one of the representations of a living tradition with high potential as a medium of inspiration for cultural heritage activation. This study explores other approaches in safeguarding a heritage – to translate cultural narratives into contemporary forms that are relatable for younger generation (Generation Z). The research combines a Participatory Learning Action framework by integrating Design Thinking process as co-creation in character and merchandise design inspired by Wayang Serok symbolism. Data gathered from field observation with local cultural representatives was analyzed alongside a survey to design an engaging merchandise suitable for Gen Z’s preferences and cultural consumptions. The findings suggest that design intervention – stylized character interpretation and accessible personalized trinkets – can function as mediators between traditional narratives and contemporary youth identity expression. Exhibitions, feedback, and digital engagement indicate that narrative-driven accessories can build emotional attachment and curiosity toward the topic. This study also proposes a participatory design approach that may potentially broaden other inclusive approaches as strategies to recontextualize many intangible heritages in the economic and creative ecosystem.

Introduction: Nutrition education related to stunting is one of the strategies to tackle stunting incidence. A soon-to-be married couple is the right target to receive information about stunting, since they will be parents, especially a mother in the future. As it is known, the Religious Affairs Office has a pre-marriage training program, but not include nutritional sciences.Methods: A nutrition intervention consisting of nutrition education for men and women before marriage, to attend a mini lecture. The nutrition education program, including subjects related to marriage, is a pre-marriage education program from the selected religious affairs office in Bekasi. It aimed to increase nutrition knowledge, focusing on stunting prevention through family action. Participants were asked to fulfill nutrient adequacy for mothers as early as possible, before pregnancy, during pregnancy, and the lactating phase, as well as nutrient adequacy for infants during the first thousand days of life. They were also asked to ensure their health by joining the government’s program to visit the primary health service for antenatal care during pregnancy, and the integrated health center for growth monitoring after the baby is born. About 71 participants were recruited to do the pre-test, join the nutrition class, and finish the post-test.Results: Showed a double frequency of participants answering one hundred percent correctly during post-test, also most of the participants had an increased score in the post-test, p=0.000 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). It showed that this program significantly increased participants’ knowledge about stunting.Conclusion: Nutrition education through simple lectures effectively improved knowledge about stunting. It is recommended to incorporate stunting topics into the pre-marriage education program as a preventive measure to reduce stunting.

Abstract. Fathurohman F, Ekowati T, Gayatri S, Adiwinarti R, Nurtanti I, Fajri NA, Mukminah N, Rahmawati R. 2026. Transformational leadership and field-level accountability in smallholder beef cattle development under environmental uncertainty. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100143. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100143. Accountability within Indonesia’s smallholder beef cattle development program (SIKOMANDAN) is crucial for ensuring national meat security, yet program implementation frequently faces complex field-level challenges such as biological risks and resource instability. This study investigates the institutional determinants of program accountability, focusing on the direct effects of System Integrity (SI), Internal Control Systems (ICS), and Transformational Leadership (TL), alongside the moderating roles of Organizational Commitment (OC) and Environmental Uncertainty (EU). A quantitative survey was conducted using a purposive sampling technique in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia, involving 125 local government officials and agricultural extension workers. Empirical data were evaluated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test both direct and interaction effects. The results show that Transformational Leadership (β = 0.458, p < 0.001) and System Integrity (β = 0.392, p < 0.001) significantly enhance accountability, with the model explaining 76.4% of variance (R² = 0.764). In contrast, the Internal Control System has no significant direct effect (β = -0.017, p = 0.814). Organizational Commitment emerges as a significant independent predictor (β = 0.512, p < 0.001) rather than a moderator. Environmental Uncertainty shows no direct effect but indicates a borderline negative effect on internal controls (β = -0.135, p = 0.058). These findings highlight that accountability in livestock governance is driven more by leadership and system integrity than by formal control mechanisms alone. Strengthening adaptive governance through leadership development and flexible operational procedures is essential for program effectiveness in volatile agricultural contexts.

Background: The study is motivated by the persistent low productivity of dairy cattle farming in Bogor Regency, specifically within the Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK), which has been further aggravated by the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak and inefficient input management in the area. The sector faces significant challenges, including the dominance of smallholder farms with poor feed management, shrinking land for forage, and heavy reliance on imports, all of which weaken local farmers’ bargaining power.Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the factors influencing milk production, technical efficiency, and farm profitability in KUNAK. It seeks to evaluate how effectively farmers manage inputs, such as cattle and feed, to maximize output and determine the financial feasibility of these operations post-FMD.Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 67 purposively sampled farmers in Cibungbulang and Pamijahan (January–April 2025) who owned cows in their second or third lactation. This study utilized a stochastic frontier translog production function estimated via Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to measure technical efficiency, alongside a revenue-cost (R/C) ratio analysis for profitability.Findings/Result: MLE results indicated that lactating cows (0.656), concentrate (0.193), and tofu dregs (0.159) significantly affected milk yield. Conversely, labor's negative elasticity (-0.083) reflects severe overutilization. The farms operate under increasing returns to scale, with a high mean technical efficiency of 0.868. Efficiency improves with farmer age but declines as the number of family dependents increases. While economically feasible (R/C ratio=1.10), operations face tight profit margins of Rp207,951 per head per month.Conclusion: Although smallholder dairy farming in the KUNAK cluster demonstrates high technical efficiency (0.868), this operational mastery does not translate into proportional economic welfare due to low market pricing and high input costs. Policy interventions must target labor reallocation and cooperative pricing reforms to bridge the gap between technical proficiency and economic sustainability.Originality/value (State of the art): This study contributes a post-FMD analysis of smallholder dairy clusters, revealing a critical disconnect where high technical efficiency does not guarantee economic welfare due to external market and institutional failures. Keywords: dairy cattle, production function, profitability, stochastic frontier, technical efficiency

During the period of January until December 2024, West Java was the province with the highest export value, reaching USD 37,872.3 million. Nevertheless, West Java still possesses a significant export potential that must be elaborated on by all stakeholders. This study aims to elaborate on the government’s strategies to increase the export volume of SMEs in Bandung City. The study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. The qualitative approach was chosen because this research seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the government’s strategies in promoting the growth of SME exports in Bandung City amid global challenges. Data analysis techniques was conducted using Nvivo software. The results indicate that there are six critical aspects that the government must consider to enhance exports: training and regulations, institutional support and mentoring, technical and logistical facilities, promotional media, trade diplomacy, market access, as well as collaboration and networking.

This research examines the extent to which resilience predicts the performance of primary school teachers in Indonesia, identifies the major dimensions of resilience, and proposes a structural model for teacher’s’ professional development. This study using quantitative methods and involved 775 primary school teachers from four provinces such as West Java, DKI Jakarta, Central Java, and North Sumatra were selected using stratified random sampling approach. The result of this research inidicated there are resilience significantly predicted teachers performance (β = 0.452, p < 0.001, f² = 1.099) with an R² of 0.524, explaining 52.4% of performance variance. EFA identified three major dimensions of resilience: personal competence (λ = 0.70), social resources (λ = 0.71), and structured style (λ = 0.68). The scores distribution indicated that the majority of teachers on the high range (M_resilience = 4.37; M_performance = 4.38). Interestingly, this is the first study to introduces Teacher Resilience and Performance Integration Model (TRPIM) in Southeast Asia, integrating personal, social, and structural factors within Indonesia’s post-pandemic educational context. Based on the research, researcher recommends concrete policy recommendations, such as incorporating resilience training into mandatory professional programs (PPG/PKB), establishing School Resilience Support Teams, and developing a National Teacher Resilience Index. The methodologically, the research addresses prior limitations by employing a multidimensional PLS-SEM approach with a large sample (N=775). In contrast to previous local research (R² = 0.31), this study provides significant theoretical insights alongside practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the overall quality of primary education in Indonesia.

STEM is a learning approach that can enhance students' mathematical skills by linking mathematics with science, technology, and engineering, thereby increasing students’ motivation. This study analyzed teachers' understanding and the challenges they face in implementing STEM-based mathematics instruction. A phenomenology-informed qualitative study explored the experiences of 12 mathematics teachers across six provinces in Indonesia: West Java, Central Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, West Sumatra, and West Nusa Tenggara. Data were collected through online interviews and analyzed using the Bogdan & Biklen technique, including data reduction, axial coding, theme determination, and conclusion and interpretation. The results indicate that teachers view STEM-based mathematics as a means to connect subjects, develop critical 21st-century skills, and apply knowledge in real-life contexts. They implement STEM through project-based, interdisciplinary lessons that increase student engagement, despite challenges such as time constraints, curriculum demands, and differences in student readiness. Effective STEM instruction relies on professional development, school support, and sufficient resources to enable teachers to integrate STEM concepts confidently into mathematics teaching. These findings highlight the importance of providing structured guidance, adequate teaching materials, and policy support to enhance teachers’ capacity to deliver STEM-based mathematics effectively, bridging theory and practice for meaningful student learning.

This study explored the persistence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in Indonesia, focusing on the role of health communication barriers and social copying in sustaining the practice. Despite being recognized globally as a violation of human rights, FGM/C remains prevalent as a culturally normative practice in West Java, where it is intertwined with notions of purity, religion, and social acceptance. Using a qualitative case study with an ethnographic communication approach in Purwakarta Regency, this research involved in-depth interviews with 10 participants, consisting of two traditional birth attendants (paraji), three healthcare workers (doctors and midwives), two adult women, and 2 adolescents to understand how cultural meanings and weak health communication perpetuate the practice. The findings revealed that FGM/C was endured not because of religious obligation but through intergenerational social imitation and the absence of culturally sensitive health education. Ambiguous regulations and passive attitudes among healthcare providers further reinforce public reliance on traditional actors. Consequently, formal health messages fail to challenge deeply rooted social norms. The study concludes that effective eradication of FGM/C requires culturally grounded and integrated health communication strategies.

This study aims to examine the construction and reception of meaning in visual and verbal content published on the official Instagram account of the West Java Provincial Sports Committee (KONI West Java) during the 2022–2026 period. Social media is understood not merely as an information channel, but as a representational space in which meanings, identities, and the symbolic legitimacy of elite sport at the regional level are produced and circulated. The study adopts a critical paradigm with a qualitative approach, employing critical discourse analysis grounded in Cultural Studies. Data were collected from selected Instagram posts and analyzed thematically by examining visual elements, verbal texts, cultural symbols, and patterns of audience interaction. The findings indicate that meaning construction is carried out systematically through the use of local cultural symbols, narratives of institutional sporting achievement, and the prominent presence of elite figures from sports organizations and regional government. These representations generate a dominant discourse positioning West Java as a leading province in national sports performance and framing KONI as a central actor in the success of athletic development. In terms of reception, audiences predominantly demonstrate a dominant acceptance of the constructed meanings, reflected in affirmative responses and the limited presence of overt resistance, although negotiated interpretations emerge on a small scale. This study concludes that KONI West Java’s social media functions as an instrument of symbolic power that normalizes values of achievement, leadership, and regional pride. The findings highlight the need for a more critical and participatory sports public relations approach, so that media representations do not merely reinforce institutional legitimacy but also foster more inclusive spaces for public dialogue.

This study aims to examine the effects of employee engagement, employee communication, attitude, transformational leadership, and Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) Learning on Sustainable Human Resource Management (Sustainable HRM), with employee performance serving as a mediating variable. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. The research population consists of managerial-level employees (leaders to managers) from companies in West Java who participated in training programs conducted by Job Training Institute (LPK) “X”. A total of 360 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that employee engagement, employee communication, transformational leadership, and NLP Learning have a positive and significant effect on employee performance, while attitude does not have a significant effect on employee performance. Furthermore, employee performance is found to have a positive and significant effect on Sustainable HRM. Mediation analysis reveals that employee performance partially mediates the relationship between employee engagement, transformational leadership, and NLP Learning and Sustainable HRM. However, employee performance does not significantly mediate the effects of employee communication and attitude on Sustainable HRM. These findings highlight that the achievement of Sustainable HRM is not solely determined by individual and organizational practices directly, but is strongly influenced by the organization’s ability to enhance employee performance as a key mediating mechanism. This study contributes theoretically by reinforcing the role of employee performance as a mediator in the Sustainable HRM framework and by introducing NLP Learning as a relevant human resource development approach in the Indonesian organizational context. Practically, the findings provide insights for organizations and job training institutions in designing performance-oriented and sustainability-driven human resource development strategies.

This study aims to explore the meanings of risk communication constructed by stakeholders in responding to slow-onset disasters in the coastal areas of the North Coast of West Java through marine conservation initiatives in the form of mangrove planting. Gradual coastal abrasion has affected living spaces, livelihoods, and the sustainability of coastal environments; however, it has not been uniformly interpreted as a disaster by the actors involved. The study employs a qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design. Research informants include representatives from the North Coast Regional Office of Marine and Fisheries of West Java (CDKPWU), the Regional Forestry Office II (CDK Wil II), the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), coastal communities, experts, and community-based groups (Pokmas). Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation and analyzed based on the subjective experiences and risk perceptions of each actor. The findings indicate that risk meanings vary and are influenced by the actors’ positions and roles. Government actors tend to interpret slow-onset disasters as issues of environmental management and long-term development, while coastal communities perceive them as direct threats to livelihoods and living spaces. Community-based groups view risk as an opportunity to strengthen collective, conservation-based action, whereas experts emphasize ecological vulnerability and long-term sustainability. These differences highlight the importance of contextual and adaptive risk communication in fostering shared perceptions and strengthening collective preparedness.

This study problematizes the persistent structural imbalance between star-rated and non-star accommodations in Subang Regency, West Java—a strategically positioned yet emerging tourism destination. Moving beyond traditional market-driven explanations, this research employs a qualitative case-study approach, integrating semi-structured interviews with key institutional actors and rigorous document analysis. The findings reveal that uneven development is not merely a byproduct of spatial characteristics or demand fluctuations, but is actively produced and mediated by complex governance configurations. Specifically, the study identifies how land-tenure complexities involving state-owned enterprises (PTPN), rigid zoning thresholds, and environmental mandates act as institutional filters that dictate investment feasibility and access. In response, local government necessitates adaptive, multi-layered strategies to navigate these structural bottlenecks. By conceptualizing governance as a mediating force rather than a neutral regulatory framework, this study contributes to the literature on emerging destinations by highlighting the necessity of institutional alignment to bridge the development gap and foster sustainable, balanced growth.

Purpose Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial for economic growth in developing countries like Indonesia. However, many MSMEs face difficulties when trying to enter international markets, mainly because of limited resources and strategic capabilities. This study aims to investigate the internal mechanisms that affect the export capabilities of MSMEs, focusing on technological, innovation and entrepreneurial orientation. Using the resource-based view (RBV) as a framework, this study examines how entrepreneurial orientation affects the relationship between technological and innovation capabilities and export readiness. Design/methodology/approach This study used a quantitative approach, distributing questionnaires to MSMEs in West Java. Data were collected from 400 respondents using purposive sampling technique, exceeding the minimum sample size calculated using G*Power. The data were then analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine cause-and-effect relationships among the constructs. Findings The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation has a significant positive effect on export capability. Innovation capability enhances entrepreneurial orientation; however, it does not directly affect export capability. Its influence is entirely mediated by entrepreneurial orientation. Technological capability directly enhances export capability; however, it does not affect entrepreneurial orientation, suggesting its role is primarily operational rather than strategic. The results indicate that entrepreneurial orientation is the primary mechanism for converting innovation into export readiness, whereas technological capability primarily enhances operational efficiency and compliance with export standards. Originality/value This research adds to the existing knowledge in international entrepreneurship by examining how internal capabilities affect the export capabilities of MSMEs in developing countries. It highlights the importance of behavioral factors in how a firm’s capabilities translate into international market participation, thus expanding the RBV within the context of SME internationalization. This study distinguishes between the strategic and operational aspects of export readiness. It provides insights into how capabilities develop and informs policies and management strategies that support MSMEs in international markets.

The use of contraceptives in couples of childbearing ages will have an impact on births, the more children are born, the more costs will be incurred to support children and will have an impact on children's health. Growth and development are two events that are different, but interrelated and difficult to separate. The Family Development Program for Toddlers and Children is one of the efforts to foster and increase family planning participation for families of toddlers in supporting the realization of a happy and prosperous small family. This study aims to analyze the effect of family participation in childcare and development and BKB in West Java Province. This type of research is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional research design. Respondents are parents or families who have children under five and preschool in the BKB group and taken by purposive sampling of as many as 2,803 and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test. The result variable number of ideal children <0.05 means there is a relationship with the physical growth of toddlers, while the variables of the use of contraceptives and mother's education> 0.05 means there is no relationship with the physical growth of toddlers. The use of contraceptives can indirectly affect the physical growth of toddlers because the use of contraceptives will minimize unwanted births and focus more on the growth and development of children who have been born.

The disparity in the unemployment rate between provinces in Indonesia, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, is the main focus of this study. This study aims to (1) map the grouping of unemployment patterns in 34 provinces based on the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) time series data for the 2020-2024 period, and (2) analyze the most significant socio-economic determinants of the formation of these patterns. Applying a two-stage methodology, cluster analysis using K-Means—validated through the Elbow Method and Silhouette Score of 0.456—succeeded in classifying the provinces into four different groups. The two prominent clusters identified were "Cluster 2: Pandemic Shock Pattern" (e.g., DKI Jakarta, West Java) which showed a surge in TPT above 10%, and "Cluster 3: Resilient Pattern" (e.g., Bali, DIY) which showed the lowest TPT rate and fastest recovery. Furthermore, the Random Forest Classifier analysis identified a hierarchy of determining factors, with the 2024 Average School Length (RLS) as the strongest predictor, followed by the 2024 Provincial Minimum Wage (UMP) and the 2024 GDP. These findings underline that the quality of human capital (education) is a more crucial factor than economic output (GDP) in shaping the resilience of the labor market. The study concludes the need for differentiated and cluster-specific unemployment policy interventions, rejecting a nationally uniform approach.