Weighted Average Cost Of Capital Research Articles

Aplikasi wedding planner dan analisis kelayakan guna meningkatkan income generating badan pengelola usaha Universitas Jambi

<span>Universitas Jambi as a State University with the status of a Public Service Entity (BLU) has two sources of income generating, namely those from academic services and non-academic services (academic support services). The implementation of academic support services is entrusted to the Business Management Agency (Badan Pengelola Usaha). BPU is tasked with carrying out the development of business units and optimizing the acquisition of university funding sources. Based on this task, BPU established the Weddy Feast business unit under the Commercialization and Services department. This research analyzes the business feasibility of wedding planner to increase income generating of the Business Management Agency. The conduct interviews and surveys some vendors in 43 types of business. The results show that the establishment of Weddy Feast able to optimize the potential of university assets involving 43 types of businesses and 15 of them can be managed by students in creating student entrepreneurs in the context of implementing Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, which is strengthened by realizing the UNJA Smart platform with digital transformation elements in the real business world, in the form of making a weddy feast application. The Net Present Velue (NPV) of wedddy planner is positive, Rp.577.049.066,- and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 156,12% hingher than weighted average cost of capital (WACC) 12%.</span>

Price Identification And Financial Feasibility Study of Hydroponic Agriculture Iot Solution Launch Project at PT XYZ

Since 2015, the Internet of Things technology has grown significantly, reaching over 400 million users by 2022 in Indonesia. Recognizing the potential, PT XYZ, an innovative Indonesian telecommunications company, intends to launch an IoT solution for hydroponic agriculture. The launch project requires an initial investment of around Rp 500 million. Given that amount, PT XYZ aims to determine the selling price using a value-based pricing strategy and assess the project's financial feasibility and risks before proceeding. Primary and secondary data will be utilized in this research to determine the customer's willingness to pay (WTP), Capital budgeting cash flow, which includes the hypothetical price of IoT, calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), free cash flow to the firm (FCFF), and terminal value. The study used various capital budgeting techniques, such as net present value (NPV), profitability index, payback period, internal rate of return (IRR), and Excel's goal seek feature, to determine the IoT solution's pricing. A risk analysis using sensitivity and Monte Carlo simulations have conducted. The research finds that the present value of benefits, or WTP, for the IoT solution, is Rp 90,708,238. Considering PT XYZ's targeted internal rate of return of 20%, the determined selling price is Rp 20,120,408, which lies within the customer's WTP, making the project feasible. Capital budgeting techniques show a payback period of 4.08 years, an NPV of Rp 3,424,935,505, and a profitability index of 8.21 over five years, indicating positive outcomes. However, the sensitivity analysis reveals that a change in product price, cost of goods sold, and salary expenses will significantly impact the NPV, resulting in a 12.69% risk, with profitability remaining high at 87.31%. In conclusion, PT XYZ's hydroponic agriculture IoT solution launch project is considered feasible, considering potential risks and mitigation strategies.

Free Cash Flow and Market Value of Firm: The Mediation Effect of weighted average cost of Capital

Abstract
 This study tests the effect of capital costs on the relationship between free cash flow (FCF) and market value. The study selected twenty-six corporations that were listed on the Jordan securities market from 2010 to 2019. The FCF is an independent variable, cost of capital is a mediation variable (proxy of WACC), and market value added (proxy of firm’s value) is a dependent variable. Baron & Kenny's methodology and the Sobel-test were used to analyze the data of the four hypotheses, including the mediation effect of capital costs on FFC & MVA. Based on the Sobel test results, there is a partial mediation effect of the cost of capital between the free cash flow and the market value added of the firm, and the free cash flow is positively related to the market value added. Therefore, FCF has the capability to send positive signals to financial market participants about the firm's performance.
 Keywords: - Free Cash Flow (FCF), Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), Market Value Added (MVA), Mmarket Value of Equity (MVE), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Beta Coefficient (β). 

Optimal Capital Structure Analysis of PT Kencana Energi Lestari Tbk

In 2020, fossil fuels accounted for around 80% of the world's energy supply, but the 2022 global energy crisis highlighted their vulnerability and lack of sustainability, prompting a global shift towards renewable energy sources. Indonesia, recognizing its potential in renewable energy, has taken proactive steps to accelerate its transition, such as the issuance of Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2022 to facilitate renewable energy development. PT Kencana Energi Lestari Tbk responded positively to the regulation and has allocated USD 30 million in 2023 to implement renewable energy strategies. They are also pursuing a USD 100 million renewable energy project in the Philippines. To fund its initiatives, PT Kencana Energi Lestari Tbk plans to use USD 9 million from internal cash reserves and obtain an additional USD 121 million from external financing sources. However, their current capital structure has a debt-to-equity ratio of 76.84%, which deviates significantly from the industry average of 35.92%, suggesting that it may not be optimal. This study employs the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) method to identify the most optimal capital structure that will maximize the company's value. The suggested capital structure consists of 34% debt and 66% equity, resulting in an optimal cost of capital of 12.2868%. To implement their renewable energy plan, PT Kencana Energi Lestari Tbk needs to secure a total funding of USD 23,947,572.54 through debt financing and USD 97,052,427.46 through equity financing.
 Keywords: optimal capital structure; renewable energy; financing plan

Determination of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) applied to a COOPAC of Lima Cercado

In a context characterized by continuous changes, in which political instability is coupled with the damage caused by cyclone Yaku and the consequences of heavy rainfall that affected large areas of the northern coast of our country during the first three months of 2023. In addition, the actions taken by the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and AFP against certain Savings and Credit Cooperatives, due to the negative balances in their equity accounts, have caused a high level of uncertainty and distrust towards the management carried out by the Peruvian cooperative system. This is due to the fragility of their financial structures, both for those involved internally and externally. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the Weighted Average Cost of Capital in the financial decision making of a savings and credit cooperative in Lima Cercado. To achieve this, a descriptive study was carried out that addressed the fundamental concepts and appropriate techniques, based on a theoretical review of the evolution of corporate finance, considered a novelty in today's business.

Investment Project Analysis of a Medium Range (MR) Tanker Ships Purchase in an Attempt to Maintain the Economic Productivity of the Company (Case Study: PT XYZ)

PT. XYZ is a spin-off charter out business of its host company that specifically focuses on providing charter out services in the shipping industry. This research was carried out in response to the requirement to rejuvenate the vessels owned by PT XYZ taking into consideration the age of the ships. In total, there will be 7 ships that was used as an object of this research, considering the replacement program options of either acquiring newbuild vessels or secondhand ships. Newbuild Ship investment will use a 9.09% hurdle rate, including the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 7.09% and a risk premium of 2% in the analysis. This hurdle rate will be used as comparative data to the required rate of return for the related project (IRR>Hurdle Rate). There is a total of 2 ship in the overall project that will be replaced with a newbuild ship, Project 1 and Project 2. These investment projects will be conducted from 2024-2026 period. The capital structure for newbuild projects consisted of 75% debt and 25% equity. Secondhand ship investment will use an 9.59% hurdle rate, including the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 7.09% and a risk premium of 2.5% in the analysis. There is a total of 5 ships in the overall project that will be replaced with secondhand ship, Project 3-7. These investment projects will be conducted from 2024-2026 period. The capital structure for secondhand projects consisted of 75% debt and 25% equity. Based on the financial assessments of the projects, the findings consistently demonstrate positive results. As a result, it can be inferred that the seven projects are both viable and feasible to undertake. The primary objective is to guarantee that these projects make a positive contribution to the company’s economic productivity.

A Financial Feasibility Study to Determine the Best Funding Structure for a Total Renovation Project of the Karebosi Field in Makassar

The objective of this study is to determine the best debt-equity combination to fund the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) project applying the Build-Operate-Transfer (B-O-T) scheme for the total renovation of Karebosi Field in Makassar City, Indonesia. To assess the feasibility of the project, the financial feasibility study methodology is conducted. The study covers an analysis of both external and internal analysis. The external analysis covers the analysis of macroeconomic factors and microeconomic factors utilizing the PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces framework. The internal analysis is focused on the resources of the project. The SWOT analysis presents the outcomes of both external and internal factors. In addition, the author presents three funding structure scenarios as potential alternatives to fund the project. The funding scenarios consist of three alternatives: scenario 1 of full equity funding, scenario 2 of hybrid funding with a proportion of 50% debt and 50% equity, lastly, scenario 3 of hybrid funding with a proportion of 70% debt and 30% equity. Along with that, the author also considers the operational occupancy scenarios that include worst-case, base-case, and best-case scenarios. The percentages of each of the three scenarios are 40%, 60%, and 80%. Following that, the financial projections are calculated for each scenario, resulting in investment measurements such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period. Finally, a risk analysis is performed to assess the sensitivity of the best funding structure and to identify potential risks. Additionally, the evaluation of risk mitigation is added to enhance the overall effectiveness of the best funding structure. The findings indicate that the project is feasible, and scenario 3 of hybrid funding with the combination of 70% debt and 30% equity is the best funding structure for the project. In addition, the author performs a sensitivity analysis on the best funding scenario, considering ten input variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis indicates that five variables, namely WACC, assumption of operational occupancy per day, interest rate, soccer field rental rate, and the ratio of operating expenses to revenue, significantly impact the net present value (NPV). Strategies to reduce potential risks are effective marketing and operations, managing occupancy rate volatility using backup strategies, developing new revenue streams, and negotiating long-term rate fixes with lenders. Therefore, future research can explore the dynamic nature of the external factors that influence the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period, and Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). Determining the best funding may require ongoing research to assess the effects of market conditions, interest rate fluctuations, and industry-specific factors. Furthermore, explore how input variables like WACC, operational occupancy per day, interest rate, soccer field rental rate, and operating expense ratio to revenue affect NPV.

The Impact of Integrated Reporting on the Cost of Capital: Evidence from an Emerging Market

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of integrated reporting (IR) on the cost of financing within the Turkish capital market. Specifically, we analyze the effects of IR on the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), cost of equity (COE), and cost of debt (COD) for companies listed on Borsa Istanbul. Additionally, we explore how IR moderates the relationship between environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores and the cost of financing. Our panel data analysis reveals a positive association between IR and both WACC and COD, while the impact on COE is not statistically significant. However, the findings suggest that the utilization of IR by companies to enhance the communication of their value-creating activities can mitigate WACC and COD, thus indicating a moderating effect on the relationship between ESG factors and the cost of financing.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholders’ Wealth of Industrial Goods Producing Companies Listed on the Exchange Group PLC of Nigeria

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine how the practices of corporate social responsibility (CSR) influence the wealth of shareholders of industrial goods producing companies listed on the Exchange Group Plc of Nigeria and other developing countries. Theoretical Framework: The role played by CSR practices in enhancing shareholders’ wealth has attracted the interests of companies’ executives and policy makers all over the world. The theoretical foundations of this research work are provided by the Shareholder Value Theory, the stakeholder theory, the Business Ethics theory and the Agency theory. However, this work is anchored on the shareholder value theory propounded by Milton Friedman in 1970 and this is used to evaluate the influence of corporate social responsibility on shareholders’ wealth. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses the ex-post facto research design and judgemental sampling technique to select a sample of 10 industrial goods producing firms listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group Plc as at 31st December, 2021. Social responsibility relationships with the society, employees, suppliers, customers, tax authorities and lenders provide the basis for sample selection. Information from the financial statements of the sampled companies was used to compute weighted average cost of capital (WACC), rate of stock turnover, actual corporate tax rate, invested capital, leverage, return on equity (ROE), value of debts and value of equity. This approach facilitates the computation of economic value added (EVA) which is used as proxy for shareholders’ wealth. Firm-year observations of 1,840, ordinary least squares panel data regression, fixed and random effects models, stationarity test, cross-section dependence test and the Hausman test are used for data diagnosis and analysis. Findings: The research has disclosed that CSR to society positively and significantly influences shareholders’ wealth while CSR to suppliers and lenders have non-significant positive effect on shareholders’ wealth. Contrastingly, it is further revealed that CSR to employees and tax authorities have significant negative effects on shareholders’ wealth while CSR to customers negatively and non-significantly influences shareholders’ wealth. Research, Practical & Social implications: The implication for managers is that CSR relationship with society is value enhancing in Nigeria’s industrial goods sector while CSR relationships with employees and tax authorities are value destroying. Value enhancing results of the dealings with suppliers and lenders and the value destroying result of the dealings with customers lack sufficient evidence. This research has helped in filling the gap in the existing literature and in serving as the basis for the economic and social development of Nigeria and other developing and developed countries of the world. Originality/value: This is the first time in the industrial goods sector that we are associating four new corporate social responsibility variables namely, CSR to suppliers, CSR to customers, CSR to tax authorities and CSR to lenders with shareholders’ wealth. This study encourages the revival of CSR to employees and CSR to tax authorities which are currently value destroying in the industrial goods sector of Nigeria.

CAPITAL COST ANALYSIS USING THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC) METHOD AT PT. KALBE FARMA TBK

The cost of capital is a real cost that must be incurred by the company in obtaining funds from various sources. The cost of capital in this research uses the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) method which is the overall cost of the cost of capital and debt. This research was conducted at PT Kalbe Farma Tbk company for the 2018-2021 period. The WACC conditions for Tbk companies are optimal, in 2018-2020 the average weighted cost of capital has always decreased, 15.8%, 15.3%, 14.76%, 14.68% and experienced a non-significant increase of 0 .04%. A good WACC value is a value that provides the minimum rate of return required by investors in 2019-2020. This capital cost calculation can be used as a reference by company management to pay attention to the composition of debt and capital and can be taken into consideration by investors in investing their funds in the company

Techno‐economic and policy analysis of hydrogen and gasoline production from forest biomass, agricultural residues and municipal solid waste in California

AbstractTechno‐economic and policy analyses were performed of hydrogen and gasoline production from forest biomass (FB). They were compared with fuels produced using agricultural residues and municipal solid waste in California. Twelve process designs were analyzed, with and without carbon capture and storage, and life‐cycle analysis was performed, using California's Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) 3.0 model, to calculate the average life‐cycle carbon intensity of different process designs for hydrogen and gasoline. Discounted cash flow models were developed to assess profitability in terms of the net present value and internal rate of return (IRR). The results showed that forest‐to‐fuel pathways (positive IRR between 2%−16%) were the least competitive biomass‐based pathway option. Sensitivity analysis was performed on economic parameters including feedstock price and renewable identification number (RIN) credit price. In the case of RIN credits, profitability declined significantly as the proportion of FB from federal lands increased given existing statutory limitations. Given the importance of increasing forest management to reduce wildfire risks, the necessary additional policy incentives were quantified to equalize the cost of forest‐to‐fuels pathways with the other biofuels pathways. To ensure FB‐to‐fuels pathways are cost competitive with agricultural residues, policymakers could increase the low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) credit price for forest fuels (additional credit price support of $41–75 t/CO2e), give additional credit to lifecycle emissions reductions from forest fuels (additional carbon intensity decrease of 19–76 gCO2e MJ−1), provide concessionary debt or equity with a target weighted average cost of capital (WACC) = 3–4%, subsidize capital costs (12–22% of costs), or subsidize FB delivery ($35–66 per dry ton delivered).

Evaluation of the cost of capital and the discount rate based on the Russian financial statistics

The cost of capital and the discount rate calculated on its basis are the key parameters in the financial modelling and assessment of investment projects’ economic efficiency. Therefore, the method for their evaluation is always a relevant issue for economists and financiers all over the globe. In conditions of unprecedent sanctions pressure this problem has gained special significance for Russian investors, for whom the assets denominated in ‘unfriendly’ currencies have ceased to be risk-free. The study aims to develop an algorithm for evaluating the cost of capital and calculating the discount rate based on ruble-denominated risk-free assets and Russian financial statistics. The methodological basis of the research is the theories of corporate finance and investment project design, as well as the portfolio theory. The statistics of the Russian stock market for 2003–2022 are studied using general scientific (systems analysis and synthesis) and econometric methods, as well as by adopting the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The paper suggests and tests a step-by-step algorithm for collecting and processing the Russian financial statistics to calculate the cost of capital and risk premiums to it. The findings prove that unsystematic risks should be assessed separately, rather than within the weighted average cost of capital, as well as propose a determined mechanism for this. The developed method allows avoiding the prohibitively high values of the cost of capital that arise during the use of foreign sources of information.

A Literature Study on the Capital Asset Pricing Model

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is an important theory in financial economics. It was based on Markowitz's Modern Asset Allocation Theory (MPT) and proposed by Sharpe. This model expresses the relationship between risk coefficient, asset return rate, and systematic risks by simple mathematical formulas. The model has four advantages, handling of risks when evaluating investment behavior, accuracy when estimating equity capital, relatively reliable and better than Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) in investment evaluation. CAPM also has some weakness, consisting of variables and application in investment evaluation. There are three variables in CAPM model, risk-free rate of return, equity risk premium and beta. The weakness about application in investment evaluation shows that in beta of projects and firms are different, complex restructure and periods. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) can be an option of CAPM, and it is a more flexible and complex model compared with CAPM. However, the latest research proves that Portfolio Theory has very big problems. High-risky assets do not necessarily have high returns. This view may be embodied in "low-risk anomalies" and "Idiosyncratic Volatility". In the future, researchers will introduce more elements for CAPM to improve accuracy, or develop new models.

Analysis of Investment Business Risks in the Beer Industry

This paper focuses on the financial situation of three modern brewery companies. In order to better analyze the profit data among the brewers and how investors can determine if they are correctly able to make a profit in the investment process. Using data from yahoo finance, this paper calculates for three companies, Budweiser, Heineken, and Carlsberg. The values of Leverage rate, Debt-to-equity ratio, Weighted average cost of capital (WACC), and Business risk are listed. The value of each company is analyzed by comparing different data for different companies. In addition, the reasons for the COVID-19 epidemic and the analysis of the import and export policies of different countries and the drinking characteristics are taken into account to make reasonable speculative recommendations. During this period, investment advice is given to brewers on the right business risks and suggestions for better development of brewers are given.

Drivers of Weighted Average Cost of Capital in Selected Listed Companies in Tanzania

This study investigates drivers of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the listed companies in Tanzania. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between size of the firm and WACC of the selected listed companies in Tanzania, to examine how Profitability of the firm affects WACC of the selected listed companies in Tanzania, to analyze Growth rate impact on WACC of the selected listed companies in Tanzania and to examine how tangibility of the firm affects WACC of the selected listed companies in Tanzania. The study employed quantitative time series data covering data from various sources such as the published company’s financial statements, managerial commentary and reports, data from Dar-es-salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) was also form a prominent part of data for the purpose of the study in a span of 11 years (2010 to 2020). The study findings reveal that a percentage increase in the size of members will lead to a 0.00% increase in WACC. More so, A percentage increase in profitability will lead to a 1.46 percent decline in WACC. A percentage increase in growth rate will lead to a 0.07 percent increase in WACC. A percentage increase in asset tangibility will result in a 0.04 percent decline in WACC. The study recommends that a company’s capitalization structure can have a significant impact on its financial performance as everything begins with how the company finances its operations, from its first sale to future investments. However, the profitability of a listed company can be achieved by finding against the company’s predetermined investments as the company uses profitability for expansion and dividend distribution to shareholder debt by carefully analyzing the debt ratio. Additionally, larger profits made by a firm can boost investor and creditor confidence in capital investments, which has an impact on a company’s capital structure.

Discussion on EVA Performance Evaluation Standard of Central Enterprise Based on WACC Valuation

Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is a method of calculating a company's cost of capital by weighting the weight of each type of capital to the total source of capital.Economic Value Added (EVA) is the net operating profit after tax of an enterprise minus the opportunity cost of all invested capital including equity and debt. Given the "one-size-fits-all effect" of WACC in the evaluation of central enterprises' performance, this paper uses PetroChina as an example to verify whether there is an "inflated" or "overestimated" EVA in the evaluation of central enterprises' performance through the valuation of WACC. The results show that the relatively small WACC in EVA performance evaluation directly leads to the EVA overstatement of PetroChina. National industries are classified according to the competitiveness of industries in terms of economic value added creation and contribution. Replacing the current EVA evaluation criteria with EVA rate evaluation criteria or Delta EVA evaluation criteria is a more practical idea to solve the problem of "overstated" or "overestimated" national EVA.

Natural resources: Cost of capital and discounting – Risk and uncertainty

Notable contention remains around what discount rate should be used in the determination of the net present value (NPV) of a mining operation's discounted cash flows (DCF). It is typically deemed simpler to apply a single “corporate discount rate” that satisfies the targeted project's return associated with the investment capital outlay and some unquantified element of risk. This targeted return will ideally incorporate the actual cost of capital, being the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), incorporating the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) for the equity component and the cost of debt (the inter-bank lending rate with an additional lending margin). In addition, it will also incorporate some gut-feel or indeterminate additional return factor, to account for risk, to appease the project owners and its associated shareholders. This additional project risk being captured in a discount rate is contentious, as it generally is not quantified. In addition, while there may be some argument to justify why a single, all-encompassing discount rate should be used, notably for a short-life operation, can a single discount rate applied over the life of an operating asset actually be justified? Can a single rate be equally justified for medium and long-term operations as it is for short-life operations? Importantly and accepting that the WACC and hence the discount rate vary over time, how does the risk and the uncertainty associated with a mining project get factored into the valuation, and should these factors remain static, or should they be considered separately and also be varied over on operation's life?

Enhancing firm value through capital structure: A case study of marks and spencer PLC

The research is centered on examining the intricate relationship between a company's capital structure and its overall value, with a specific focus on the case of Marks and Spencer plc. Capital structure essentially pertains to the allocation of resources within a firm and can be significantly affected by various factors, including long-term debt and cash flow. In order to comprehensively explore the connection between capital structure and a firm's value, several crucial factors must be taken into consideration: Gearing Level, Weighted Average, Cost of Capital (WACC), Modigliani and Merton Theory, Trade-Off Theory. Analysis of Marks and Spencer plc's annual reports spanning from 2014 to 2016 consistently demonstrates a positive correlation between gearing levels and capital structure, which is further substantiated when considering seven years' worth of data for Marks and Spencer plc in England. However, it's imperative to acknowledge that real-world managerial decisions, exemplified by the actions of Marks and Spencer's CFO, extend beyond merely striving for high gearing levels and firm value. They also prioritize considerations such as shareholder funds and cost-reduction strategies. The research findings underscore the influence of gearing levels on capital structure and, consequently, a firm's value. Nevertheless, in practical scenarios, companies do not adopt a one-size-fits-all approach of aggressively pursuing higher firm values. Instead, managers meticulously formulate strategies to adapt their capital structure in response to the ever-evolving economic landscape.

A bigger bang for the buck: The impact of risk reduction on renewable energy support payments in Europe

Decarbonizing Europe by 2050 requires significant capital investments in renewable energy (RE). The weighted average costs of capital (WACC) greatly impact RE production costs and influence the government support payments needed for the financial viability of RE projects. Reducing the risks for RE investors can decrease WACC and ensure that the EU meets its climate targets at the least cost. We investigate the potential for lowering support payments to RE projects by de-risking financing conditions through measures including revenue stabilization and low-risk auction designs for solar PV and onshore wind across 21 countries in Europe. We find that de-risking debt is almost twice as effective as de-risking equity. On average, support payments can be reduced by 3.3 EUR/MWh and 1.9 EUR/MWh, respectively, and in some cases, fall to zero. The effects differ across countries, higher-risk countries like Greece would experience more significant benefits from de-risking than lower-risk countries like Denmark and Germany, where support costs depend more on investment variables such as capacity factors. Overall, we show that WACC depends largely on country risk. Nonetheless, de-risking policies like revenue stabilization can improve the investment climate for RE, reduce the need for government support, and contribute to achieving decarbonization targets.

Analysis of the Financial Potential of Apple, Xiaomi, and Nokia: Recommendations for Potential Investors

The growth of the smartphone industry is prominent. Smartphone now seems to become a necessity in people’s daily life. In order to provide a more comprehensive analysis and recommendations for investors on the investment of three famous smartphone manufacturers – Apple, Xiaomi, and Nokia, this article compares Equity Beta, Return on Equity (ROE), inventory turnover, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), leverage ratio, and business risk of three companies. The result demonstrates that Apple has the highest inventory turnover ratio and ROE, as well as the lowest inventory turnover ratio. Apple maintains its leverage and business risk at a relatively medium level among the three companies. Xiaomi has the highest leverage level and WACC but the lowest business risk. The ROE and inventory turnover ratio of Xiaomi is also the weakest among the three companies. Compared with Apple and Xiaomi, Nokia has the lowest Beta and leverage ratio, but the highest business risk and a relatively low inventory turnover ratio. This article found that Apple’s shares would have a higher return, but the investment would also be relatively riskier. For investors pursuing a relatively stable income, Xiaomi would be a better choice to invest. In contrast, Nokia has less potential to bring profit to investors and shareholders.