Abstract – The project “UPI Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning” aims to provide an intelligent, real-time security layer for UPI-based digital payments by automatically identifying suspicious transactions before they are completed. An ensemble of machine learning models (including Random Forest, XG Boost, Light GBM and Gradient Boosting) is trained on a balanced fraud-non-fraud dataset, with standardized features and careful handling of class imbalance to improve recall on rare fraudulent cases while maintaining high precision. The system is deployed as a Flask-based UPI transaction portal, where users can register, log in, initiate payments, and receive instant feedback on the fraud risk for each transaction. For every payment request, the model outputs a fraud probability; high-risk transactions are automatically blocked, logged into the user’s history, and accompanied by email alerts and downloadable CSV/PDF reports for audit and analysis. Key Words: Blockchain Technology, Cybersecurity, Web Development, Machine Learning.

The output of the study is an application called AgroAI: Leaf-Based Crop Disease Detection System. This web-based and mobile-enabled system is designed to assist farmers in detecting crop diseases early by providing a platform where users can upload images of crop leaves such as banana, corn, mango, potato, and tomato. The system automatically analyzes the images using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to identify possible diseases, provide treatment suggestions, and generate confidence scores. Farmers can also access their diagnostic history, view data analytics on crop health, and participate in community forums for agricultural knowledge sharing. For administrators and researchers, the system stores and organizes agricultural data, allowing better monitoring of disease trends and supporting decision-making for improved crop management. Once implemented, the system benefit farmers by giving them fast and reliable diagnoses without requiring expert consultation, while also aiding agricultural experts and researchers through data-driven insights. The system is built using the following development tools such as: Python with TensorFlow/Keras for building and training the CNN model, PHP and JavaScript for web development, CSS and Tailwind CSS for styling and responsive layout, and MySQL/MariaDB as the database management system. The frontend integrates Chart.js for visualizing disease frequency, confidence scores, and trend data. The mobile interface uses frameworks compatible with Android/iOS to ensure accessibility for rural farmers. To guarantee quality and effectiveness, the system is evaluated using the ISO/IEC 25010 software quality model, which measures functionality, usability, reliability, performance efficiency, and maintainability. This ensures that AgroAI is not only accurate and user-friendly but also reliable, efficient, and practical for addressing the real-world needs of farmers and agricultural communities. The study followed an applied research approach using the Iterative System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model. The system is evaluated using the ISO/IEC 25010 Software Quality Model focusing on functionality, usability, reliability, performance efficiency, and maintainability. Fifty (50) respondents participated in the evaluation activities. Results showed that the system performed well across all quality characteristics, with both groups “Strongly Agreeing” that AgroAI is reliable, efficient, and user-friendly. The findings suggest that AgroAI is a practical, accurate, and effective solution for early crop disease detection. The researchers recommend future enhancements such as offline access, an expanded crop database, and integration of IoT devices for real-time monitoring.

Abstract - This paper presents KaamSathi, a comprehensive digital platform designed to digitize and formalize the informal labor market in India. The platform addresses critical challenges in connecting part-time workers and students with employers through a structured, transparent ecosystem. Built using modern full-stack technologies (MERN stack), KaamSathi introduces verified worker profiles, intelligent job matching algorithms, transparent rating systems, and structured booking workflows. The platform tackles information asymmetry, lack of trust mechanisms, and poor visibility that characterize traditional informal labor markets. Our implementation demonstrates how contemporary web development technologies can address real-world socio-economic challenges affecting millions of informal workers. The system has been tested with sample data and shows promising results in improving employment accessibility, establishing trust through ratings, and creating verifiable work history. This work contributes to the gig economy literature by demonstrating a practical implementation of platform-based labor matching with emphasis on trust and transparency. Key Words: Gig Economy, Service Marketplace, Digital Platform, Worker-Employer Matching, MERN Stack, Trust Systems, Informal Labor Market

Single Page Applications (SPAs) have reshaped web development by improving responsiveness and interactivity, but the shift of application logic and data handling to the client side has introduced security challenges that traditional server-centric models do not adequately address. This study proposes and validates a threat model specifically designed for SPAs, focusing on two widely adopted JavaScript frameworks, React and Vue.js. Two prototype applications with equivalent functionality were developed and evaluated using a modified STRIDE methodology, combining static analysis tools (ESLint, SonarQube, Snyk), dynamic testing tools (OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite), and manual inspection of client-side code and runtime behavior. The analysis identified common vulnerabilities across both frameworks, including DOM-based XSS, insecure token storage, broken route guards, and exposed API endpoints. React showed higher risk when unsafe rendering practices such as dangerously SetInnerHTML were used, while Vue’s vulnerabilities were linked to insecure use of v-html and un validated dynamic imports. Mitigation strategies, including input sanitization, Http Only cookie-based token storage, Content Security Policy (CSP), and strict route guards, significantly reduced vulnerabilities. This work delivers a structured SPA-specific threat model and reproducible methodology, providing developers and security practitioners with actionable guidance for building more secure client-side applications.

This research focuses on the development of a freelance e-commerce website for WardellTech using the Laravel framework. The objective is to build a web-based platform that is secure, responsive, and user-friendly, supporting freelance service transactions. Laravel was selected for its structured MVC architecture, built-in security features, and its ability to streamline development and maintenance. A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document was created to define both functional and non-functional requirements in detail, ensuring that all stakeholders—developers, testers, and project managers—have a unified understanding of the system. WardellTech specializes in web and mobile application development, emphasizing quality design, user experience, and data security. Therefore, the website integrates key features such as secure payment gateways, intuitive navigation, and optimized performance. Continuous analysis and improvement of the user interface are also prioritized to enhance usability and customer satisfaction. The final system is expected to not only meet WardellTech’s business needs but also compete effectively in the freelance digital services market. Additionally, it is designed to adapt to ongoing technological advancements and evolving user demands in the dynamic e-commerce landscape.

Abstract - Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming web development by automating design, improving user experience, and accelerating deployment. This study examines AI tools like AutoGPT, Devin, and GPT-4V, comparing traditional and AI-driven workflows in terms of speed, scalability, and personalization efficiency. It analyses AI’s impact on front-end and back-end development, ethical considerations, and evolving developer roles. The paper also outlines future trends such as emotionally adaptive interfaces, inclusive design, and management guidelines, emphasizing AI as a key driver of adaptive and intelligent web systems. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Web Development, Machine Learning, Code Automation, AI Tools

Serverless computing represents a major advancement in cloud technology by abstracting infrastructure management and enabling developers to focus solely on application logic. It follows an on-demand trigger-based execution in which functions are automatically executed in response to specific triggers, whereas cloud providers handle the provisioning, scaling, and maintenance. This architecture promotes rapid development, dynamic scalability, and cost efficiency through cost model that charges per execution. Core technologies such as function-as-a-service (FaaS) and backend-as-a-service (BaaS) have become fundamental to this paradigm, supporting applications across domains, including web development, IoT, artificial intelligence, and large-scale data processing. Despite its benefits, serverless computing faces persistent challenges, such as initial-execution delay, provider dependency, limited control over runtime environments, and difficulty in monitoring stateless distributed functions. Ongoing research is directed toward enhancing portability, optimizing performance, and integrating serverless computing with emerging paradigms such as edge computing and quantum computing.

Imagify is a text-to-image generator that uses the MERN stack -MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js- to create a user-friendly, scalable, and real time environment for turning text descriptions into images. It combines a transformer- based model for understanding language with either a diffusion or GAN- based network for generating images, allowing it to create visual that accurately match the meaning of the input text with high quality. In Imagify, the frontend is built with React.js, which makes the user experience smooth, responsive, and allows for real- time previews as users input their prompts. The backend runs on Node.js and Express.js, which manage the API calls, run the image generation processes, and keep the frontend connected to the AI model. MongoDB is used to store user input, image links, and usage data which helps keep the system organize and scalable. This setup enables multiple users to access and use the system at the same time with very little delay. Tests show that imagify can consistently produce images that are both meaningful and visually correct, even with a wide range of prompts. It has strong potential for use in areas like digital art, teaching tools, content creation, and helping people who may not have artistic skills. Overall, Imagify is a great example of combining modern web development with deep learning models, offering a dependable platform for generating images from text and showing the future of AI- powered creativity

Abstract – Domain: Artificial Intelligence | Subdomain: Web Development, EdTech Problem Statement: Many learners struggle to find an engaging, structured platform that allows them to grow as coders while building practical skills. Traditional coding practice websites focus only on problem-solving, lacking personalized feedback, project-building, and AI-based learning paths. Solution: Codenest is a web-based AI-powered platform designed to help coders grow by solving problems, receiving personalized recommendations, and building projects. It provides a live compiler, AI-driven challenge suggestions, and performance analytics. Codenest encourages growth through coding contests, interactive challenges, and community collaboration. Key Words: Coding Platform, Artificial Intelligence, Adaptive Learning, Web Application, Skill Development, Online Judge, EdTech

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is one of the top server-side scripting languages used worldwide; taking 78.3% of the server-side programming language. It has become the de-facto for web programming not just in the Philippines but around the globe. Programming skills are vital to academics and professionals. It empowers the ability to analyze, manipulate, create and support this digital landscape as a way of solving complex problems. This quantitative research investigates the competencies of the Bicol University College of Science, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) in terms of their self-assessed familiarity with PHP of fifty one (51) BSIT students. The researcher made use of Likert scale in Student’s Demographic, Attitude towards Web Programming and Practice in Web Programming to measure the PHP Programming familiarity of the students. Analyzed data revealed an average level of familiarity of 3.16 indicating moderate competency in PHP programming. Gender distribution was balanced with 27 male and 24 female respondents and an average level of programming attitude of 2.75 indicating a fair level of time devoted to PHP practices. Additionally, 43 out of 44 students reported experience in developing PHP applications. Confidence was highest for locally hosted environments but declined for cloud-hosted applications. There is a high-level of hands-on experience in terms of building PHP projects which shows that majority of the students have created web applications. Further, this highlights potential curriculum gaps in hands-on PHP projects and advanced programming topics and recommends the need for curriculum enhancement and exposure to cloud-hosted applications to better equip students with the necessary skills for real-world web development challenges.

This paper presents the development of a modular and customizable e-commerce platform, focusing on improving operational efficiency and user experience. The main objective is to demonstrate the application of modern web development technologies to create a flexible and adaptable e-commerce system. The adopted methodology consists of a bibliographic review on modular architecture applied to web systems, combined with the development of a functional prototype using React for the front-end, Spring Boot for the back-end, and MongoDB as a NoSQL database. Essential e-commerce functionalities were implemented, such as user registration and authentication, product catalog, shopping cart, order creation, and an administrative dashboard for product and user management. The results obtained demonstrate that platform modularization enables greater scalability, easier maintenance, and expansion of functionalities, favoring the evolution of the system as the business grows. It is concluded that this modular platform model can significantly contribute to the creation of more dynamic and economically viable solutions for digital retail in small and medium-sized enterprises, and that its adoption favors rapid adaptation to market changes and user needs.

This research examines the "Barangay Opportunity and Leadership for Development and Educational Readiness of the Out-of-School Youth" (BOLDER OSY) initiative in Barangay Gulod, Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines. The study aims to assess its broader effects on the socio-economic structure of the barangay by analyzing BOLDER OSY's impact on the educational, personal, and societal pathways of out-of-school youth. Specifically, the objectives include collecting demographic data such as age, gender, civil status, and religious affiliation to understand participant diversity; evaluating the effectiveness of the training in enhancing understanding of various Web development techniques, including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP/MySQL, and web hosting; examining the significance of hands-on exercises, workshops, and take-home activities in the training; and identifying ways to improve future training programs based on participant feedback. Data from the training and post-training evaluations include both qualitative and quantitative insights. The results emphasize the program's positive influence on participants' quality of life, career opportunities, income potential, and web development skills. Participants report satisfaction with the hands-on exercises and workshops, which motivate their pursuit of education and careers in Information Technology. The study suggests adding longer discussion periods to future training sessions. Overall, BOLDER OSY functions as an effective community-driven model, offering valuable insights for similar initiatives in other communities.

Objective. The objective of this study is to perform a software analysis of the Slowloris cyberattack and implement a protection mechanism against a Slowloris-type DDoS attack. Method . PHP was chosen for the development of the software tool, as it has established itself as one of the most popular and widely used languages in web development. The PhpStorm IDE from JetBrains was also selected along with the programming language. Result. A software mechanism for protection against a Slowloris-type DDoS attack has been developed. The mechanism has several advantages over similar approaches: the software can be used free of charge and is modifiable; it meets modern password strength requirements; it uses the HTTPS protocol for secure connections; it encrypts requests; it hashes user authorization data (login, password) and stores it in a database on the server, etc. Conclusion . The developed software tool can be used as an embedded protection mechanism for any authorization or registration pages, allowing for the automatic blocking of potentially dangerous connections.

The article describes the control activities implemented when teaching schoolchildren the profession of a web developer in the elective course "Fundamentals of Web Application Development". Tasks for the entrance, current, midterm and final control are given. It is argued why it is necessary to rely on the professional standard "Web and Multimedia Application Developer" when developing this elective course. The importance of all types of control in this elective course is shown. Tasks for projects that serve as the basis for control activities are formulated.

The development of information technology requires society to acquire skills in web development, particularly in creating company profile websites that serve as essential media for information and company promotion. The partners of this program still face limitations in understanding website design, including database, backend, and frontend aspects. The solution provided was intensive online training aimed at improving participants’ knowledge and practical skills. The methods applied consisted of interactive lectures, hands-on practice, and discussion sessions. The results showed an improvement in participants’ abilities to design and implement company profile websites in line with current digital needs. The outcomes of this program include learning modules, e-certificates, and online documentation, which are expected to contribute to enhancing community competence in information technology, especially in web development.

HighlightsWhat are the main findings?Real-time environmental surveillance of the Ystwyth River was conducted using AquaSonde sensors (Aquaread Water Monitoring Instruments, Kent, United Kingdom).High-frequency monitoring captured short-term turbidity and nutrient fluctuations linked to rainfall and agricultural activity.Land-use analysis showed improved grassland and livestock farming as major influences on water-quality variability.A web and mobile application was developed for data visualisation with site-specific pollutant markers.What are the implications of the main findings?Continuous sensor monitoring improves temporal resolution and enables real-time detection of event-driven pollution.Integrating sensor data with land-use mapping supports identification of pollution hotspots and informed catchment management.The system promotes proactive water management, with future AI and satellite integration to enhance prediction and mitigation.Monitoring water quality in Welsh rivers has become a critical public concern, particularly in efforts to address pollution and protect the environment. This study presents the development and assessment of an interactive web and mobile application, featuring a real-time mapping interface built using the Mapbox framework. The platform provides stakeholders, including farmers, environmental agencies, and the public, with easy access to real-time water quality data using the Ystwyth River in Mid-Wales as a trial system. Users can click on map markers to view sensor readings for key water quality parameters. These include pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS) and nutrients levels such as nitrate (NO3). This paper focuses on the feasibility of combining in situ sensor technology with a user-friendly mobile app to enable stakeholders to visualize the impact of land management practices and make informed decisions. The system aims to enhance environmental surveillance, increase transparency, and promote sustainable agricultural practices by providing critical water quality information in an accessible format. Future developments will explore the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for predictive modelling and satellite data for broader spatial coverage, with the goal of scaling up the system to other catchments and improving proactive water quality management.

The rapid growth of information technology and the increasing use of websites in economic, social, and educational activities have caused a continuous rise in energy consumption within digital systems. This is especially true for websites that are not designed with resource efficiency and sustainable principles in mind. These trends have led to considerable levels of carbon dioxide emissions, which affect environmental stability. This study focuses on two main goals. The first goal is to analyze and assess the environmental impact of the 100 most visited websites in Thailand. The second goal is to offer practical recommendations for creating websites that reduce negative effects on the environment. A quantitative research method was used. The top 100 websites in Thailand were assessed using international tools such as Website Carbon Calculator and Ecoindex. These tools are well recognized in academic fields and helped measure several important factors. These include the amount of data transferred, the number of HTTP requests, the total size of each webpage, the complexity of website content, the location of hosting servers, the energy source used by the hosting providers, the use of content delivery networks, and the application of caching techniques. The findings presented a cause for concern. Most websites showed a high level of carbon emissions. Sixty-four percent of the assessed websites received an F rating based on the Website Carbon Calculator, indicating the highest environmental impact. Data analysis revealed that the most efficient websites released only 0.21 grams of carbon dioxide per visit. In contrast, the least efficient websites emitted up to 26.62 grams per visit. When projected to 10,000 visits, the highest emitting websites could release over 266 kilograms of carbon dioxide. This amount equaled to what approximately 146 trees would need to absorb through photosynthesis to maintain carbon balance. Results from Ecoindex supported these findings. Eighty percent of the websites showed poor performance, especially in terms of page weight, request count, and website complexity. Further analysis showed that many websites had an average of 189 HTTP requests per page. This number was far higher than the recommended range for sustainable web development. In comparison, websites with a lower environmental footprint had no more than 30 requests per page. Additional analysis found that oversized image files, uncompressed videos, and unnecessary or inefficient code were the main reasons for excessive data use and energy consumption. An assessment of web hosting providers revealed mixed practices. About 53% of the websites used hosting services that support renewable energy or have certifications from organizations like the Green Web Foundation. However, the remaining 47% used hosting services that could not clearly verify their energy sources. Based on this field study and a review of 34 academic articles published between 2016 and 2025, the researcher identified six key practices for sustainable website development. These practices include 1) choosing environmentally friendly hosting and content networks, 2) planning goals clearly during the development process, 3) designing websites for energy efficiency, 4) using technical development that reduces data load, 5) regularly monitoring performance, and 6) increasing awareness through support from the public sector. This research highlights that even though sustainable web practices have been widely developed and disseminated globally, many challenges still exist in applying them in the Thai context. These include a lack of deep knowledge, low awareness at both the individual and organizational level, and limited support from national policy. Therefore, the study recommends that the government develop clear policy frameworks and encourage cooperation with private companies to support environmentally responsible website development. Such efforts are necessary for Thailand to move toward long-term sustainable development in a practical and effective way.

This study investigates how software developers discuss usability on Stack Overflow through an analysis of posts from 2008 to 2024. Despite recognizing the importance of usability for software success, there is a limited amount of research on developer engagement with usability topics. Using mixed methods that combine quantitative metric analysis and qualitative content review, we examine temporal trends, comparative engagement patterns across eight non-functional requirements, and programming context-specific usability issues. Our findings show a significant decrease in usability posts since 2010, contrasting with other non-functional requirements, such as performance and security. Despite this decline, usability posts exhibit high resolution efficiency, achieving the highest answer and acceptance rates among all topics, suggesting that the community is highly effective at resolving these specialized questions. We identify distinctive platform-specific usability concerns: web development prioritizes responsive layouts and form design; desktop applications emphasize keyboard navigation and complex controls; and mobile development focuses on touch interactions and screen constraints. These patterns indicate a transformation in the sharing of usability knowledge, reflecting the maturation of the field, its integration into frameworks, and the migration to specialized communities. This first longitudinal analysis of usability discussions on Stack Overflow provides insights into developer engagement with usability and highlights opportunities for integrating usability guidance into technical contexts.

In the fast-paced world of web development, making sure things work right on all browsers is super important for giving users a good experience, no matter what device they're using. Since web apps are getting more complicated and doing more advanced stuff, we really need good ways to test them. One smart way to do this is by using Selenium Grid with JavaScript to test how well web apps respond on different devices. Selenium Grid lets developers run tests at the same time on lots of different browsers and computers, which saves a lot of time [1]. Plus, using JavaScript in this setup lets them write flexible test scripts that can handle all the little differences between browsers, giving them a strong solution for dealing with each browser's quirks [2].Besides these tech tools, there's also a chance to get a lot more done. Studies show that using automated testing like Selenium can cut down testing time by as much as 90% compared to doing it by hand. This lets teams spend more time on the important parts of development [3]. Also, research has found that Selenium's automated tests are not only faster but also more accurate because they reduce human mistakes. This makes sure that responsiveness and functionality are checked carefully before the app is released [4]. This combo of speed and accuracy is key in a market where people expect web apps to work well on all sorts of devices and screen sizes. Web solutions for phones and computers are still pretty different, so we need a testing method that can handle all those differences. Combining responsive design ideas with thorough cross-browser testing helps solve a big problem for developers today: making sure apps work smoothly on different resolutions and user interfaces [5]. With Selenium Grid, developers can change testing resources on the fly, running tests on different browsers at the same time, which speeds up the development process [6]. This ability to run tests in parallel not only uses resources better but also makes sure tests cover a lot of ground. This is really important for spotting rendering differences that could mess up the user experience [7]. Also, as users expect more and more, it's getting more important to check the interface carefully. Testing setups that use JavaScript in Selenium scripts let you easily add checks that confirm the app is responding correctly and that interactive parts are working as they should [8]. Tools built this way help us get a better handle on browser compatibility problems, which often make users unhappy [9]. By using well-planned test cases that are made for specific browser behaviors, apps can be tweaked to work the same on all platforms. This builds user trust and keeps them coming back [10]. As developers aim for top-notch web apps, we can't forget about performance. Using real-time tracking and reporting in Selenium lets teams grab important performance data during testing, giving them insights that help them make things even better [11]. This kind of openness is super useful for seeing how design changes affect app performance and responsiveness. It lets teams make smart decisions when they're improving user interfaces and features [12]. Plus, adding continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) strategies with Selenium Grid testing makes the development pipeline stronger, leading to smoother updates and releases [13]. Basically, using Selenium Grid and JavaScript together for responsive web apps makes cross-browser testing way more efficient while also making sure users have a great experience. This method not only speeds up testing but also makes web apps more reliable and adaptable across different platforms, which is what today's users need [14]. As more people want web solutions that are responsive and work everywhere, using these methods will be key to doing great development, which will shape the future of web app testing and release [15]. So, improving these testing frameworks along with new technologies will stay at the forefront of making development better and keeping users happy [16]. As the industry moves forward, using these strategies will only get more important, creating a strong base for new ideas and excellence in the world of web apps [17].

The “T multi-layer architecture” refers to the three-tier application architecture commonly used in web development, which consists of the presentation layer (client), application logic layer (middle tier), and data access layer (server). This architecture extends the traditional client/server model by introducing a dedicated application server layer to handle business logic, thereby separating user interface functions from data processing. The term “T” metaphorically represents the structural division among these layers, enabling modular management and load balancing. The client-server interaction follows a three-tier model: the client layer handles user interface communication, the application server layer processes business logic, and the data layer manages database operations. This separation allows the application server to share processing loads, addressing the overburden issue in traditional C/S architectures. The middle tier acts as a bridge, ensuring seamless data flow between the client and server. The 30% increase in student engagement was measured via dual methods (1) automated tracking of platform interactions (e.g., number of case studies accessed, quiz attempts, and discussion forum contributions): and (2) a 5-point Likert scale survey administered mid-course and at completion. For the 80% understanding improvement, students completed pre-and post-course concept mapping exercises focused on complex cost topics (e.g., bill of quantities valuation), with evaluators blind-coded to assess map complexity and accuracy. On average, students spend approximately 2 hours per week engaging with course content on the ECTP. A survey of students rated the user interface with a high ease-of-use score of 4.5. Furthermore, 70% of students noted significant improvements in their problem-solving abilities after using the platform. Project cost information management involves complex logic and lengthy processes. An efficient cost information system is essential to manage these workflows and standardize business procedures. The adaptive learning-based ECTP was designed with this goal in mind, integrating fragmented cost data for educational purposes.