Weight For Height Index Research Articles

INDICATORS OF COLLAGEN METABOLISM, CONTENT OF MICRO- AND MACRO ELEMENTS AS BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING CHANGES IN DENTAL STATUS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED FETAL MACROSOMIA

Diseases that manifest in adult life are largely "pre-programmed" already in utero. Fetal macrosomia defined as a body weight at birth of 4.000 grams or more is a condition associated with a range of immediate and long-term consequences. Objective. This study is focused on determining the indicators of collagen metabolism and the exchange of micro- and macroelements in the blood serum of experimental animals born macrosomic. The aim is to establish if any of prognostic markers for the emergence of dental disorders can be found. Material and Methods. Rats of Wistar Albino Glaxo population born with induced macrosomia were used as the test animals. The markers for connective tissue metabolism (free and bound oxyproline) as well as levels of calcium, potassium, copper, magnesium, and zinc were analyzed in the serum of 104 rats in total. The animals were divided into groups immediately after birth according to their weight-height parameters and were sacrificed on the 1st, 90th, 180th, 360th, and 540th day after their birth. Research Results. In the blood serum of animals born macrosomic but with a relative insufficiency of body weight (a weight-height index was lower than that in the control group), as well as in animals with «harmonious intrauterine development» (a weight-height index was comparable with that in the control group), a decrease in copper concentrations by 5–20% and decrease in magnesium levels by 20–40% were registered. Also, reduction by factor 1.4 of the bound fraction of oxyproline and an increase of no more than by factor 1.7 of its free fraction were found. Such biochemical changes precede the formation of periodontal disease. In animals born with "intrauterine obesity" (a weight-height index was higher than that in the control group) and who had the highest intensity of caries among all animals, biochemical changes emerged at an earlier stages of the monitored lifespan. In the serum of such animals, a decrease in magnesium levels by 13–38%, a decrease in zinc by 4–12%, and an increase of up to 11% in copper levels were found. A reduction in the bound fraction of hydroxyproline by factor 1.2–1.4 and an increase in its free fraction by factor 1.4–2.6 were also observed. According to the performed correlation analysis, the significance of the relationship (degree of correlation or anticorrelation and their reliability) between the studied indicators and caries was proven to increase for older animals. Conclusion: In animals born macrosomic, mineral metabolism as well as significant changes of in the organic component in their connective tissue leading to alterations in the bone tissue of the periodontium and the hard tooth tissues. Biochemical changes in the blood serum of rats precede the development of periodontal tissue diseases and carious lesions in ontogeny and depend on the weight-height parameters of the animals at birth.

Pendidikan Kesehatan tentang Pemanfaatan Tanaman Herbal dalam Mengatasi Status Gizi pada Bayi dan Balita

Based on the weight for height index (WW/TB), the nutritional status of very thin toddlers is 3.5%, the nutritional status of underweight toddlers is 6.7%, and the nutritional status of obese toddlers is 8%. This service aims to provide health education about the benefits of herbal plants that pay attention to the nutritional status of babies and toddlers. This service method is participatory learning action, namely an approach to the learning process and interaction with the community or society. It is hoped that mothers can take advantage of these herbal plants because Moringa leaves, sweet potatoes and papaya contain many benefits, nutrients and vitamins that can improve the nutritional status of babies and toddlers. One of the benefits of papaya is that papaya can prevent digestive disorders in children's stomach organs which can affect their weight. The vitamin A content in Moringa leaf powder is 10 times higher than the vitamin A content in carrots and the vitamin C and iron content in sweet potatoes, making it beneficial for the growth and development of babies and toddlers. After implementing the PLA method service, the level of knowledge of mothers who had babies and toddlers with sufficient knowledge increased by 39% from 52% to 90.1%.

Does behaviour predict weight gain during adulthood in captive group-living rhesus macaques?

Many non-human primates (NHPs) in captivity become overweight. Individual variation in adiposity may result from differences in behaviour related to energy intake, energy expenditure and dominance rank. Understanding how behaviour contributes to becoming overweight may provide opportunities to improve housing and husbandry of captive group-living NHPs. This study therefore investigated whether behaviour predicts weight gain during adulthood in captive female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed in three social groups at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre in Rijswijk, the Netherlands. Relative adiposity was quantified with a species-specific weight-for-height index (WHI) during three consecutive annual health checks. Behavioural data were collected at baseline on food intake, activity budgets and dominance rank. We examined which factors were associated with WHI at baseline and whether behaviour predicted the subsequent change in WHI over time, while controlling for individual characteristics. At baseline, a high WHI was associated with low activity levels, but not related to food intake, age or dominance rank. WHI did not differ from baseline after one year but had significantly increased after the second year. This increase in WHI was independent of food intake and activity budgets, while higher-ranking females had a higher increase in WHI compared to lower-ranking monkeys. This suggests that captive NHPs with a high dominance rank are more prone to becoming overweight, whereas differences in activity budgets are merely a consequence and not a cause. Thus, dominance rank, but not behaviour, likely predicts weight gain during adulthood in captive group-living NHPs.

Scabies infection and nutritional status profile on pediatric patients’ general hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya

The parasitic infection caused by mite Sarcoptes scabiei, scabies, is widely known as one of the world's highest morbidity of skin infections. WHO classified scabies as one of the Neglected-Tropical-Disease. Scabies has several risk factors, and one of them is malnutrition. This study aimed to know the scabies infection profile and the nutritional status of patients in pediatric dermatology division, general hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. This is a retrospective study from secondary data collected by evaluating medical records from pediatric patient aged 0 – 60 months. The data were analyzed using the descriptive methodology to measure the frequency and percentage of each variable. The results showed that most of the patients are male, below 1 year old, and had good nutritional status (31.6%)measured using the weight-height index from WHO. Furthermore, most of the samples had upper extremity as the common region with scabies lesion, and papule is the most common lesion found on patients.

Ssessment of the parameters of physical development of young football players aged 14-15 years.

Purpose —to establish indicators of the physical development of young football players aged 14-15. Material and methods:according to the goal and tasks set, the research program included methods of theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, methods of studying anthropometric characteristics, methods of mathematical processing of results. The study was carried out with the football players of the team of FC «Arena»Kharkiv –participants in the championship of the CYFLof Ukraine. The study involved 24 football players aged 14-15. The study was conducted in the Kharkiv regional medical and sports dispensary. The work was carried out in three stages. At the first stage, the analysis, study and generalization ofscientific and methodological literature were carried out. At the second stage, a survey of 14-15-year-old football players was carried out. At the third stage of this study, weight-height indices and proportionality indices were calculated. Results:the article presents the anthropometric indicators of young football players aged 14-15. It has been established that 14-15-year-old football players have characteristic overall body dimensions (body length and weight, chest circumference at rest, on inhalation and exhalation), weight-height indices (Yarcho-Kraupe, Rohrer and Quetelet indices) and proportionality indices (Erisman and Livy indices), which were within the age norm for the players of this group. The body weight of the footballers in this group was55,8±1,8 kg, body length –169,1±2,0 cm, circumference of the chest at rest –80,8±1,2 cm, circumference of the chest on inspiration –86,5±1,1 cm, circumference of the chest on expiration is 78,9±1,2 cm. For football players of 14-15 years old, the average index of the Yarkho-Kraupe index was 329,0±8,4 g/cm, the Rohrer index –11,5±0,3 c.u, the Quetelet index –19,4±0,4 c.u, Erisman index –-3,8±1,1 cm, Livy index –47,8±0,6%.Conclusions:the data of the conducted study testify to the differences in morphological parameters, weight-height indices and proportionality indices among young football players aged 14-15.

Estimation of the proportionality of the physical development of children of the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous district – Yugra with non-differentiated connective tissue displasion

Background. Assessment of the physical development of children in individual regions of the Russian Federation does not lose its relevance and requires constant updating, in this regard, it is important to study it in children adapting to the climatic and geographical conditions of the North, as well as the effect of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia on it.
 Aim. Aim of the study is to study the gender and age characteristics of the proportionality of physical development in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia living in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Yugra.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of physical development of 528 children of the second childhood and adolescence, living in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Yugra, was carried out. The study group consisted of 342 children (248 boys and 94 girls) with a diagnostically significant number of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia symptoms (from 6 to 18 stigmas). The comparison group included 186 children (111 boys and 75 girls) who did not score a significant threshold of phene signs (from 0 to 5 stigmas). Physical development was assessed according to the Quetelet II weight-height index, chest-weight indices: Pignet, Vervek, and Brugsch, as well as proportionality indices: sternum, shoulder width, pelvic width, torso shape, arm and leg length indices, cranial and facial indices, interorbital-circular index.
 Results. Children without undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia during the second childhood have a tendency to malnutrition, and are characterized by a weak physique with a tendency to narrow chest. In adolescence, the tendency towards weakness of the physique persists, while height-weight ratios deviate towards normotrophy. Children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia during the second childhood and adolescence have a rectangular or trapezoidal body with an average length, as well as long upper and lower limbs relative to the length of the body.
 Conclusion. The impact of the socio-ecological factors of the North neutralizes the differences in the rates of physical development in healthy children and persons with disorders caused by congenital disorders of organogenesis of the undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia type.

The Correlation of Giardiasis with Nutritional Status in Primary School Age Children at SD INPRES 104222 and SDN 101828 in Sei Glugur Village, Pancur Batu District

Background. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes an intestinal infection called giardiasis. This infection can cause the process of absorption of nutrients is not optimal. Giardiasis can result in a decrease in nutritional status. The aim of study is to determain the relationship between giardiasis and nutritional status at the age of elementary school children. Method. This is cross-sectional study of 114 students at SD INPRES 104222 and 101828 in Sei Glugur Village in Pancur Batu District. Primary data collection was carried out by anthropometric examination and examination of stool samples using the formol ether concentration technique at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatra Utara. Results. From 114 children who met the inclusion criteria, the incidence of Giardia lamblia infection was 7%. Based on the weight for height index, 8 (7%) people had poor nutritional status, 61 (53.5%) people with underweight nutritional status 27 (23.7%) people with moderate nutrition and 12 (10,5%) people with good nutrition. Overweight by 1 (0.9%) person and obese 5 (4.4%) people. There is no correlation between giardiasis infection with weight for height (p>0.05). Conclusion. The incidence of Giardia lamblia infection was low and there was no correlation between giardiasis with nutritional status in primary school-age children.

Permasalahan gizi pada anak balita pasca gempa: Studi kasus di Palu, Sigi, dan Donggala

Palu, Sigi, and Donggala districts experienced a 7,7 magnitude earthquake on September 28 2018. This incident was declared a national disaster. The impact of the disaster is a decrease in the nutritional status of children under five. Nutritional problems in children under five after the earthquake can be caused by paralysis of health service, lack of availability of clean water, poor environmental sanitation, infectious diseases, and lack of consumption of nutritious food. This research is a descriptive study wich to identify nutritional problems in children under five after the earthquake in Palu, Sigi, and Donggala districts. The type of data used is secondary data, including height, weight, and age. The results showed that the nutritional status of under five children based on the weight for age index were underweight 32,1% and very underweight 16,6%. Nutritional status based on the weight for height index, were malnutrition 13,7% and poor nutrition 4,9%. The nutritional status based on the height for age index were stunting 55,7%. The conclusion that the stunting is a nutritional problem with the highest prevalence after the earthquake. The health of children under five is easily influenced by food security, the environment, and the economy. The high prevalence stunting post-earthquake can be caused by job losses, damage to agricultural land and plantations, disruption of the economic system and development in the area which has an impact on low access to food for families.

Changes in some anthropometric indicators in sportsman-athletes at the stages of long-term training

Literature data previous own studies indicate changes in anthropometric parameters in athletes due to the intensity and duration of exercise. An assessment of changes in some anthropometric indicators in athletes at the stages of long-term training. The paper summarizes the results of a survey of 53 athletes (athletes) at the stages of long-term training. The study involved 3 groups of athletes: 1st group - (15 athletes) - athletes at the stage of specialized basic training. 2nd group (28 athletes) - athletes in preparation for higher sporting achievements. 3rd (10 athletes) - athletes at the stage of maximum realization of their individual capabilities. The age of the athletes is 18-20 years, the track and field experience is 5-10 years.
 The anthropometric study included: Quetelet's weight-height index, the relative amount of muscle tissue, the absolute amount of the bone component of the body. The indicators were determined according to generally accepted methods. The results of anthropometric survey are processed by variational-statistical methods. The study found that the competitive result of athletes depends significantly on physical development and data of athletes. Those athletes can be considered the most promising, who have high anthropometric performance. At the initial stage of selection more attention is paid to motor abilities, and during selection to sports improvement groups preference is also given to the functional capabilities of the athlete.

Consensus on the principles of physical development monitoring in children, possible or not?

Regular, long-term anthropometric follow-up is one of the fundamental methods of assessing the child’s health and well-being. However, there is still a lot of inconsistency in anthropometric practices and standards that may have a negative impact on clinical practice (e.g. delay in diagnosing children with growth or feeding disorders, genetic and metabolic syndromes). The paper discusses the principles of basic measurements: length/height, body weight, circumferences: head, chest and arm. Attention was also paid to the use of professional anthropometric equipment. Appropriately performed measurements allow the calculation of weight-height indices, which define nutrition disturbances (overweight, obesity and malnutrition), and also constitute the basis for conducting specialised diagnostics. In 2011, a group of experts recommended standards of body length/height, body weight, head circumference and body mass index developed by the World Health Organization for children up to 5 years of age. In 2013, nationwide reference values for weight, height and body mass index for children aged from 3 to 6 years were published and accepted as valid (OLA project). They complemented previously developed percentile charts for children aged 7–18 years (OLAF project). The paper proposes to adopt uniform standards of anthropometric measurements and to initiate a discussion in the paediatric community on the acceptance of common growth charts for the basic anthropometric measurements.

Application of Ordinal Logistic Regression Model to Nutritional Status of the Under-Five Children Indexed by Weight-for-Height

Background and aim: In this paper, we present results regarding the outcomes of some anthropometric, epidemiological and demographic factors on the nutritional status of the under-five children which were categorized into three ordinal groups of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM), Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) in Kazaure Local Government Area in Nigeria. Methods: An ordinal logistic model that depicted the log-odds in favour of GAM (normal) child was fitted to the data based on surveillance indexed by Weight-For-Height (WFH). Results:The results showed that the proportional odd of measuring the nutritional status of a child in a nutrition survey using the WFH index has the OR= 7.43 (95% CI, 4.717 to 11.705) times greater, with Wald (1) 2  =74.81, p<0.001, hence a statistically significant effect. Conclusion: Based on the results and summary of findings, it can be concluded that age is a major predictor of the nutrition status of a child in a nutritional study when the surveillance is based on WFH index unlike sex and measles that do not play a major role.

Dependence of the periodontal state of individuals who were born macrosomic on their height-weight index at birth

The problem of long-term consequences of fetal macrosomia (birth weight greater than or equal to 4 kg), among which there are dental disorders, is urgent.Objective. To identify the features of the periodontal state of individuals in the City of Kharkiv and adjasent area (Ukraine) population, born with macrosomia according to their weight-height index at birth. The identification takes into account intrauterine obesity, or intrauterine well-balanced development, or pre-natally formed relative body weight insufficiency.A separate objective of this study is to determine qualitative and radio-morphometric indices as markers of the bone mineral density of the jaws in the individuals in the City of Kharkiv and adjasent area population, born macrosomic.Material and methods. During 2014–2019, two hundren and nineteen persons with different dental health conditions have been examined using clinical and radiological methods. One hundred and forty individuals between the ages of 11 and 55, who were born with macrosomia, constituted the Main Group, and seventy nine individuals of the same age, whose birth-weight parameters were normal (fetal normosomia), were assigned to the Comparison Group.Considering the weight-height parameters at birth, the participants included into the study were divided into subgroups. Considering the age of the participants included into the study, they were also divided into Age Periods.To indirectly determine the optical density of bone tissue the following two X-ray morphometric indices have been used: the mental index (MI) (A. Taguchi, 1995) and the Panoramic Mandibular Index (PMI) (B. W. Benson, 1991).In a straightforward manner, the density of the cortical and trabecular jawbone tissue was measured using an Easy Dent 3D Viewer CT scanner. The tomographic studies have been conducted with the cone-beam computer tomographs.Results. In macrosomic-at-birth persons with prenatal obesity, in the oral cavity in ontogeny, dystrophic-inflamatory changes arise, with prevalence of a dystrophic component, which are accompanied by destruction of periodontal tissue of different degree of severity, which is manifested by the atrophy of the alveolar processes and the recession of the gums, and which is accompanied by the appearance of wedge-shaped defects. The results of direct and indirect calculations of the optical density of the bone tissue in such persons indicate a significantly reduced density of the cortical layer of the bone tissue of the jaws, as compared to normosomic at birth persons.In macrosomic-at-birth persons with a well-balanced intrauterine development, as well as with a relative intrauterine insufficiency of body weight, in the later life, dystrophic-inflammatory changes arise in periodontal tissues with prevalence of an inflammatory component of different degree of severity. In such persons, a significantly reduced density of the trabecular tissue of the jaws has been revealed, as compared to the other participants in the study, in both the Main and Comparison Groups.Conclusions. In the course of the intrauterine period, a specific type of metabolism forms, which has a decisive influence on the formation of dental disorders in individuals born with macrosomia.

207 Structural conformation among spatially distributed West African dwarf goats as measures of adaptation to different environments

Abstract Goat production and breeding in West Africa is largely under traditional rearing system with little or no efforts geared towards improving their productivity. To understand underlining body conformation among spatially distributed West African dwarf (WAD) goats, a survey was conducted between May 2015 and June 2017 in two states of Nigeria. Data were recorded on two hundred and twenty-seven freely-scavenging West African dwarf goats, on Body weight (BWT), Heart girth (HGH), Diagonal trunk length (DTL), Height at the withers (HWT), Height at the rump (HRP), Body Breadth Index (BBI), Body Depth Index (BDI), Body length Index (BLI), Trunk length index (TLI), Weight-Height Index (WHI), Overbuilding Index (OBI) and Withers-Girth Index (WGI). These were subjected to randomized complete block design, GLM, multiple linear regression analysis procedures by Statistical Analytical Systems. Significant values (P < 0.05) were obtained between locations for BWT, DTL, TLI, OBI, BLI and WHI, between sexes for all traits and on the interaction of LOC by SEX for DTL, TLI, OBI, BDI, BBI, WGI and BLI. Bucks differ on trunk and girth between states. Body conformation for does and bucks – girth-breadth-depth and trunk-weight-height also differ greatly respectively. Results were significant for studying environmental adaptation and selection for development of meat type animals based on structural conformation.

REHABILITATION CENTER FOR NUTRITION: A NOVEL APPROACH

Introduction: Malnutrition is a pathological state of deficiency or excess of nutrients. Under-nutrition indicates a state wherein the weight for age, height for age, and weight for height indices are below-2 Z-score of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) norms. In children aged <5 years under nutrition is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality. There is significant increase in the risk of case fatality rate in severe acute malnutrition (SAM) children suffering from diarrhoea, measles, and pneumonia. Revised estimates with the use of the new WHO Child Growth Standards in developing country situations has resulted in a 2–4 times increase in the number of infants and children falling below-three standard deviation (3SD) weight for height/length as compared to that of using the former NCHS reference.
 Material and Methods: The study was conducted on sample size of 100 children and were then followed up for the period of 2 months to assess the nutritional status during the period of initial stay and the entire follow-up period using available records of anthropometric indicators of the admitted children recruited in the study at the Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC). Weight at admission and discharge and daily weights were recorded from the NRC registers; average weight gain was calculated.
 Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study of which 54 (54%) were girls and 46 (46%) were boys. The mean age duration for the entire group was 26.45 ± 12.23 months; for boys 25.87 ± 12.54 months and for girls 23.66 ± 12.88 months. 51% of the parents of the admitted children were illiterate, 48% had received education up to primary school, and 1% of the parents were graduates. 49% of the parents of the admitted children were daily wage labourers, while 36% of the mothers were housewives. The average weight gain for the study group during their stay at the centers was 9.34 ± 4.33 g/kg/day; for boys the average weight gain being 8.11 ± 5.27 g/kg/day and for girls 10.29 ± 5.99 g/kg/day. The mean MUAC at admission was 11.38 ± 0.96 cm and at discharge it was 11.99 ± 1.68 cm. The difference was observed to be statistically significant (P<0.001). Dropout rates of 10%, 32%, 48%, and 70% were obtained for the four follow-up visits conducted 15 days, 30days, 45 days , and 60 days from the day of discharge.
 Conclusion: Children belonging to illiterate mothers have the highest rates of malnutrition. There was a significant difference between mean weight at discharge and the mean weight at admission for the entire study group which is really satisfying the need of NRC.

Evaluation of the relationship between body composition and weight-height index – BMI

Aim: Body composition, especially the mass of adipose tissue, affects the risk of developing the metabolic and cardiovascular diseases as well as some cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the body composition of adults and their Body Mass Index. Material/Methods: The study involved 120 subjects (69 women and 51 men) aged 19 – 66 (30.55 ± 10.41). The recruited subjects were assigned to three subgroups: with normal body weight, overweight and obesity, depending on the BMI value. There were 40 subjects in each subgroup, including 23 women and 17 men. Besides the measurements of height and body mass, the SECA mBCA515 analyser was applied for the body composition analysis using the bioelectric impedance method. Results: A significant association was found between the BMI index and fat mass, lean mass and muscle mass, both in the whole group and after taking into account the sex. The correlation coefficient R range was from –0.88 to 0.97. The incidence of obesity in the studied group according to body fat content criteria (>25% for men and >30% for women) was 57%, while according to BMI criteria –33%. BMI cut-off points for obesity were 27.8, 26.4 and 26.4 kg/m2 for men, women and for all, respectively. Conclusions: In epidemiological studies, to identify obese people, body fat should also be taken into account in addition to BMI. If obesity is understood as excess fat, and not excess weight, the cut-off points for BMI-based obesity should be lowered.

Variability and co-relationship of body traits in west African Dwarf Goats in a tropical humid enviroment

To understand variability and phenotypic association among body traits in West African Dwarf goats, morphological traits were examined based on location and sex. Two hundred and twenty-seven (227) goats in two Nigerian states were surveyed. Randomized complete block with Factorial treatment design, GLM, Pearson’s phenotypic correlation procedures of SAS® was employed. Morphological and index traits examined were body weight (BWT), hearth girth (HGH), diagonal trunk length (DTL), height at the withers (HWT), height at the rump (HRP); and Trunk length index (TLI), over-building index (OBI), body depth index (BDI), body breath index (BBI), withers-girth index (WGI), body-length index (BLI)and Weight-height index (WHI). BWT, DTL, TLI, OBI, BLI and WHI were influenced (P<0.05) by location, while DTL, TLI, OBI, BDI, BBI and BLI were influenced (P<0.05) by interaction of Location and Sex. Does recorded higher (P<0.05) BWT, TLI and BLI (27.75, 183.62 and 156.33), while Bucks had higher (P<0.05) DTL, HGH, HWT, HRP, OBI, BDI, BBI, WGI and WHI (80.57, 58.78, 46.89, 46.36, 99.29, 126.01, 127.01, -26.02 and 45.83). Ekiti goats recorded higher OBI, while Osun goats were higher on DTL, TLI, BLI and WHI (P<0.05). Highest correlation for females and males were between BWT/WHI (r =0.952/0.967, P<0.0001); for BWT/WHI were (r =0.969/0.972, 0.0001); and between HRP/HWT (r =0.953/0.929, P<0.0001) on Ekiti and Osun goats respectively. Between Ekiti and Osun goats BWT/WHI (r =0.969/0.972, P<0.0001) and HRP/HWT (r =0.953/0.929, P<0.0001) were obtained. CVs were highest on WGI (-69.65/-45.16); BWT (31.89/43.79), and WHI (29.25/35.54) for Does and Bucks; while WGI (-56.72/57.42), BWT (53.51/46.78) and WHI (42.09/36.76) were higher for Ekiti and Osun goats. Significant (P<0.0001) phenotypic correlation were obtained between BWT, DTL, HWT, HGH individually, and many other traits (r =0.336-0.957).

Determining overweight and underweight with a new weight-for-height index in captive group-housed macaques.

Housing primates in naturalistic groups provides social benefits relative to solitary housing. However, food intake may vary across individuals, possibly resulting in overweight and underweight individuals. Information on relative adiposity (the amount of fat tissue relative to body weight) is needed to monitor overweight and underweight of group‐housed individuals. However, the upper and lower relative adiposity boundaries are currently only known for macaques living solitarily in small cages. We determined the best measure of relative adiposity and explored the boundaries of overweight and underweight to investigate their incidence in group‐housed adult male and female rhesus macaques and long‐tailed macaques living in spacious enclosures at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), the Netherlands. During yearly health checks different relative adiposity measures were obtained. For long‐tailed macaques, comparable data on founder and wild animals were also available. Weight‐for‐height indices (WHI) with height to the power of 3.0 (WHI3.0) for rhesus macaques and 2.7 (WHI2.7) for long‐tailed macaques were optimally independent of height and were highly correlated with other relative adiposity measures. The boundary for overweight was similar in group‐housed and solitary‐housed macaques. A lower boundary for underweight, based on 2% body fat similar to wild primates, gave a better estimate for underweight in group‐housed macaques. We propose that for captive group‐housed rhesus macaques relative adiposity should range between 42 and 67 (WHI3.0) and for long‐tailed macaques between 39 and 62 (WHI2.7). The majority of group‐housed macaques in this facility have a normal relative adiposity, a considerable proportion (17–23%) is overweight, and a few (0–3%) are underweight.

Dependence of Deciduous Tooth Eruption Terms and Tooth Growth Rate on the Weight-Height Index at Birth in Macrosomic Children over the First Year of Life.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of body overweight at birth (fetal macrosomia) on the processes of tooth eruption and tooth growth during the first year of life in children in the Kharkiv City (Ukraine) population. One of the research tasks is to examine the features of deciduous teeth eruption in children who were born with macrosomia with different values of the weight-height index at birth. Materials and methods. The medical records of the children born between 1977 and 2013 have been analyzed. The database has been collected in one of the Kharkiv City clinic. The Main Group is comprised of the medical records of the children (separately for boys and girls) born with fetal macrosomia. All the medical records of the Main Group have been divided into subgroups taking into account the gender and the harmonious (well-balanced) development coefficient. The Comparison Group is comprised of the medical records of the children also born within the normal term range, but with weight and height that correspond to the gestation age (fetal normosomia). To determine the average time of the first tooth eruption, as well as the deciduous teeth growth rate for each of the groups under the study, we have used the hypothesis about a linear dependence between the number of erupted teeth and the age of the child. The statistical data processing and verification of the consistency of this hypothesis is performed using the multiple linear regression analysis with the STATISTICA 6.0 software package (Multiple Regression module). The number of delayed eruption and premature eruption cases observed is calculated along with the corresponding confidence intervals for the significance level, p, of less than 0.05, taking into account the binomial distribution of the random variable. The results of the study indicate a slowed growth rate of deciduous teeth in children born with macrosomia, as well as an increased number of cases (by a factor of 2 to 4 times) of deviations in the timing of teeth eruption compared to regional norms. The smallest growth rate of deciduous teeth and the smallest number of teeth at the age of one year are registered in macrosomic boys and macrosomic girls with a long body and a relatively reduced birth weight, as well as in macrosomic girls with intrauterine obesity. The macrosomic girls with intrauterine acceleration with obesity at the background have the largest average tooth growth rate and the largest percentage of premature eruption cases among all subgroups. Conclusions. The somatometric features of fetal macrosomia suggest the influence on the number of teeth that erupt by a certain age. The data on the deviation from the generally accepted terms of teeth eruption in children born with macrosomia, can be the basis for developing new and improving existing prevention programs aimed at preserving dental health.

Anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status based on body mass index of muslim females in Varanasi

Under nutrition, overweight and obesity of individuals who differ by age and sex are matters of great concern having social and health implications for countries around the world. According to NFHS report (1998-99), based on weight for height index (body mass index), more than one-third (36%) of women in Uttar Pradesh are undernourished. Health status of women is of great concern in the contemporary world, because of the multiple roles play by women given rise to serious health and nutritional problems. Women are, thus, vulnerable to malnutrition for social and biological reasons. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine anthropometric profile and nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) of muslim females in Varanasi. A total of 220 females (aged 15-45years) residing in urban area of Varanasi was studied. Anthropometric profile including height, weight, waist circumference as well as BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. The main aim of the study was to determine their anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status through the assessment of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist-Hip ratio. It was found that 35.5%, 36.8%, 14.1% and 13.6% were under weight, normal, pre-obese (overweight) and obese, respectively on the basis of Asian BMI categorization. On the account of waist-hip ratio, 42.7% respondents were at high health risk whereas 57.3% were at low health risk. This study will provide baseline data for further studies on Muslim women in India and will help to plan and implement a comprehensive package for the management of their nutritional status.

Effects of zinc supplementation on nutritional status and cognition in children

Background Zinc deficiency is common in children in develop-ing countries and data suggests the effects are detrimental towardschildren’s growth and neuropsychologic performance. Results ofmultiple studies which assess these effects have been inconsis-tent.Objective To evaluate the effects of zinc supplementation onnutritional status and cognition in children with zinc deficiency.Methods Forty-six stunted children aged 50-80 months with lowhair zinc levels were randomly assigned to receive either 7.5 mgelemental Zn or placebo twice a week for 3 months. Anthropom-etry and cognition were assessed at the beginning and the end ofthe supplementation period. Differences among both groups foranthropometry and cognition before and after supplementation wereanalyzed with paired t-test. A comparison of different anthropom-etry and cognition among the two groups were analyzed using theindependent t-test.Results There were no significant differences among baselinecharacteristics except on sex distribution.There was a significantdifference in weight for age between the zinc group and placebo[0.28 (SB 0.18) vs 0.09 (SB 0.14); P=0.0001]. Height incrementswere also greater in the zinc group [0.34 (SB 0.15) vs 0.02 (SB0.12); P=0.0001). There was no significant difference betweenweight for height. Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured by theStanford-Binnet test was slightly higher in the zinc group [2.26 (SB3.11) vs 2.00 (SB 2.81], but the difference was not significant ac-cording to sex.Conclusion Zinc supplementation produced highly positive re-sponses in weight for age and height for age increments in chil-dren with zinc deficiency compared with placebo. There was noeffect of zinc supplementation on weight for height index and noneon cognition measured by intelligence quotient (IQ)