Well-being Of Local Communities Research Articles

KAJIAN PERENCANAAN PASAR INDUK KABUPATEN BADUNG DENGAN PENDEKATAN TATA RUANG, ARSITEKTUR, DAN BUDAYA LOKAL BALI

In the central market planning project in Badung Regency, Bali, the main objective was to develop an economic center that combines cultural elements with sustainable economic growth. The planning goes beyond the traditional paradigm of development by integrating cultural, social, environmental, architectural, civil engineering and economic factors, creating an entity that carries more value than just commercial transactions. The central market is intended to represent a balance between cultural heritage and the dynamics of modernity, with reference to the principles of Tri Hita Karana (balance with God, fellow humans, and the natural environment) as well as the concept of Hulu - Teben which directs the organization of space based on the flow of the river. The Tri Mandala and Sanga Mandala concepts guide the zone mapping and building orientation, optimizing air circulation and natural lighting. The market architecture adopts traditional Balinese elements such as limasan and jineng roof forms, and utilizes natural materials such as red bricks and temple stones. A purposeful and iconic signage system, including the Ratu Niang Sakti statue, became an important part of the design. The result is a synergy between cultural values and global progress, forming a neighborhood that functions not only as a place of transaction, but also as a vehicle for cultural preservation and a driver of inclusive economic growth. The project encourages active community participation in the development process, accelerates the welfare of local communities, and improves the competitiveness of the region. Thus, the project achieves its goal not only as physical infrastructure, but also as a platform that integrates cultural significance and economic dynamism within the framework of sustainable development

Blurring the Lines Between Public and Nonprofit Sectors: Local Efforts to Create Inclusive Communities

Local governments and nonprofits share the common goal of enhancing local community well-being, despite variations in funding sources, governance structure, and authority. Their joint efforts in responding to increasing immigrant concerns shed light on their motivations to address emerging challenges. Through interviews, original surveys, and secondary datasets, this study unveils that both sectors respond to rising foreign-born populations, shifting local racial demographics, and an aging populace. While political context significantly shapes local government actions, nonprofits are propelled by grant opportunities. These findings underscore sector commonalities and disparities and how the two sectors can continue to work together or independently to address community issues.

Solid waste management awareness and practices in coastal communities

Effective solid waste management (SWM) is paramount for environmental sustainability and public health, particularly in coastal communities. This cross-sectional descriptive study determines SWM awareness and practices among 399 households in selected coastal barangays in the City of Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Employing a structured four-point Likert-type survey through KoboCollect applications, this study evaluates SWM awareness and practices while examining the impact of socio-demographic factors on these aspects. The results reveal moderate SWM awareness (X̄=2.55) and practices (X̄=2.66) in these coastal communities, indicating a baseline level of environmental consciousness and waste management efforts. However, there was lack of familiarity with legal and regulatory frameworks (X̄=1.97), including the Republic Act 9003 and local ordinances related to SWM. Notable gaps are also identified in SWM practices, mainly in waste segregation (X̄ = 2.55) and avoidance to waste-burning (X̄=2.56). Socio-demographic factors, such as age, educational attainment, household size, and family income, significantly influence SWM awareness and practices. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational campaigns and community engagement strategies to enhance awareness of SWM regulations. Addressing these gaps is necessary for developing effective interventions to promote sustainable waste management practices in these coastal areas, thus protecting marine ecosystems and supporting the well-being of local communities.

Trade-Off and Coordination between Development and Ecological Protection of Urban Agglomerations along Rivers: A Case Study of Urban Agglomerations in the Shandong Section of the Lower Yellow River

Urban development of clusters situated along rivers significantly affects the health of the river ecosystems, the quality of urban environments, and the overall well-being of local communities. Ecosystem service supply value (ESSV) measures the delivery of ecosystem goods and services within a specific timeframe in a particular area. Using the lower Yellow River urban agglomeration (Shandong section) as a case, we comprehensively applied land use structure and intensity change analysis, quantitative calculation of ESS, and geographical probe methods to unveil ESS and its mechanism of response to the spatio-temporal evolution of the intensity of land use in urban agglomeration along the river. The key results were as follows: (1) Over the past two decades, farmland and construction land areas have continued to decrease and increase, respectively, with the intensity of land use change being highest from 2005 to 2010. (2) ESS has continued to rise over the past 20 years, with the income in 2020 being 11.142 billion yuan, an increase of 31.13%. The “low-value areas” are mainly concentrated in Liaocheng City, Dezhou City, and Tai’an City, which are characterized by predominantly flat terrains where farmland constitutes the principal land use type. Conversely, “high-value areas” are largely in the counties bordering the Yellow River, including the upper estuary in the north and the rugged, southeastern terrains. (3) Areas with concentrated ESSV were primarily localized in the northern estuary area and along the Yellow River in a scattered point-like pattern. The spatial distribution of hotspots has become increasingly concentrated, transitioning from points to planes. Conversely, cold spots initially increased in number before subsequently decreasing. Waterbody was the most sensitive ESSV-determining factor. (4) The spatial heterogeneity of ESSV emerges as a consequence of the interaction of multiple factors, and among these interactions, those involving NDVI and POP contain the greatest explanatory power. Our findings are expected to offer a scientific foundation for optimizing land spatial patterns and enhancing ecological management in the lower Yellow River region.

Driving Village-Owner Enterprises (BUMDes) Innovation as a Driving Force for Independent Village Development Through Inclusive Leadership

This study examines the role of inclusive leadership in driving innovation within Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as a catalyst for self-reliant village development in Indonesia. The research employed a qualitative approach with case studies of BUMDes in Kulon Progo, Gunung Kidul, and Yogyakarta City. The study aims to analyze the dynamics of the innovation process in BUMDes and the innovation leadership models in place. Findings indicate that inclusive leadership accelerates innovation by empowering local communities, fostering collaboration, and creating a safe environment for experimentation. Case studies in Kulon Progo and Gunung Kidul demonstrate that successful product, process, marketing, and organizational innovations can enhance local economic growth, community welfare, and environmental sustainability. Strategies for promoting inclusive leadership include capacity building, community engagement, mentorship programs, and recognition. This research positively contributes to the study of innovation in BUMDes and offers practical insights for developing inclusive leadership models across various bureaucratic levels in Indonesia.

Comparing expedient and proactive approaches to the planning of protected area networks on Borneo

Protected areas are an important tool for wildlife conservation; however, research is increasingly revealing both biases and inadequacies in the global protected area network. One common criticism is that protected areas are frequently located in remote, high-elevation regions, which may face fewer threats compared to more accessible locations. To explore the conservation implications of this issue, we consider a thought experiment with seven different counterfactual scenarios for the Sunda clouded leopard’s conservation on Borneo. This allows us to examine two contrasting paradigms for conservation: “proactive conservation” which prioritises areas with high biodiversity and high risk of development, and “expedient conservation” which focusses on areas with the lowest development risk. We select clouded leopards as our focal species not only because of their emerging conservation importance, but also because, as top predators, they represent both keystone species and ambassadors for wider forest biodiversity. Furthermore, a published analysis of the likely impacts of forest loss in their habitat provides a benchmark for evaluating the modelled outcomes of alternative hypothetical conservation scenarios. We find that, across all metrics, expedient reserve design offered few benefits over the business-as-usual scenario, in contrast to the much greater conservation effectiveness of proactive protected area design. This paper sheds light on the challenging trade-offs between conservation goals and the competing land uses essential for the economic development and well-being of local communities.

Optimizing Coziness and Productivity: An All-Encompassing Ergonomic Investigation on Diners and Restaurant Operators in Dense Urban Living Environments

This research aims to determine and optimize the welfare of visitors and food stall owners in dense urban environments, especially in the context of dense residential areas in big cities. As ergonomics research, its main focus is to assess the physical and psychological conditions of visitors and food stall owners operating in dense urban environments. This research method involves a detailed analysis of ergonomic aspects, including room layout, furniture design, lighting and acoustics, taking into account the unique demands of dense housing. In addition, in-depth interviews with food stall owners and observations of visitor behavior were conducted to understand the non-physical aspects that influence their well-being. The research location is in the Paseban area, Central Jakarta. The results of this research provide an in-depth understanding of how environmental conditions can influence comfort and productivity in food stalls, both from the perspective of visitors and owners. The practical implications of these findings can serve as a guide for architects, designers and policy makers in improving the design of public spaces in dense urban environments, with the ultimate goal of improving the welfare of local communities. This study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of how ergonomics can be applied effectively to improve the quality of life amidst the challenges of dense housing in large cities.

Dampak Perbaikan Jalan Terhadap Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Di Desa Mergosari Kecamatan Tarik Kabupaten Sidoarjo

This research aims to find out the impact of road improvements on improving the community's economic business in Mergosari village, Tarik, Sidoarjo. This research method uses qualitative research with descriptive methods. Data collection was done by conducting in-depth interviews with descriptive analysis method. The results showed that the impact of road improvements had a significant positive impact on increasing the economic efforts of the community in Mergosari village, Tarik, Sidoarjo. The implications of this research can be used as a basis for improving sustainable infrastructure development strategies to support local economic growth and community welfare in the region.

Integrasi Aspek Hukum, Administrasi Negara, Ekonomi, dan Akuntansi dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Berbasis Masyarakat

The purpose of writing this scientific paper is to determine the integration of multidisciplinary science in community-based mangrove forest management. The object of writing is the mangrove forest in Bagan Serdang, Pantai Labu District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. Community-based mangrove forest management is an important approach to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem and the welfare of local communities. This scientific paper explores the integration of legal, state administration, economic, and accounting aspects in community-based mangrove forest management. By highlighting the importance of cooperation between various disciplines and compliance with regulations, this scientific paper seeks to provide a comprehensive framework for managing mangrove forests effectively and sustainably. The results of the discussion of this scientific paper are 1. The importance of the legal aspect to educate the public about the potential for conflict and customary law that applies among the community in the management of mangrove forests, 2) in the aspect of administrative science, it is necessary to accommodate the social response of the community to the regional regulations that are made, 3) The economic aspect is the need to educate the community in empowering mangrove forests in producing economic value such as ecotourism and processing of mangrove forest resources that can have economic value, 4) The accounting aspect is by suggesting the application of the mangrove kite concept, namely by involving 4 elements in the management of mangrove forests, namely: Government, Academics, Community and Private. From the results of this scientific paper, it is hoped that it can provide education to the community in optimizing the use of mangrove forests from the integration of various fields of science and will be able to provide solutions to obstacles that will occur.

Sustainable innovation: Economic valuation of wood waste for sustainable development at PT Wapoga Mutiara Industries

Background: This study describes the economic valuation of wood waste at PT Wapoga Mutiara Industries using the Market Price Approach to calculate the Total Economic Value (TEV) derived from utilising production waste. This research uses qualitative methods to explore how processed wood waste contributes economically to the company and the local community. Wood waste in industrial processes is often an underutilised asset. However, at PT Wapoga Mutiara Industries, innovative practices have turned this by-product into a significant economic opportunity. Method: This research investigated the direct use value of wood waste - mainly wood chips and sawdust - converted into local charcoal products, a resource increasingly recognized for its environmental and economic benefits. The research assessed the monthly economic impact of these waste products, measuring their market value to quantify the total benefits accruing to the local economy. Findings: The findings from this study are considerable, showing that wood chips alone contribute IDR 42,300,000 to the economy each month. Sawdust was processed in the same way, adding IDR 72,860,000 per month. Combined, these waste materials contribute a total direct use value of IDR 166,160,000 per month to the local economy, which on average provides a potential income of IDR 1,350,700 per person per month, suggesting there is significant economic potential from sustainable wood waste management practices. Conclusion: In addition, the study provides insight into the broader implications of such valuation practices, demonstrating that with the right innovations, what is often considered industrial waste can be re-evaluated as a viable economic resource. This aligns with the global shift towards more sustainable industrial processes, where waste minimisation and reuse contribute to environmental sustainability, economic resilience, and community well-being. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the economic valuation of wood waste in the processing industry, demonstrating the significant potential of innovative waste management practices. This research opens up new perspectives on how industrial 'waste' can be transformed into valuable economic resources, supporting environmental sustainability and the well-being of local communities.

Unraveling the threads: Palm oil, transmigration, and exclusion in Mantadulu, South Sulawesi

Background: Palm oil plantations and transmigration in Indonesia, implemented since the New Order era until now, aim to boost economic growth with the intended consequence of improving community welfare, particularly for transmigrants and local residents. Methods: This study employed a case study approach focusing on Mantadulu Village in East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. Data was collected through secondary sources, including government documents, news articles, and reviews of research results on palm oil plantation expansion and transmigration in Sulawesi. The data was analyzed descriptively, with a focus on the historical context, conflict trajectories, and socioeconomic impacts. Findings: However, this study reveals a contrary outcome; the presence of PTPN XIV in Mantadulu Village, South Sulawesi has resulted in the exclusion of the surrounding community. This, in turn, has led to the confiscation of their production factors, widening the poverty gap for both transmigrants and local communities. The expansion of palm oil plantations, coupled with the transmigration program, created a surplus labor force, potentially leading to worker exploitation and reduced wages. Conclusion: The transmigration program and palm oil plantation expansion in Mantadulu Village have largely failed to improve the welfare of transmigrants and local communities as intended. Instead, these initiatives have increased the risk of poverty through land exclusion and unfavorable farming schemes. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The novelty of this study lies in its focus on the intricate relationship between the transmigration program and palm oil plantation expansion in South Sulawesi, an area often overlooked in existing research. It uniquely highlights the socio-economic conflicts and class dynamics arising from these programs, providing a fresh perspective on the grassroots impacts and conceptual challenges underlying transmigration and agricultural policies in Indonesia.

Implementasi Keberlanjutan Pengelolaan Dana Zakat Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

This research aims to describe the sustainable implementation of zakat fund management to enhance community welfare at LKS Al-Yasini. Utilizing a qualitative approach, data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation were employed. Data analysis involved processing, classification, interpretation, and drawing conclusions. The findings reveal that the sustainable implementation of zakat fund management at LKS Al-Yasini has provided tangible benefits for the local community's welfare. However, several challenges persist in program implementation. Therefore, it is recommended that LKS Al-Yasini continue to evaluate and improve zakat fund management to enhance the effectiveness of the program.

How can healthcare organisations improve the social determinants of health for their local communities? Findings from realist-informed case studies among secondary healthcare organisations in England

ObjectivesIncreasingly, healthcare and public health strategists invite us to look at healthcare organisations as not just care providers but as anchor institutions (ie, large community-rooted organisations with significant impact in...

PERANAN KELEMBAGAAN KELOMPOK USAHA PERHUTANAN SOSIAL HUTAN ADAT DI NEGERI HUTUMURI KECAMATAN LEITIMUR SELATAN KOTA AMBON

Customary Forest is one of the social forestry schemes in the framework of sustainable forest management by utilizing indigenous communities as the main actors in order to improve welfare, environmental balance and socio-cultural dynamics. Customary Forest is a forest located within the territory of the customary law community. This study aims to examine the role of the Social Forestry Business Group (SFBG) and customary institutions in the management of Customary Forests in Hutumuri village.. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with data collected through interviews and field observations. Sampling is done by purposive sampling where sampling is based on previously known characteristics or properties of the population (Sugiyono, 2016). The results showed that SFBG has an important role in managing forest resources sustainably and improving the welfare of local communities. SFBG functions in social forestry business development, compliance with regulations, supervision, evaluation, and reporting. The SFBG organizational structure includes a chairperson, secretary, treasurer, planning, implementation, and supervision, each with specific roles. Customary institutions also play an important role in the planning and implementation of institutional improvement programs, such as the inauguration of soa heads and saniri negeri, the establishment of SFBG, and training on forest product processing. In addition, there is a role in the application for the determination of customary forests to the Minister of Environment and Forestry, the location of customary forests belongs to the state or Soa, and the marking of boundaries involves each Soa. In conclusion, the synergy between SFBG and customary institutions is crucial for the successful management of Hutan Adat in Negeri Hutumuri.

Pengembangan Potensi Curug Leuwi Pamipiran Sebagai Objek Wisata Melalaui Sosialisasi Penguatan Kelembagaan Di Desa Tanjungsari Kabupaten Ciamis

Management Community-based natural resource management and conservation is an effective approach in maintaining environmental sustainability and improving the welfare of local communities. This research aims to analyze the natural resource management and conservation strategies implemented by the people of Tanjungsari Village, Sadananya District, Ciamis Regency. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. The results showed that the Tanjungsari Village community has developed various local initiatives to preserve water sources, and manage tourist attractions in the village. The active participation of the community in conservation activities, support from the local government, and cooperation with non-governmental organizations are key factors in the success of this program. The study concludes that a community-based approach to natural resource management is not only able to preserve the environment, but also contributes to improving the economic and social welfare of local communities. In addition to management, socialization was held. The implementation of these socialization activities is proven to increase the understanding and skills of the community in managing tourism potential in a sustainable manner. In addition, support from the local government and active participation of the community are important factors in the development of curug lewi pamipiran as a leading tourist attraction in Ciamis Regency. This study concludes that institutional strengthening through socialization and training is an effective strategy to optimize regional tourism potential, improve community welfare, and encourage local economic development.

A Conceptual Model of Rural Tourism in Bali to Build Up Global Competitiveness

Rural tourism, in the form of small-scale, locally owned tourism businesses, has become a priority that must be supported by the government to be more beneficial for the local community. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of rural tourism in order to make rural tourism in Bali more competitive globally. This research was conducted in Bali during April–June 2020 by following a systems thinking approach. The methodology employed was a soft systems methodology and utilized interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Twenty persons were chosen purposively as key informants (experts). Data collection was carried out through focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. The results indicated that the goals of sustainable rural tourism are to improve local community welfare, to conserve the environment, and to preserve culture and heritage. Managing rural tourism requires efforts in destination quality, service excellence, hospitality, reasonable pricing, and ease of access. Finally, this paper proposes methods to support sustainable rural tourism in Bali.

PROSES PERENCANAAN KESELURUHAN PENGEMBANGAN AGROWISATA PADA DESA KUTANAGARA KECAMATAN MALANGBONG KABUPATEN GARUT

ABSTRACT The tourism industry is pivotal for regional development, fostering community welfare, job creation, and increasing local income. Agrotourism, blending agriculture, natural beauty, and cultural interaction, stands out as a popular and promising form of tourism. This study examines agrotourism in Kutanagara village, Garut Regency, focusing on planning and development by the Village Government through Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). Utilizing a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, data was collected via interviews and observations involving key informants. The research centers on the five planning stages for agrotourism development, aiming to boost tourist numbers, revitalize the local economy, and enhance the Village's Original Income (PAD). Results indicate Kutanagara Village successfully mapped agrotourism potential with an Agrotourism Master Plan, yet challenges persist regarding objective clarity, planning process effectiveness, and community participation. Successful agrotourism development necessitates meticulous planning a ABSTRACT The tourism industry is pivotal for regional development, fostering community welfare, job creation, and increasing local income. Agrotourism, blending agriculture, natural beauty, and cultural interaction, stands out as a popular and promising form of tourism. This study examines agrotourism in Kutanagara village, Garut Regency, focusing on planning and development by the Village Government through Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). Utilizing a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, data was collected via interviews and observations involving key informants. The research centers on the five planning stages for agrotourism development, aiming to boost tourist numbers, revitalize the local economy, and enhance the Village's Original Income (PAD). Results indicate Kutanagara Village successfully mapped agrotourism potential with an Agrotourism Master Plan, yet challenges persist regarding objective clarity, planning process effectiveness, and community participation. Successful agrotourism development necessitates meticulous planning and active community engagement. This research contributes to Public Administration science, offering practical insights for the Kutanagara Village Government. By leveraging agrotourism potential, the goal is to elevate the Village's Original Income (PAD) and local community welfare, serving as a guide for Garut Regency in optimizing the tourism sector, especially in rural areas. Key word: Agrotourism, Planning, Public Management, Village Government, Village’s Original Income, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes).nd active community engagement. This research contributes to Public Administration science, offering practical insights for the Kutanagara Village Government. By leveraging agrotourism potential, the goal is to elevate the Village's Original Income (PAD) and local community welfare, serving as a guide for Garut Regency in optimizing the tourism sector, especially in rural areas. Key word: Agrotourism, Planning, Public Management, Village Government, Village’s Original Income, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes).

Exploring the multifunctional landscapes model in areas dominated by non-native tree plantations

Multifunctional landscapes offer an integrated approach to production, conservation, and human well-being. However, the challenges of implementing them in territories where plantations dominate are yet not well understood. This is the case in Chile, where plantations of non-native pines and eucalypts are extensively planted in its South-Central regions for timber and pulp. The resulting landscape homogenization, environmental degradation, and increased wildfire risk have caused and exacerbated conflicts, impacting biodiversity and the well-being of local communities and the Indigenous Mapuche Peoples.After the mega-wildfires in the region in 2023, science-policy discourse promoted the multifunctional landscapes model as a way to increase resilience. But what does this multifunctionality mean in challenging social-ecological contexts? Here, we aim to explore and deconstruct the multifunctional landscapes model in the context of the complex social-ecological systems of South-Central Chile. In this study, a review of the literature and semi-structured interviews with regional experts were used to better understand the challenges and opportunities presented by multifunctional landscapes.The results show a need to deepen the knowledge of how to move the model into practice, such as how to identify and decide compatible activities in the landscape. The thematic analysis of the interviews showed that restoration and water security are shared goals across the diverse actors in South-Central Chile. However, there were significant differences in knowledge, experiences and resources. While a number of landscape initiatives exist in the region, significant work is needed to build a common vision before the potential of multifunctional landscapes can be realized.

Peran Stakeholder Untuk Mengembangkan Desa Wisata Melalui Industri Kerajinan di Desa Loyok, Kecamatan Sikur

Tourism Villages are increasingly becoming the main focus in developing local tourism in Indonesia. One prominent example is Loyok Village, which is located in Sikur District. This village is known for its unique handicraft industry, such as bamboo weaving. This research examines the important role of stakeholders in supporting and developing the potential of tourist villages through the development of local craft industries. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research and the research approach is case study. The data collection techniques used by researchers are interviews, observation and documentation. In-depth interviews were conducted with various stakeholders, such as local entrepreneurs, village government and local communities involved in the management and development of tourist villages. The data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results found that collaboration between various stakeholders is key in improving, marketing, skills training and promoting tourism in Loyok village. Thus, this research provides valuable insights for the development of other tourist villages in Indonesia, especially in the context of managing the craft industry to improve the welfare of local communities and expand tourism attractions. The cooperation and communication that exists between stakeholders is relatively good, thereby speeding up the implementation process of developing the Bamboo Woven Craft Industry.

A Survey Study on Discharge Process of Critically Ill Patients: for Residents at a Tertiary Hospital in Korea

Purpose: The number of severely ill patients requiring post-acute care has been increasing. Careful discharge planning minimizes unplanned emergency room visits and readmissions. This study aimed to survey the knowledge, experience, confidence, and obstacles faced by medical residents and fellows regarding the discharge process of severely ill patients.Methods: A survey consisting of 27 questions was sent electronically to residents and fellows who had experience in discharging severely ill patients from a tertiary hospital in Korea. The survey was conducted over a two-week period from September 29, 2022.Results: A total of 98 residents and fellows responded to the survey. Of these, 94% experienced difficulties related to the discharge process. The main obstacle was changes in the patient’s condition during discharge planning (92.3%). Although 95% of the respondents acknowledged the need for providing discharge information, only 53.1% of the residents and fellows practiced this. Only 42.9% of the respondents and 20.4% of residents and fellows explained local community healthcare and welfare resources to patients because of a lack of relevant knowledge (69.7%) and feeling no responsibility to explain (40.4%).Conclusion: This study revealed that residents and fellows experienced difficulties in devising discharge plans and providing post-acute care related information, despite recognizing the importance of these. These gaps result from the lack of a discharge planning curriculum regarding critically ill patients and appropriate training in the discharge process. This suggests that an integrated discharge planning curriculum should be developed and adopted in residents’ training programs for the differentiated treatment of critically ill patients.