West Bali National Park Research Articles

The role of local adaptive capacity in marine ecotourism scenarios

Understanding and enhancing local adaptive capacity is crucial for the sustainable development of marine ecotourism. This research explores the adaptive capacities of local stakeholders in the West Bali National Park (WBNP), Indonesia, focusing on marine ecotourism. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining stakeholder interviews and a comprehensive questionnaire based on the choice experiment method. This approach ensures a holistic exploration of the dynamics of marine ecotourism in the WBNP. The investigation focuses on three key scenarios: understanding the evolving needs of contemporary tourism facilities (infrastructure adaptability), promoting the integration of indigenous traditions into ecotourism ventures (cultural consciousness), and combining both infrastructural and cultural aspects into a comprehensive adaptive strategy (holistic approach). The insights gathered in this research serve as a guide for marine ecotourism strategies, emphasizing the importance of innovative and adaptive approaches for the future of sustainable ecotourism in the WBNP.

Determinants of community participation in ecotourism programs in Bali, Indonesia

In the case of Indonesia, most of the tourist attractions offered and advertised are protected forests. This research seeks to find a balance between these two interests, so the purpose of this research is actually to determine the determinants of local community involvement in ecotourism development in Bali. This research uses quantitative methods described in the form of descriptive, and factor analysis according to the results of the survey with informants in the ecotourism of West Bali National Park, Buyan Tamblingan, Bali Mangrove, Batur Kintamani, and Lembongan. Eight factors determine community participation in ecotourism programs in Bali, namely: i) the role of leaders and business opportunities, ii) the factor of mindset and industry cooperation, iii) the factor of income, socialization, and commitment, iv) the factor of awareness of nature conservation, v) the factor of optimism to get money and knowledge, vi) the factor of facilities and independence, vii) the factor of training, interest, and participation, and viii) the factor of skills and funding.

Community structure of bivalve on seagrass ecosystems in the West Bali National Park area

Community structure of bivalve on seagrass ecosystems in the West Bali National Park area

Produktivitas Dan Laju Dekomposisi Serasah Mangrove Sonneratia Alba, Rhizophora Apiculata Dan Rhizophora Stylosa Di Taman Nasional Bali Barat

Mangrove ecosystems produce litter and act as a source of detritus. Mangrove litter will become organic material for the environment, which can indicate that the environmental conditions are fertile. The mangrove environment is fertile, which makes the chain of life. The fallen litter then enters the decomposition process assisted by organisms such as macrozoobenthos and several other animals. In the decomposition process there are several influencing factors such as sunlight, water, substrate and other natural factors. The purpose of this study was to determine which litter productivity and decomposition rate was the highest from Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora stylosa in West Bali National Park. This research was conducted for 2 months, starting in January 2021, by taking and measuring samples for 2 weeks. The method of determining the point using purposive sampling. Data analysis for litter productivity by calculating the average dry weight of litter (after oven) and decomposition rate with litter reduction every week (after oven). Productivity Sonneratia alba (3.33 g/week), Rhizophora apiculata (3.83 g/week), Rhizophora stylosa (3.05 g/week). Decomposition rate of Rhizophora stylosa (1.85 g/week), Sonneratia alba (1.71 g/week), and Rhizophora apiculata (1.39 g/week).

Modeling and Analysis of the Dynamic Model of Bali Starling (Leucopsar Rothschildi) Breeding in West Bali National Park

Antara, the official news agency of the state, reported a record-breaking population of 303 Bali starlings in the West Bali National Park (WBNP) in June 2020, attributing this achievement to the park's captive reproduction initiative. This paper presents a study on the dynamic equilibrium of Bali Starlings and proposes a mathematical model for analyzing this dynamic. The research also examines parameters ensuring the stability of the captive breeding model for Bali starlings in WBNP in a sustainable manner. The Bali starlings are categorized into two groups: those in the wild and those in captive breeding, with hatched eggs in captivity included in the latter. The dynamic model is analyzed for system stability around the endemic critical point using the Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria. As an illustrative example, a simulation is conducted to assess the model's suitability under real field conditions. The model analysis reveals that the existence of an endemic critical point can be maintained if the percentage of stolen Bali starlings or eggs reintroduced to the wild is less than the difference between the percentage of Bali starlings laying eggs and the population growth rate in WBNP. Furthermore, the stability of the endemic critical point is confirmed as long as the percentage of Bali starlings laying eggs exceeds the population growth rate. This dynamic model offers a valuable tool for evaluating the sustainability of Bali starling breeding programs and optimizing the benefits associated with their conservation efforts.

The Market Potential and Sustainability Bali Ecotourism Destination

Objective: This initial research is to determine the market potential and sustainabelity Bali ecotourism destination related to the five ecotourism destinations, namely West Bali National Park, Lake Buyan Area, Batur Geopark Museum, Bali Mangrove Denpasar, and Lembongan Mangrove Klungkung.
 
 Method: This study uses descriptive statistics powered by the Google Trends Tool to determine the popularity of the five ecotourism destinations in Bali, namely West Bali National Park, Lake Buyan Area, Batur Geopark Museum, Bali Mangrove Denpasar, and Lembongan Mangrove Klungkung.
 
 Results: The West Bali National Park area is the most popular ecotourism, then Bali Mangrove Denpasar, Batur Geopark Kintmani, Lembongan Mangrove, and finally the Lake Buyan area. Ecotourism in Bali has a fairly strong tourist market segmentation in some of the countries such as Australia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany. The five Ecotourism areas in Bali have experienced fluctuations in visitors in the last five years from 2018 to the present. However, West Bali National Park, Batur Geopark Museum, and Bali Mangrove are almost stable.
 
 Conclusions: This research shows that Bali tourism destination managers can direct the promotion of ecotourism to several destination countries Australia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Germany which are indicated as tourists who have a strong interest in ecotourism.

Pemetaan Sebaran Habitat Dasar Perairan Laut Dangkal Menggunakan Citra Sentinel-2A di Teluk Gilimanuk

West Bali National Park is a conservation area with such a high biodiversity. That includes mangrove forest, coastal, and shallow water ecosystem. As a conservation area, a distribution map of the shallow water habitat is necessary for decision making in the conservation’s benthic habitat developing program. One of the mapping method is remote sensing and requires Sentinel-2A Level 1C satelitte image. Sentinel-2A Level 1C is used due to its high resolution which is 10x10 meters for a single pixel. The aim for this research is for mapping the distribution of the shallow water habitat in Gilimanuk Bay while also assesses the accuracy of Sentinel-2A image. This research uses the Quantum GIS and SAGA GIS software to analyze the Sentinel-2A image. The image is transformed using Depth Invariant Index to reduce the scattering effect on the reflectance. After the image is being transformed by the Depth Invariant Index, it is classified using maximum likelihood method. The classification showed, the area of each classes are 56.59 hectares of corals, 18.01 hectares of seagrass, 128.97 hectares of waters, 45.76 hectares of mud sediment, 78.95 hectares of macro algae, and 26.67 hectares of sands. Overall accuracy assessment for this research calculated using confusion matrix and the result is 65.1% and considered good enough due to Coral Ecosystem Remote Sensing Data Analysis Guide by National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), in which the tolerance of the accuracy is 60%. Accuracy levels are influenced by number of classes, image resolution, class resemblance, turbidity, and seafloor material.

Analisis Kesehatan Ekosistem Mangrove di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat (TNBB)

Mangrove ecosystems are ecosystems located in coastal areas that are affected by tides and have many functions, namely ecological, physiological and economic functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem and the diversity of mangrove species in the West Bali National Park area. The technique applied in this study was a purposive random sampling method, with a total of 65 plots, and to determine the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem using the Hemispherical photography method. The mangrove species found at the observation site were Avicennia offinalis, Aegiceras floridum, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemose, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The value of mangrove health conditions is determined from several parameters such as canopy cover which has a range of cover values ranging from 51.35% - 66.67% with an average percentage cover of all data collection stations of 60.27%, density has a value range of 2100 trees/ha – 8867 trees/ha, with a diversity value of 0.97 in the low diversity category, and with an average environmental parameter value such as temperature around 28.1 ± 0.56?, while the average value of salinity is 22.3 ±3.27‰, and the average pH was 5.9±0.12, with sandy mud substrate dominating the entire observation area.

Comparison of mangrove canopy covering accuracy using landsat 8 and landsat 9 imagery based on several vegetation indices in West Bali National Park

The remote sensing implementation is beneficial as a means of monitoring the ecosystem. Landsat imagery is a remote sensing (open access) based data source with a long and wide monitoring period with good image quality. This study compares the accuracy of Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellite images in detecting mangrove canopy cover using 13 different remote sensing vegetation indices in the West Bali National Park, Indonesia. The mangrove canopy cover data was collected with the hemispherical photography method. A linear regression test was conducted to determine the relationship between the remote sensing vegetation indices and the field's percentage of mangrove canopy cover. The result indicated that Landsat 8 was more accurate in detecting mangrove canopy cover than Landsat 9. Of the 13 remote sensing indices evaluated, the Chlorophyll Vegetation Index (CVI) had the highest accuracy, with R2 values of 0.86 and 0.75 for Landsat 8 and 9, respectively.*

The Cooperation Relationship between West Bali National Park Hall and the Buffer Villages in the Conservation of Nature and Creation of Jobs

West Bali National Park (WBNP) is a nature conservation area that has native ecosystems, managed with a zoning system for research, education, science purposes as well as to support cultivation, tourism, and recreation. Its goal is to preserve biological natural resources and their ecosystems, thus the WBNP Hall established a cooperative relationship with 1 urban village (Gilimanuk Village) and 5 buffer villages (Blimbingsari, Ekasari, Melaya, Sumber Klampok and Pejarakan villages). In the working area of the WBNP Hall, there are several strategic issues that have developed, one of which is the illegal logging of production plants in Production Forests which has significantly affected the balance of the ecosystem as a whole which can lead to a decrease in the quality of potential biological natural resources. The problems are: 1) What is the cooperative relationship between the WBNP Hall and the buffer villages in the effort to conserve nature? 2) With the existence of WBNP, can job opportunities for local communities be created? The objectives of the study: to analyze the cooperative relationship between the WBNP Hall and the buffer village in an effort to conserve nature; and to identify and analyze the benefits of WBNP in an effort to create jobs. This study uses empirical research methods with a sociological approach. Data were obtained from primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected using an interview technique and secondary data were collected using recording and documentation methods. The data were analyzed qualitatively using legal argumentation. The research results are presented descriptively. The conclusion is the cooperative relationship between the WBNP Hall, and the buffer villages has been stated in a written agreement to support WBNP. WBNP has been able to create jobs, but the use of local labor has not been maximized.

Role of Bumdes in the Management of Spiritual Tourism Objects in Petilasan Sumur Kembar, West Bali National Park

The new paradigm of tourists in the last 10 (ten) years greatly affects the attractions visited by both foreign and domestic tourists. Tourists who used to only want to enjoy natural beauty, culinary, and night tours, now there is a change in the orientation of tourist destinations. Tourists now prefer to travel to villages with panoramic views and village culture, tourists miss seeing the beautiful village atmosphere and Balinese culture which is still very thick with the nuances of Hinduism. Bali, known as the Thousand Temples, is very rich in religious places and temples that used to be a place of yoga for holy people. Likewise with Jembrana Regency which is geographically with the East Java Island which is very thick with its Javanese culture. Along the coast of the Bali Strait and West Bali National Park, there are many petilasan which is a stopover and hermitage place for holy people who sailed from the ancient Mataram Kingdom and Islamic Mataram who expanded to Bali. One of them is the Petilasan of Sumur Kembar Temple and Petilasan of Mbah Temon which are located in the Cekik Forest area, Gilimanuk Village. To further introduce and more professional management of tourist objects, in accordance with the policy of the Department of Tourism and Culture of Jembrana Regency, the management is handed over to BUMDes. So that income from tourism objects managed through BUMDes is to increase the source of Village Original Income, which of course will be used to improve the welfare of the Village community.

Sage Advice About West Bali National Park From a Five-Year-Old

Sage Advice About West Bali National Park From a Five-Year-Old

PROFIL BEBERAPA KOMUNITAS PERAIRAN TELUK BANYUWEDANG

Banyuwedang Bay is located in the West Bali National Park (TNBB), which is part of the conservation area. There were a lot of tourism activities developed in this area, which potentially caused disruption of the surrounding water conditions. This study aims to determine the profile of various communities in the waters of Banyuwedang Bay and as initial data to see the development of these communities due to the environmental impacts of various activities in the waters and coastal area of Banyuwedang Bay. Data was collected from five observation stations including: Community structure of Plankton, Macrozoobenthos, and seagrass, and coral reef cover. Result shows that the phytoplankton community consist of 9 genera where Nitzschia sp. (Bacillariophyceae) as the dominant species found. Phytoplankton have low diversity index ranging between 0.348 - 1.411. Zooplankton diversity index also has low value 0.693 with three genera found namely Copepoda sp., Nauplius sp. and Daphnia sp. Macrozoobenthos community is composed of 17 macrozoobenthos genera, with low diversity index ranging ??between 0.562-1.809. There are only two species of seagrass, Halophila ovalis and Cymodocea rotundata, which were found in Banyuwedang Bay. Coral reef cover seems to be ranged from poor to good conditions, with 25% - 73% coverage. Based on the result, we concluded that the Banyuwedang Bay has a moderate condition to the growth of plankton and seagrass, but good for coral reefs. Periodic monitoring is needed to find out changes in conditions that can occur in Banyuwedang Bay.
 Keywords: Banyuwedang Bay; community structure; macrozoobenthos

Population and Habitat Suitability Index Model of Bali Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) in West Bali National Park

Bali starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) is categorized as an endangered species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) red list. Thus, preventing this species from extinction becomes very crucial. One of the most important activities for this purpose is a soft release method to avoid birds’ mortality, which has been done in West Bali National Park (WBNP). However, this method creates the dependency of birds to the artificial treatment and may affect the distribution of Bali starling. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the population and habitat and create a habitat suitability index model for Bali starling in WBNP. Data were obtained by surveying the Bali starling population, including the number of individuals, distribution, age structure, sex ratio, natality, and mortality. Vegetation analysis was also conducted to determine habitat conditions. Finally, map interpretation data was used to develop a suitable habitat model for Bali starling in WBNP. The results showed that 63 Bali starling were found near the resort office, bird release sites, and binding bird cages. It indicated that the habitat of Bali starling has shifted from the soft release site. The habitat suitability index model of Bali starling in WBNP was Y = 17.145 + 6.640PC1 - 4.055PC2, showing the selected variables only give a moderate determination coefficient (R2 = 40.9%). The artificial treatment created by the WBNP authority seems to be another great factor influencing the existence and distribution of Bali starling in WBNP. It was also indicated that Bali starling could breed in the WBNP, but it tends to have a shifting habitat in the wild. Keywords: Bali starling, Geographic information system, Habitat suitability, Population

EFFECTS OF HUMAN FACTORS IN THE EXISTENCE OF BALI STARLING (Leucopsar rothschildi) THROUGH GEOGRAPHIC INFOMATION SYSTEM APPROACH IN WEST BALI NATIONAL PARK AND NUSA PENIDA BALI

Bali starling (Leucopsar rothschildi) is one of the animals that getting more attention because is categorized as an endengered species on the IUCN red list, Appendix 1 of CITES, and protected animals by goverment of Indonesia. The conservation for recovery of species was carried out by West Bali National Park (WBNP) through release activity and collaboration with conservation organization for release in different place from their natural habitat. The population of bali starling on both locations is tend to decrease, the study aimed to analized the impact of human factor with the existence of bali starling based on geographic information system. The farthest point of bali starling existence form road distance is 1 359 meters on WBNP and 660 meters on Nusa Penida Island, while the closest point on both locations is 0 meter from road distance. The second human factor is village distance with the farthest point of bali starling is 7 296 meters on WBNP and 295 meters on Nusa Penida Island, while the closest point of bali starling is 543 meters on WBNP and 0 meter on Nusa Penida Island. The third human factor is community’s garden distance with the farthest point of bali starling is 5 696 meters on WBNP and 67 meters on Nusa Penida Island, while the closest point of bali starling is 408 meters on WBNP and 0 meter on Nusa Penida Island. The existence point of bali starling that are close to human activites have a negative impact. Bali starling will depend on the resources provided by the community on Nusa Penida Island and part of WBNP and also make it difficult for the bali starling to restore the wild nature for adaptation in natural habitat. 
 Key words: bali starling, geographic information system, human factor, Nusa Penida, West Bali National Park

Peran Operator Wisata Bahari dan Wisatawan Terhadap Pelestarian Terumbu Karang di Pulau Menjangan Kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat


 
 
 Menjangan Island is a small island located 5 miles northwest of the island of Bali and is part of the West Bali National Park area. Activities that can be carried out by tourists visiting Menjangan Island, namely diving, snorkeling, jungle tracking, walking around Menjangan Island. The condition and condition of good coral reefs on Menjangan Island is certainly inseparable from the role of a person or group in preserving and conserving coral reefs in this island. This study aims to determine how the role of Marine and Tourist Tourism Operators on coral reef preservation on Menjangan Island.This research used a qualitative method with qualitative data analysis techniques. Sources of data from this study come from primary data and secondary data. The results of this study indicate that marine tourism operators and tourists are very instrumental in preserving coral reefs on Menjangan Island because it can be seen from the efforts made to maintain the beauty of the underwater world on Menjangan Island. The form of preservation carried out in the form of providing education to tourists related to how to do snorkeling and diving activities so as not to damage the coral reefs.
 Keyword: Roles, Marine Tourism Operators, Tourist, Coral Reef Conservation, Menjangan Island
 
 

Herpetofaunal diversity of West Bali National Park, Indonesia with identification of indicator species for long-term monitoring

We report on the results of a survey of the herpetofauna of West Bali National Park (Taman Nasional Bali Barat in Indonesian, hereafter TNBB) that was carried out in 2015. The survey also included other taxa and the motivation for it was to identify a species or group of species that could be used as indicators of management success for Protected Area Credits (PAC) under the Rainforest Standards (RFS™) system. Four major ecosystems, moist forest, deciduous monsoon forest, savanna and an abandoned Teak plantation, were sampled over a period of 10 days, using belt transects and pitfall traps. We measured species richness, abundance and density, herpetofaunal diversity (Simpson’s Index of Dominance and the Shannon Weiner Index) and community similarity. We also estimated the indicator value to determine which species, if any, might be suitable as indicators of environmental conditions. The survey yielded 30 species, 12 frogs and toads, 7 snakes and 11 lizards. Out of them there is an endangered gecko, Cyrtodactylus jatnai, a vulnerable frog, Microhyla orientalis, and a vulnerable tree-skink, Cryptoblepharus baliensis. Diversity was highest in the moist forest, followed closely by both the deciduous forest and the savanna. The greatest abundance was found in the savanna, followed by the moist forest and then the deciduous forest. Both diversity and abundance were extremely low in the abandoned teak plantation. Eleven species were identified as potential indicators of environmental deterioration if their numbers were to decrease. Frogs and toads were the best indicators in the moist forest, while lizards were the most suitable indicators for savanna and deciduous forest. No snakes were identified as indicators. It is concluded that herpetofauna can be useful and cost-effective indicators of environmental change.

Pola ruang sebaran objek dan fasilitas penunjang wisata berbasis sistem informasi geografis di kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat

The West Bali National Park area is a nature protection area that has a conservation function as well as educational tourism. This has boosted enthusiasm for tourist visits, followed by a rapidly increasing development of tourism support facilities in the TNBB area and its buffer villages. However, these developments have not been properly recorded and mapped, so a mapping process is necessary. The method used in this research was a survey with data collection techniques including direct observation, interviews, and literature study. The stages of this research were the identification of tourism support facilities and objects according to the tourism support facilities criteria indicators, analysis, and synthesis. The GIS analysis process used the nearest neighbor analysis approach to study the distribution patterns formed from the distribution of tourism support facilities in the TNBB area. This analysis process produced recommendations for the development of tourism support facilities based on accessibility factors, distance, and the agglomeration theory approach can be used as a basis for regional development, especially in the elements of facilities and infrastructure in the TNBB area.

Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in Rhizosphere Plants at the West Bali National Park (TNBB)

The West Bali National Park (TNBB) is a source of various organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms. The soil characteristics are dried temporally and spatially. Natural resources that has not been explored is Abuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) that can be used as bio-fertilizers especially in nutrient-poor regions. Based on this background this research is to explored and identified AMF in the West Bali National Park. The sampling exploration, isolation screening and identification were carried out from April up to September 2019. The results of the study identified 5 genera and 8 species which were spread in the five rhizosphere zones of Lantana camara Plant. The eight species AMF are five species belong to Glomus genus i.e G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, G. Aggregatum, G.intraradices, G.etunicatum two species of the Gigaspora genus; G. Margarita and G. Albida, one genus Acaulospora one genus Scutelospora and one genus Entropospora. The present of AMF species, number of spores and colonization of AMF shows spatially distribution at these areas

Karakteristik dan Sebaran Sampah Terdampar di Kawasan Pesisir Taman Nasional Bali Barat

The existence of marine debris can be a threat to marine ecosystems. Several studies have shown that marine debris can cause death of marine organisms and a degradation of ecosystems. The West Bali National Park (TNBB) is a conservation area in Bali that is also susceptible to be affected by marine debris pollution, due to its high population and anthropogenic activity in the area. Bali generates about 4.281 tons of waste per day, where 11% of it ends up in the ocean. Therefore, research about marine debris in TNBB is important. The purpose of this research is to find out the characteristics and distribution of stranded marine debris in the TNBB coastal area. This research was conducted in February 2020 at 23 stations by the shoreline. Marine debris data collection was carried out by adapting the method developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Global Plastic Pollution Project. Marine debris exists along the coastline with the concentration range between 0.05 – 28.47 items/m2 with the average of 4.29 items/m2. As much as 92.3% of waste were plastic, dominated by three major debris classes, including soft plastic (44.8%), foam (30.8%), and hard plastic (12.4%). Marine debris in the area has various sizes and shapes. As much as 57.9% of debris at TNBB were whole items and the rest of it were fragment items. Marine debris size at TNBB tend to have a big relative size, i.e. between 8-16 cm (32%). Generally, marine debris at TNBB were mostly daily consumer items. Therefore, public awareness play an important role to decrease the amount of marine debris on the TNBB coastal area.