Spike Weight Research Articles

THE EFFECT OF SEEDING DENSITY AND POTASSIUM RATES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF PSYLLIUM SEED (Plantago ovata)

The study was conducted on psyllium seed to assess the combine effect of seeding density and potassium rates on growth, productivity and yield. A factorial study was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), during winter season of 2020-21, at Tobacco and Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Tandojam. The seeding densities were maintained at 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 kg ha-1. Whereas potassium was applied @ 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1. The data were recorded for various quantitative, qualitative and yield parameters. The results shown that all quantitative parameters had non-significant effect of various potassium levels and seeding density except plants m-2. The values of plants m-2 were observed higher at potassium level 100 kg ha-1 and seeding density level of 8.5 kg ha-1. While the qualitative parameters had significant differences due to various potassium levels and seeding density, excludes days to 50% spike emergence, days to 50% maturity and seed index. The seed weight spike-1 (g), seed index (g) and seed yield (kg ha-1) were observed maximum from the plants where potash was applied at 100 kg ha-1. In qualitative parameters, the seeding density at 7.5 kg ha-1observed higher seed yield (1152.33 kg ha-1). While higher seed weight spike-1 (0.14g) observed at seeding density 6.5 kg ha-1. Among growth parameter, leaf area was increased at potash level 60 kg ha-1 and the values of seeding density showed higher leaf area at seeding density level 8.5 kg ha-1. The same pattern showed of leaf area index where seeding density was higher at seeding density 8.5 kg ha-1. Leaf area duration and total dry matter were found significantly higher at potash level 100 kg ha-1 and seeding density 8.5 kg ha-1. While the net assimilation rate was greater at seeding density level 8.5 kg ha-1. It is concluded from the results that and seeding density 7.5 kg ha-1 and increased levels of potassium at 100 kg ha-1 had ensure better results for most quantitative, qualitative and yield attributes.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Lines Under Terminal Heat Stress in the Hisar Environment

Various environmental stresses affect plant development and growth globally and restrict agricultural output and productivity. Wheat plants are negatively impacted by terminal heat stress, which lowers productivity. The correlation between grain yield and other qualities may determine the plant material's ability to minimize the effects of heat stress on yield, and a trait variance aids in the identification of attractive genotypes in a breeding program. To accomplish this, the genetic variability, heritability, correlation and path coefficient analyses of 64 bread wheat genotypes were conducted. As a result, all 15 morpho-physiological traits revealed highly significant genotypic variations. Total chlorophyll content and main spike weight were both higher than 42% and 16%, respectively, for the genotypic coefficient of variation and the phenotypic coefficient of variation. The grain yield per plot indicated a significant and positive correlation with spike length, spike weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plot, grain growth rate, total chlorophyll content and number of productive tillers per meter. As a result, five genotypes, P13833, P13828, P13031, P13723, and P13726, had higher yields and should be utilized as parents in breeding programs. The results revealed that the selection of key physiological and morphological characteristics associated with grain production significantly raises wheat productivity in situations like heat stress.

EVALUATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR SPOT BLOTCH (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) RESISTANCE AT KHAIRAHANI, CHITWAN

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the third most important cereal crop of Nepal in terms of area and production. Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. is one of the major diseases reducing the productivity and quality of wheat in Nepal, which is favored by high temperature and relative humidity. The experiment was conducted at research farm of Rampur Campus, Khairahani, Chitwan from 18th Nov 2021 to 29th Mar 2022, to identify the genotypes resistance against spot blotch. It was laid out in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve genotypes as treatments and three replications. Double digit scoring method was used to assess the disease five times from 90 DAS at the interval of 7 days and Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Statistically, significant difference was obtained in all the observed traits except for plant height, spike weight, harvest index, and straw yield. The highest AUDPC value was recorded in RR-21 (2074) yielding 4.0 tonha-1 whereas the lowest AUDPC value was recorded in NL 1437 (781) yielding 6.1 tonha-1, suggesting it to be more resistant than other genotypes. NL 1447 was the highest yielder (6.5tonha-1) with a 985.185 mean AUDPC value followed by NL1437 (6.1 tonha-1) while RR-21 was the lowest yielder (4.0 tonha-1). The lowest apparent infection rate was detected for BL 4951 (0.018). Correlation studies indicated that total grains and grain weight per spike as well as the grain yield were negatively and significantly correlated with AUDPC.

EVALUATION OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR SPOT BLOTCH (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) RESISTANCE AT KHAIRAHANI, CHITWAN

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the third most important cereal crop of Nepal in terms of area and production. Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc. is one of the major diseases reducing the productivity and quality of wheat in Nepal, which is favored by high temperature and relative humidity. The experiment was conducted at research farm of Rampur Campus, Khairahani, Chitwan from 18th Nov 2021 to 29th Mar 2022, to identify the genotypes resistance against spot blotch. It was laid out in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with twelve genotypes as treatments and three replications. Double digit scoring method was used to assess the disease five times from 90 DAS at the interval of 7 days and Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. Statistically, significant difference was obtained in all the observed traits except for plant height, spike weight, harvest index, and straw yield. The highest AUDPC value was recorded in RR-21 (2074) yielding 4.0 tonha-1 whereas the lowest AUDPC value was recorded in NL 1437 (781) yielding 6.1 tonha-1, suggesting it to be more resistant than other genotypes. NL 1447 was the highest yielder (6.5tonha-1) with a 985.185 mean AUDPC value followed by NL1437 (6.1 tonha-1) while RR-21 was the lowest yielder (4.0 tonha-1). The lowest apparent infection rate was detected for BL 4951 (0.018). Correlation studies indicated that total grains and grain weight per spike as well as the grain yield were negatively and significantly correlated with AUDPC.

Genetic Divergence for Grain Yield and Its Components in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Experimental Investigation

The present investigation Comprises 34 advanced breeding lines including checks of bread wheat and experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications at the research farm department of genetics and plant breeding, RVSKVV, B.M. College of Agriculture, Khandwa during Rabi season (November 2021 to April 2022) for estimation of the multivariate analysis of divergence. The advanced breeding lines were grouped into seven clusters. Cluster III contained the highest number of advanced breeding lines(12) and clusters V, VI, and VII contained the lowest (1 each). The inter-cluster distance in most cases was larger than the intra cluster distance which indicated that wider diversity is present among the advanced breeding lines of distant grouped. The highest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster IV revealed maximum genetic divergence among its constituents. The highest inter-cluster distance was found between cluster VI and VII and the lowest was between cluster V and VI. Highest cluster mean exhibited in cluster VII for most of the agro-morphological traits i.e. number of tillers/plant, spike length, spike weight, number of grain/spike followed by cluster II for grain filling period, days to maturity and plant height. On the basis of genetic diversity analysis, maximum percent contribution towards genetic divergence in 34 advanced breeding lines were found in grain filling period, days to maturity, number of grain/spike, days to 50% flowering, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Such differences in the genetic component of traits studied in the manuscript can be applied as a source of variation in other breeding programmes and crossing nurseries for wheat improvement.

Heat Stress Response of Bread Wheat Genotypes Under High and Low Rainfall Environments

The research was carried out to determine the yield, yield components, quality, and stability of the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes in heat-stressed and water-limited environments for two years. ANOVA and GGE biplot analysis were applied to determine the differences and relationships of investigated traits belonging to 10 different wheat varieties. While grain yield (GY) is associated with thousand-grain weight (TGW) and test weight (TW); protein ratio (PR) was found to be positively correlated with heading time (HT) and the number of spikes per square meter (SN). Besides, spike weight (SW) was found to be negatively correlated with PR, HT, and (SN). The biplot graph showed that PC1 explained 83.67% of the variability and the proportion attributed to PC2 was 16.33%. The cultivar of Kate A-1 was the most stable genotype, according to the biplot graph and it could be visually determined from the biplot graph in PC1 and PC2 together to explain 100% of the variability. In terms of the quality characteristics examined, Tahirova 2000 passed other varieties. It was concluded that Kate A-1 and Anapo varieties can be used for grain yield-oriented breeding studies, while Tahirova 2000 and Karatopak varieties can be used as parents for quality purposes.

Yield and Yield Components in Barley Genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes under Rainfed Conditions

Grain yield and yield components in barley are complexes depending on the environmental effects and agronomical practices under rainfed environment conditions. This research was carried out in the Trakia region in Edirne (Turkey) location during the 2017-2018 cycles. The experiment was set up with 25 genotypes in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Grain yields (GY), plant height (PH), peduncle length (PL), spike length (SL), number of kernel per spike (KNS), spike weight (SW), spike number per square meter (SNM) and flag leaf area (FLA) were investigated. The combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes for all parameters (P<0.01) except spike length and spike number per square meter. Averaged the overall mean grain yield, genotypes G4 (8432 kg ha-1), and G21 (8119 kg ha-1) had the highest grain yield. Kernel number per spike varied from the lowest to 20.8 (G11) and the highest to 49.2 (G22) in genotypes. The longest peduncle (30.7 cm) was measured in G13. Genotypes G7 (8.46 cm) and G14 (8.23 cm) had the longest spike length. In the research significant (p<0.01) difference was observed in the flag leaf area in barley genotypes. Genotype G23 had the largest flag leaf area (12.67 cm2) and followed by G11 (12.10 cm2). Grain yield was positively correlated with peduncle length (r=0.554**) and spike number per square meter (r=0.442*). Spike weight and kernel number per spike were positively and significantly correlated (r=0.666**). Flag leaf area positively affected and increased spike weight (r=0.572**) and kernel number per spike. These results showed that peduncle length had a positive effect on grain yield. Flag leaf area had a significant positive effect on the spike weight of the genotypes. Low precipitation and high temperatures from shooting up to heading stages negatively affected grain yield and yield components.

Flag Leaf of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes and Relation with Yield Component under Rainfed Conditions

An experiment was carried out to assess flag leaf fresh and dry weight of advanced bread wheat genotypes and their relation with yield and yield components. A total of 25 bread wheat genotypes were tested during the 2017-2018 cycles in four locations in the Trakia region, Turkey. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with four replications. Grain yield (GY), spike number per square meter (SNM), kernel number per spike (KNS), spikelet number per spike (SNS), spike weight (SW), plant height (PH), peduncle length (PL), spike length (SL), flag leaf fresh weight (FLFW), flash leaf dry weight (FLDW) were investigated. The combined ANOVA revealed significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and their interaction (G×E) for grain yield (p<0.01). The highest grain yield was performed by G21 (6807 kg ha-1) and G20 (6776 kg ha-1). Both genotypes also had higher yield potential across four environments. Therefore, they were considered stable genotypes. Flag leaf fresh and dry weight in wheat genotypes positively affected spike length, spikelet number per spike, kernel number per spike and spike weight. As the plant density per unit area increased, there was a decrease in flag leaf fresh and dry weight. Increasing in the spike number per square meter negatively affected and reduced flag leaf fresh and dry weight in wheat genotypes. Results showed that spike weight, flag leaf fresh and dry weight of the wheat genotypes could be used in the selection of wheat breeding study for yield components. The longest spike, the highest number of grains per spike and the number of spikelets were determined in G17, together with the yield above the average. In addition, G17 had the highest spike weight and flag leaf fresh and dry weight. For this reason, G17 has been determined that can be used in breeding studies due to its agronomic characteristics. The results of the research showed that flag leaf dry and fresh weight could be used for yield components in wheat breeding selection under rainfed conditions.

Response of preservative chemicals on the shelf life of cut lilium (Lilium spp.) flower cv. ‘Pavia’

Lilium cut flowers have commercial importance and extending their vase life is vital. An increase in the vase life quality and quantity can directly increase the viability and price realization of commercially important flowers like lilium. Shelf life of cut lilium flower is influenced by using different preservative chemicals and sucrose added in vase solution. Such an extension of vase life can be achieved via chemical treatment. The trial was carried out to examine the effect of various concentration of two chemicals, AgNO3 (silver nitrate) and 8-HQC (8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate) along with sucrose on the shelf life of lilium cut flower cv. ‘Pavia’ (cross between Asiatic and Longiflorum lilies). In the experiment, sucrose (20%), 8-HQC at 3 concentrations (100, 150, 200 ppm) and AgNO3 at 3 concentrations (50, 75, 100 ppm) and water (distilled) as control were tested alone and with combinations. Cut flowers of lilium were treated at one bud opening stage. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) having 16 treatments and one control in three (3) replications. The fresh weight and relative fresh weight of the cut flower spike, opening of all flowers on a spike, vase solution uptake on a day, total vase solution uptake and vase life of lilium cut flower spike showed the best outcome with AgNO3 (50 ppm) and 20% sucrose treatment combination. Out of the two chemicals, silver nitrate showed better results than 8-HQC as a preservative in enhancing the shelf life of cut Lilium flower cv. ‘Pavia’. Analysis of this new and exciting method will be useful to research institutes, commercial producers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers or anyone to choose right chemical and concentration of holding solution to maximize the post-harvest life of lilium cut flowers.

Impacts of heat shock on productivity and quality of Triticum aestivum L. at different growth stages

The transitional phase of climate change is becoming a threat worldwide. Fluctuations in temperature are frequently observed in the life cycles of field crops. The current study was intended to evaluate heat stress (HS) at sensitive stages on four wheat cultivars’ growth, grain yield, and quality traits during two consecutive seasons. The experiment included four spring wheat cultivars that were exposed to HS durations (i.e., 0, 48, 96 and 144 h) at booting and anthesis stages. Pots were kept in an open-air, and labeled pots were moved to the glasshouse at the respective growth stage. After HS treatments, pots were moved from the glasshouse to the original position in the open air. The results showed that the cultivars differed in yield and grain quality traits, but their collective mean effect was significantly expressed with HS and HS duration (HSd) on the measured traits. Spike length was significantly affected by HS at the anthesis in comparison to those obtained from the control. However, the increase in HSd did not cause a significant effect on spike length compared to other treatments. Spike weight was significantly decreased in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis as well as by increasing HSd. In addition, grain weight and numbers were decreased in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages with a similar pattern by increasing HSd. Moreover, a reduction in amylose content was observed in grains of plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages or when plants as exposed to a longer period of HSd. Nonetheless, amylopectin, wet gluten (WG) and grain N (GN) showed an increase in plants exposed to HS at booting and anthesis stages and/or extending HSd. This study concludes that plants exposed to different HS treatments during the life cycle had lower values for spike length, grains weight, and grains number per spike including amylose content in comparison to those obtained from the control. The decrease was significantly noted in the yield and grain quality of wheat when plants were exposed to HS at the booting stage in comparison to those exposed to HS at anthesis.

Impact of Azotobacter and Nitrogen on Growth and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aims: To evaluate the effect of different nutrient management practices on growth, yield and yield attributes of wheat.&#x0D; Study Design: Randomized Block Design (RBD).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2016-17 at Instructional Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &amp; Technology, Narendra Nagar, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.)&#x0D; Methodology: The experiment consisting of 10 treatments, T1 Control (N-0,P-60,K-40Kg ha-1); T2 (Azotobacter); T3 (60 kg Nitrogen ha-1); T4 (40 kg Nitrogen ha-1 + Azotobacter); T5 (80 kg Nitrogen ha-1); T6 (60 kg Nitrogen + Azotobacter ); T7 (100 kg Nitrogen ha-1); T8 (80 kg Nitrogen ha-1 + Azotobacter); T9 (120 kg Nitrogen ha-1); T10 (100 kg Nitrogen ha-1+ Azotobacter) were laid down in triplicate plots in Randomized block design (RBD).Wheat variety PBW-343 was taken as test crop.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed that the application of chemical fertilizers @ 100 kg Nitrogen ha-1+ Azotobacter (T10) recorded the highest growth attributes viz. Plant height, dry matter accumulations, and yield attributes viz. number of grains per spike, weight of spike, test weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index.

The Promotive Effect of Putrescine on Growth, Biochemical Constituents, and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Plants under Water Stress

Drought stress is a significant environmental variable affecting wheat growth and development. Plant stress tolerance is intimately related to growth regulators of plants as polyamines. The study assessed the impact of drought (50% water irrigation and 100% water irrigation), priming of grains in putrescine (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM), and their interactions on the growth, yield, and physiological attributes of wheat plants. Drought conditions declined plant height, fresh and dry weights, leaves and tillers numbers, and flag leaf area. However, applying putrescine, especially at (1 mM), enhanced wheat growth performance in normal or water-deficit conditions. Drought stress decreased spike length (28.6%), number of spikelets (15.6%), number of grains (30.3%), the weight of the spike (23.5%), and the weight of the grains/spike (37.5%). In addition, drought decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, free amino acids, and total phenols, while applying putrescine enhanced wheat plant growth performance in normal or drought conditions. Putrescine at (1 mM) achieved the highest increase in plant height (38.8%), root length (50%), leaves number (166%), tillers number (80%), flag leaf area (70.3%), shoot fresh weight (99.4%), shoot dry weight (98.4%), root fresh weight (97.8%), root dry weight (210%) compared to the untreated plants. Moreover, pretreatment with putrescine improved chlorophyll a (13.3%), chlorophyll b (70.3%), carotenoids (61.8%), soluble sugars (49.1%), amino acids (42.7%), phenols (52.4%), number of spikelets (59.3%), number of grains (81.1%), and weight of spike (45.4%). Moreover, variations in the protein profile of wheat plants were due to drought conditions and putrescine application. In conclusion, priming wheat grains with putrescine effectively induces protective mechanisms against water stress and improves wheat plants’ physiological attributes and yield components.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF WHEAT THROUGH GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN THREE REGIONS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Genotype-by-environment (GEI) interaction provides the basic information that helps breeders to select stable and superior genotypes for targeted environments. Climate change also alters the recommendations of the genotype for a specific condition. The field study carried out during the cropping seasons of 2015–2016 determined the performance of 16 wheat genotypes (13 lines and three cultivars) at three different locations: The University of Agriculture, Peshawar (UAP), Nuclear Institute of Food and Agriculture, Peshawar (NIFA), and Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI), Pirsabak-Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data on yield contributing parameters (days to heading, spike length, spikelets spike-1, grain weight spike-1, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield) were collected and analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stability analysis. Mean square values revealed highly significant results for all the traits under consideration for genotypes (G) and locations (L). Likewise, interactions (GEI) were highly significant for all the traits except grain weight spike-1. The performance of genotypes under different locations indicated no similarity. However, the overall performance of genotypes displayed better under environmental conditions of the Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI- Location No: 03). According to the Eberhart and Russell approach, the genotypes K-87, PR-113, Pak-13, PR-112, NR-449, and KT-338 were confirmed stable under tested locations for yield contributing traits as their regression coefficient (bi) value exhibited close to unity. Correlations of grain yield with yield contributing traits considered were significant and positive except for days to heading.

Применение многомерного анализа для оценки селекционной ценности исходного материала твердой яровой пшеницы

The paper presents the use of multivariate statistical analysis for the selection of source material from 263 collection samples of durum wheat. As a result of factor analysis, 10 studied characteristics were reduced to 3 significant factors. The informative features, which should first of all be paid attention to when assessing this set of genotypes, are highlighted: the number of spikelets of the main spike, the number of grains of the main spike, grain weight of the main spike, grain weight per plant, average grain weight of an ear (factor 1); the length of the main spike and the density of the main spike (factor 2); productive bushiness (factor 3). The set of studied collection samples of durum wheat, based on informative characters, were divided into 3 reliably distinguishable clusters by the k-means method. Each cluster unites in itself from 56 to 123 samples of the most similar genotypes in terms of the complex of studied traits. The selected clusters are characterized as independent groups for subsequent breeding studies. Keywords: TRITICUM DURUM, SELECTION, FACTOR ANALYSIS, CLUSTER ANALYSIS, INFORMATIVE FEATURES, SOURCE MATERIAL

Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water and Seeds and Its Effect on the Productivity and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) Grown in Saline Soil

ABSTRACT The current research was carried out to evaluate the impact of treating wheat (Triticum aestivum c.v Sakha 93) seeds and irrigation water magnetically in combination with different sources and rates of nitrogen on wheat productivity and grain quality under saline soil conditions. Two field experiments were carried out during the winter seasons 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 in a split split randomized complete block design with four replicates at El-Rabaa village, Bir Al-Abd, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. Main plots were assigned to N-sources, urea, and compost; sub-plots were N-rates 0, 119, 179, and 238 Mg N ha−1, while magnetic treatment of irrigation water and wheat grains was in sub-subplots. The highest chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents (3.12 mg g−1 f.w. and 783 g kg−1, respectively) were observed due to compost, N4+ (MS + MW) treatment representing an increasing percentage of 189% and 220%, respectively. The maximum plant height, spike length, No. spike plant−1, and spike weight values were 82.0 cm, 15.1 cm, 13.9, and 24.9 g plant−1. The results were due to the addition of compost at a rate of 238 kg N ha−1 in combination with magnetized seeds and water treatment with 224, 643, 546, and 845% over the untreated treatment. The maximum straw and grain yields (11.7 and 7.29 Mg ha−1, respectively) were achieved due to the application of compost at a rate of N3 + (MS + MW), and the corresponding increments over the non-treatment plants were 718 and 846%, respectively. However, treatment of compost (179 Mg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water) resulted in the maximum increases in the No. grains spike−1, grains weight, 1000-grains weight, protein content, N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn-uptake by grains. Soil pH and EC values were decreased, especially for plants treated with compost (238 kg N ha−1 + magnetized seeds and water treatment).

Agronomic characteristics of two corn (Zea mays L.) varieties subjected to topdressing fertilization using different levels of nitrogen and potassium in Amazonas, Brazil

From the creation of new corn genomics to meet production demands, it is necessary to evaluate how these new cultivars react to the different environments that exist in Brazil. Front this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of N and K used to topdressing fertilization on agronomic characteristics of two corn varieties at Amazon environmental conditions. The experimental design was randomized in block using a factorial scheme (2 x 4 x 4), with two corn varieties (BRS Caimbé and BR 5011 Sertanejo), four N dosages (0, 60, 100, and 140 kg.ha-1) and four K dosages (0, 20, 60, and 90 kg.ha-1). Each plot was constituted by five lines of 20 m of length and 2.40 m of width, with a space of 0.60 m among these, totalizing an area of 48 m2 per plot. Data collected were subjected to ANOVA and, subsequently, to Tukey test at 5% of significance. Caimbé corn variety presented higher (p &lt; 0.05) number of plants, plant weight, and spikes per plot. High dosages of N and K provided high (p &lt; 0.05) number of plants, plant weight, and spikes per plot. Caimbé corn variety presented higher (p &lt; 0.05) spike weight and size. Other variables did not present significant (p &gt; 0.05) results. High dosages of N provided high (p &lt; 0.05) stem diameter and weight, leaf weight, spike size, and low spike weight. Lower levels of K caused low (p &lt; 0.05) plant height, first spike height insertion, stem diameter, and spike weight.

Control temperature of greenhouse for higher yield and higher quality grapes production by combining STB in situ service with on time sensor monitoring

The use of plastic film to promote early cultivation is common by small farmers in Northern China for out of season facility fresh grape production, but the lack of effective technical indicators, sensors and temperature control techniques for facility temperature management has resulted in high cost and low yields. To explore effective ways of enhancing grape yield and quality through temperature monitoring and precise temperature control by sensors under the current plastic covering systems of small farmers. By providing a resident service in the Science and Technology Backyard (STB) and using intelligent sensors to monitor and manage the temperature in small farmers' facilities in real-time (on an hourly basis). We found that the phenological and effective accumulated temperature in plastic film-covered facilities was significantly different from those in open field cultivation, with a 15.9% advance in the phenological process and 19.5% reduction in effective accumulated temperature requirements, as well as a 51.4% increase in effective accumulated temperature requirements during the vegetative stage. In the case of the delay in temperature regulation of the plastic film cover system, it is necessary to control the minimum temperature and high temperature to match the effective accumulated temperature demand. By installing the Pycno temperature sensor, using units of minutes, accurately monitoring the temperature changes inside and outside the facility, and deploying smoke to prevent low temperature and open the air outlet to control the high temperature at the right time, plastic film can reduce the proportion of effective accumulated temperature distribution during the vegetative stage by 3.2% and reduce the vigorous growth of new shoots by 22.2%. The result had shown 40.2% increase in spike weight and 30.1% increase in yield. By combining real-time sensor monitoring with grape growth and development indicators, we have quantified the difference in effective temperature requirements between the vegetative and reproductive growth periods of grapes in current smallholder plastic cover systems and open field cultivation systems. By combining sensor monitoring and technical services in a precise manner, the production of grapes in facilities under smallholder plastic cover systems can also achieve smart agriculture and gain yield and quality improvements.

Evaluation of Yield Attributing Trait of Spring Wheat Genotypes Under Normal and Late Sowing Condition

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the third most important cereal crop in Nepal after rice and maize. The research is carried out during the winter season in agronomic field of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Bhairahawa, Nepal. Sowing is carried out 28th November 2020 and 24th December 2020 on alpha lattice design with two replication of twenty wheat genotype under normal and late sowing respectively. In the late sowing condition, all genotype's performance is reduced as compared to normal sowing. Under late sown condition, high temperatures reduced the days to booting (15.64%), days to heading (14.97%), days to maturity (14.16%), chlorophyll content (15.99%), plant height (8.59%), spike length (7.03%), number of spikelet per spike (9.21%), number of grain per spike (10.6%), spike weight (15.32%), effective tiller/m2 (9.92%), thousand kernel weight (10.3%) and grain yield (22.5%). NL 1420 presented higher 4118 kg/ha and 3310.5 kg/ha yield respectively and BL 4407 presented early maturity 119.2 DAS and 100.6 DAS respectively in normal sowing and late sowing condition. In a combined environment, maximum grain yield is recorded in NL1420. The result suggested that the tolerant line against the late sowing condition can be used as genetic resource for crop improvement and promote for grain yield.

Characterization of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using Spike Related Traits for Sustainable Yield Potential

Wheat is a cereal that is majorly consumed around the world. There is a dire need for the advancement of wheat cultivars that are producing high yield. The experiment was conducted to characterize the spike related traits of wheat genotypes. Twenty wheat genotypes comprising three replications were experimented using randomized complete block design. The difference was significant among the studied twenty genotypes revealed by analysis of variance. Correlation Pearson’s revealed that the number of grains per spike (GPS) has positive relationship among all the studied traits such as the number of tillers per plant (NTP), spike weight (SWT), spike length (SL), and grain yield per plant (GYP). The GYP has a strong positive association with GPS (0.81**), GYS (0.78**), and SL (0.68**). The biological yield had a non-significant association with GYS (0.28) and GPS (0.13). All studied attributes have variations in the mean values which were represented by Radar analysis. The genotype Sadiq-21 was the best performing genotype among the SWT, GYS and BY followed by genotype Nawab-21 which performed best among the NTP, GYS and GPS and genotype Ghazi-19 which performed good among BY, SWT and GPS. The genotypes that were among the worst performing were Suren-10, Galaxy-13 and Borluag-16. The result of our study showed grain yield was mainly affected by NTP, GYS and GPS. For the improvement of wheat yield, these attributes must be improved for selection so that the yield of the wheat can be increased because these have a strong association with the grain yield.

Correlações canônicas entre caracteres de trigo de alta e baixa herdabilidade via modelos mistos

ABSTRACT: Canonical correlation analysis based on genotypic correlations allows determining the associations between groups of traits and carrying out the direct or indirect selection of superior genotypes. This study investigated the existence of linear and multivariate relationships between high and low heritability traits via canonical correlation analysis based on genotypic correlations. The experiment was conducted at the Professor Diogo Alves de Melo Experimental Field at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in Viçosa, MG. 90 wheat cultivars were evaluated under a 9 × 10 alpha-lattice design, with three replications and plots consisting of four rows of three meters spaced at 0.20 meters. Canonical groups were established between spike height and plant height, days for heading, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike (Group I) and, spike weight, spike grain mass, 100-grain mass, hectoliter weight, and grain yield (Group II). There was dependence between the established groups, which allowed the investigation of the relationships between traits based on their genotypic values. The traits cycle and plant height can be used for indirect selection of genotypes superior in hectoliter weight and grain yield, which are important factors for industries and farmers.