Weather Modification Technology Research Articles

Spatial Analysis of Forest Fire Potential in Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Parigi Moutong District, Central Sulawesi

This study aims to analyze the potential for forest fires in Pangi Binangga Nature Reserve, Parigi Moutong District, Central Sulawesi, by utilizing geographic information system data and mapping areas based on fire potential. The research method involved field surveys and the analysis of primary and secondary data. Forest fire hazards maps were obtained from the analysis of Landsat satellite images that were classified to provide information on land cover, slope, distance from roads, and categorized based on predetermined weighting categories. The overlay process was conducted using Geographic Information System software. The main findings indicate that the area has diverse land cover, with reed grassland savanna having the highest fire hazards covering an area of 1203.78 ha. Very steep slopes cover 339.94 ha, and the distance from roads and settlements to the highest hazards point is 140 meters. These variables also influence the level of hazards. Implications of this study include the placement of forest fire prevention patrols, the use of weather modification technology, and post-fire support to restore ecosystems.

The Influence of Production Factors on the Productivity of Weather Modification Technology Services at the Center for Weather Modification Technology

This study aims to determine the effect of flight costs, seedlings and production factors on TMC productivity, as well as the effect of production factors simultaneously on TMC productivity, as well as the effect of TMC productivity on TMC benefits. The object of this research is the Central Bureau of Weather Modification Technology customers. Center for Weather Modification Technology with its address at Gedung Geostech 820, Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, South Tangerang. Analysis tools using SPSS. The results of the study are the cost of flights and seedling costs not significantly positive effect on TMC productivity, HR costs have no significant negative effect on TMC productivity, also the three independent variables simultaneously have a significant positive effect on TMC productivity, but TMC productivity is found to be significantly positive effect on benefits TMC.
 Keywords : Production, Flight Costs, Seedling Costs, HR Costs, TMC Productivity

Measuring the Results of Weather Modification Technology for Forest Fire Mitigation in Indonesia

Weather Modification Technology (WMT) is one of reliable solution that is often used in forest fire mitigation activity in Indonesia. Through the process of physically engineering clouds into rain and rewetting peatlands, it is hoped to help suppress hotspots and prevent forest fires from spreading. In this study, an analysis of forest fire mitigation activities in the area of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, shows that WMT can increase rainfall by up to 30% during its implementation period. WMT activity is also able to assist in suppressing the escalation of hotspots in the targeted areas. By increasing rainfall, WMT also plays a role in maintaining the wetness of peatlands, thus minimizing the potential for fire expansion. This study also explains that the role of the Indonesian Government in implementing WMT for forest fire mitigation continues to experience development.

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Tropical Peat Land Fire Disasters Using Weather Modification Technology

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Tropical Peat Land Fire Disasters Using Weather Modification Technology

The Influence of Production Factors on the Productivity of Weather Modification Technology Services at the Center for Weather Modification Technology

The Influence of Production Factors on the Productivity of Weather Modification Technology Services at the Center for Weather Modification Technology

The Influence of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty at the Center for Weather Modification Technology

The Influence of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty at the Center for Weather Modification Technology

Assessment of Cloud Resources and Potential for Rain Enhancement: Case Study—Minas Girais State, Brazil

Water scarcity due to rainfall variability, and exacerbated by climate change, is prevalent in many regions of the world. Lack of precipitation and excessive water extraction contribute to the intensification of the problem. Among different mitigation measures, rain enhancement through cloud seeding could be a tool as part of a water management strategy to replenish ground water sources. However, implementation of this technology requires proper preliminary analysis of the available cloud data and specific meteorological conditions under which rainfall forms. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential of for rain enhancement in Minas Gerais State in Brazil. The paper focuses on analysis of multiyear climate reanalysis ERA-5, upper air sounding, weather radar and ground stations data. Analysis showed that, between 2000 and 2019, precipitation declined on average by 212 mm per annum or 21% compared to the long term climatological mean. The natural precipitation, however, remains sufficiently high to implement weather modification technology. Assuming an increase of 15–20% could be achieved on a catchment area basis, the increases would be significant and could offset the recently observed decline in natural precipitation. The methodology proposed in this study can be used as a baseline for similar analysis in other vulnerable regions of the world experiencing freshwater shortages or declines. Its shortcomings and uncertainties are also discussed.

Modeling cloud seeding technology for rain enhancement over the arid and semiarid areas of Ethiopia

The government of Ethiopia has started exploring different innovative approaches to tackle the scarcity of water in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. In line with this strategy, precipitation enhancement through weather modification technology is getting strong attention and some initial attempts have been made to assess its feasibility. Therefore, this paper aims to model cloud-seeding technology for rain enhancement and check its effectiveness in arid and semiarid regions of Ethiopia. Different relevant measurements including ground-based as well as reanalysis data from 2021 to 2022 are used to improve relevant cloud-seeded models. Reanalysis data are validated with ground-based data using different error metrics. The improved cloud-seeded modeling is developed for precipitation enhancement for the arid and semiarid regions of Ethiopia. An atmospheric moisture budget is used for improving the cloud-seeded model. The results indicated that the developed model and the direct operation are well agreed upon. The relative precipitation (RP) (after the application of cloud-seeded per before the application of cloud-seeded during spring, summer, and autumn is found 1.31, 0.98, and 1.03 respectively. The changing precipitation between cloud seeded and before seeded for spring, summer, and autumn is found at 1.38, −0.19, and 0.11 mm respectively; whereas changing temperature is found at 1.08, 1.78, and −1.06 k respectively. In general, the model result indicated that cloud-seeded technology is effective over Ethiopia when the daily resultant wind speed is less than 1.5 m/s and cloud base height (CBH) is less than 1700 m. Furthermore, by observing RP from the improved cloud-seeded model results, rain enhancement science is applicable for Ethiopia during the spring and slightly autumn seasons. Hence, before artificial aerosol is seeded into the cloud, the operators should be nowcast and forecast the daily wind speed and CBH of the target area unless an economic crisis will have happened.

Weather Modification Technology as an Engineering Solution for Reducing Peat Fire Disasters

The objectives of this research are to investigate the effectiveness of an application of weather modification technology (WMT) in reducing peat fire disasters; and to generate trends and correlations between the implementation of WMT with 3 variables, improvement of precipitation rates, reduction of hotspot cases, and reducing the size of burnt areas. A cloud seeding method was applied in the WMT processes by spraying ultra-giant nucleic (10-50 microns) of NaCl throughout airplanes within the Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia, 2020. The target-only method was applied for evaluating an increase in the precipitation rates during the TMC period of 2017-2020. Three satellites (TRMM, Landsat, and MODIS) data and geographical information system (GIS) were applied in the calculation of precipitation rates, hotspots, and peat fire (burnt) areas. The results showed that during 4 years of the observation period, the implementation of WMT in this research location was considered effective in improving the precipitation rates as PCH = 1.33 >1. There was also a trend that the higher the precipitation rates were, the lower the size of burnt areas would be (R² > 80%). This article is expected to be a reference for further research and development in peat fire mitigation and control.

The role of Weather Modification Technology for forest and land fire disaster mitigation in the perspective of carbon emission reduction in Indonesia

This paper reviews the effectiveness of implementing Weather Modification Technology (WMT) in efforts to control forest and land fire disasters in Indonesia. Analysis is carried out on several parameters in the field that can be measured and observed. WMT has been proven to be able to increase rainfall intensity by 12.9% and shorten the duration of Consecutive No Rain Days, which in turn can reduce the number of hotspot events in the target area. The implementation of WMT during the rainy season transition period has also been proven to be able to increase the peatland groundwater level, which ultimately shortens the drought period in the target area. The WMT implementation program, which has become increasingly well-planned in the last 4 years (2020-2023), has proven to be able to reduce the number of hotspot incidents, the extent of forest and land fires, and the amount of carbon emissions in Indonesia quite significantly. Based on updated data until September 2023, the number of hotspots, burnt area, and total carbon emissions in Indonesia were "only" 22%, 38.9%, and 5.3% respectively compared to the numbers in 2019, which was both an El Nino year.

SEBARAN SPASIAL WILAYAH RAWAN KEKERINGAN LAHAN TANAMAN PADI SEBAGAI UPAYA MANAJEMEN RISIKO BENCANA KEKERINGAN DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR

Drought is one of the events which cause a lot of negative impact on the region, the area of agriculture drought can reduce yield and cause crop failure. East Java province is one of the largest contributors to the national rice production in Indonesia. Increased agricultural production can be done with risk management with a variety of drought mitigation strategies and disaster relief efforts preventive. One such effort is to make early control planning using drought-prone maps. Based on data analysis and processing of the obtained results that the distribution of drought in East Java province when the dry season, is very vulnerable category almost dominates the region's peak in August to October. Entering the rainy season spreading drought began to decrease, but the coastal areas are still in a very vulnerable category. The characteristics of the region is very vulnerable category during the year were in Sampang, Pamekasan, Sumenep, Tulungagung and part of the north coast of East Java Province which has the least rainfall than other areas and the climate is very dry. The movement patterns prone to drought from January to May, with a category extremely prone generally around the north coast of East Java Province, entered the month of June to November the drought extends further into the center of East Java Province, then in December the level of dryness safely started having additional area amid Province East Java. Risk management drought in East Java province, especially for areas prone and extremely vulnerable to the need for the regulation of early warning system for extreme climatic (ENSO), which affects drought, local legislation to establish the scale of priorities for the use dn water management, preparation of hazard maps of drought, determination anticipatory technology (manufacture ponds, weather modification technology, alternative energy sources, adjustment of cropping and cultivation technology) and irrigation systems adapted to climate forecasting, development of reward and punishment system for the people who do the conservation and rehabilitation of water and land resources.

Contribution of Weather Modification Technology for Forest and Peatland Fire Mitigation in Riau Province

Peat and forest fire have become an annual disaster and one of which is due to low rainfall. The highest insecurity of forest and peatland fires thus occurs in the dry season, where rainfall is very low, and the intensity of the sun is high. The smoke and carbon emitted result in rising air temperatures and cause global warming. Mitigation and control measures before they happen are necessary. Weather Modification Technology (WMT) serves as one of the technological solutions to control forest fires by increasing rainfall in potentially affected locations. This study aims at examining the level of effectiveness of WMT performance in mitigating forest fires in Riau Province conducted in 2020 measured by rainfall intensity, hotspots decreased, and land water level increased. We used descriptive and inferential statistical approaches using Groundwater Level (GwL) measured data as the parameter for forest and land fire mitigation. The flammable peatland indicator is when the water level is lower than 40 cm below the surface of the peatland. In addition, we also utilized rainfall, surface peat water level, and hotspots. The study was conducted in Riau Province from July 24 – October 31, 2020. The results showed that the operation of WMT increased rainfall by 19.4% compared to the historical average in the same period. Rain triggered by WMT contributed to maintaining zero hotspots with a confidence level of 80%. The regression analysis of GwL to rainfall (RF) as depicted by Gwl = - 0.66 + 0.001 RF shows a positive correlation between the two. It thus confirms that WMT can be used as a technology to mitigate forest and land fire disasters.

2nd AIR SCADRON STRATEGY INCREASING SUPPORT OF AIR DEFENSE OPERATIONS THROUGH WEATHER MODIFICATION TECHNOLOGY

The involvement of the Indonesian Air Force in Weather Modification Technology Operations is part of Military Operations Other than War. Along with the rapid development of technology in the field of Weather Modification which makes the use of this technology easier. One of the benefits of Operation Weather Modification Technology is to support Air Defense Operations. However, in several implementations there are several obstacles encountered, the Air Squadron is not yet equipped with a sophisticated weather radar. Today's weather radar requires a technology upgrade. The 2nd Air Squadron had problems carrying out TMC Operations at night. In order for the use of Weather Modification Technology to be used optimally for military operations and able to support air defense operations, an effective and efficient strategy is needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main obstacles, the implementation of Air Defense Operations, possible air threats and strategies to increase support for air defense operations through the use of Weather Modification Technology by the Air Squadron 2. The research method used is a qualitative case study design. Theories used include strategy, air power, weather manipulation and air defense operations. The results of this study are the main obstacles encountered related to the use of Air Squadron TMC are weather conditions, lack of raw materials and inadequate equipment. The conditions for the implementation of air defense operations are not optimal and there are several threats that can arise in the Indonesian air sovereignty area. The strategy used to achieve the goal is to overcome existing obstacles and improve the ability of the Air Squadron 2 through existing instruments. The conclusion of this study is that threats to air sovereignty can be anticipated by optimizing the Air Squadron 2's weather modification capabilities.Keywords : 2nd Air Squadron Ability, Air Defense Operations, Utilization, Strategy, Weather Modification Technology

Operation and Water Management of Dam Cascade System

The Larona River Basin which covers an area of 2,477 km2, including the three cascading lakes: Matano, Mahalona and Towuti, is a strategic watershed which acts as the water resource for three hydropower plants that supply 420 Megawatt of electricity to power a nickel processing plant and its supporting facilities and electricity need of the surrounding communities. The maximum and minimum operating levels of Lake Towuti are 319.6 meters (asl) and 317.45 meters (asl) respectively. The optimization of water resources management in the Larona Basin is important to fulfil the need to produce the energy sources. Weather Modification Technology in the form of cloud seeding is needed to produce rain which will increase the volume of water in the lake when the lake water level decreased. In the rainy season, spillway operations in all dams must be optimized because the water levels upstream and downstream are continuously monitored to prevent the impact of flooding in both areas.

Are persistent aircraft trails a threat to the environment and health?

According to most scientific studies, media and governments, the white trails that can be seen behind aircraft in flight, corresponding to condensation mixed with engine particulate emissions, only persist under specific atmospheric conditions. They are called condensation trails, and cirrus contrails when they remain for hours to reach several kilometers wide. The fact that they have gradually filled the skies over the last twenty years would be due to the increase in air traffic. However, other official documents link these persistent trails to a weather modification technology called solar geoengineering by stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI). These sprays would be mainly composed of metallic particles (Al, Ba, Sr, Fe, nanoparticles) and sulfur, which would considerably increase air, soil and water pollution. Many of the current environmental and health problems are consistent with those described in the literature on solar geoengineering by SAI if this method was employed. For example, metal particles used are well known environmental contaminants, ozone layer depletion, cardiorespiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, sunburn. The observations (whiter skies, less solar power) also correspond to the same risks as those described in the solar geoengineering works. Patents show that this weather modification technology has been known and mastered for a long time. In addition, some scientific papers as well as policy documents suggest that solar geoengineering by SAI has been used for many years. The amount of official information presented in this review is intended to open new ways of investigation, free of conflicts of interest, about the growing global pollution of persistent aircraft trails and their possible links with solar geoengineering by SAI.

Management of Atmosphere Resources in Hydrometeorological Disaster Mitigation

<em>Hydrometeorological disaster management in Indonesia such as floods, drought, tornadoes, etc., which occur almost every year in Indonesian territory, is carried out with structural efforts, however, it seems that the occurrence of disasters is still occurring even the intensity is increasing. To minimize the occurrence of hydrometeorological disasters, it is necessary to try a non-structural approach, namely the Weather Modification Technology (WMT). The application of WMT for hydrometeorological disaster mitigation can be used as an alternative solution in disaster risk reduction in Indonesia. The current WMT can be used to increase rainfall, to reduce rainfall, to mitigate floods and to reduce smoke due to forest and land fires. The application of WMT for additional rainfall is able to increase rainfall by about 30%, while to reduce rainfall, it can reduce rainfall by about 30-35%. This technology can be used as an integral part in the management of water resources in Indonesia.</em>

Anion-based Weather Modification Technology to Reduce Food and Forest Fire Risks (Karhutla) during Covid-19 Pandemic

<em>During the dry season there was potential for forest and land fires and the water supply in the reservoir was reduced, including electricity & agriculture. An effort made by Government (1976-2020), was TMC (weather modification technology) which used aircraft and chemicals. Many roads lead to Rome, including Anion-based TMC and solar power. TMC Anion in Indonesia is still being studied, but in several countries it has entered the operational and commercial phases and can compete with the provision of clean water with other technologies. TMC studies and experiences in Australia, Oman, Jordan, as well as Germany, Switzerland and Russia. TMC is very prospect applied in Indonesia, also very economical. In addition, smoke as Karhutla particles is a problem, both visibility and ISPA disease, with TMC Anions smoke can be modified into CCN and finally into clouds and rain, so that Karhutla can be reduced and water supply can be fulfilled.</em>

Disaster Risk Mitigation for Forest and Land Fire Prevention in Sumatera

<em>The phenomenon of forest and land fires (karhutla) in Sumatera always recurs every year. During the dry season, it is necessary to be aware of the emergence of hotspots and be addressed immediately before an actual fire occurs. This study aims to prevent the risk of forest and land fires by applying Weather Modification Technology (TMC). The application of TMC is intended to wet the land (rewetting) so that hotspots do not appear. The research was conducted in Riau, Jambi and South Sumatera Provinces. Research observations were carried out from May to June 2020. The results showed that TMC could increase the intensity of rainfall. The volume of rainwater produced for Riau is 44.1 million m<sup>3</sup> and in Jambi and South Sumatera as much as 50.20 million m<sup>3</sup>. The rainfall that falls is expected to wet the peatlands and fill the peat domes so that TMAT (ground water level) is maintained and soil moisture is maintained. During the implementation of TMC, it was possible to keep the TMAT from dropping more than 40 cm, even for some locations where the TMAT peat measurement had increased.</em>

Evaluation the Effectiveness Implementation of the Weather Modification Technology for Mitigating Peatland Fires

The objective of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness implementation of the weather modification technology (WMT) for mitigating peatland fire disasters in Riau Province, Indonesia. The implementation of this WMT in Indonesia has been relatively new and challenging as this cutting-edge technology may increase the precipitation rates and therefore, it may reduce the risk of peat fire hazards in the huge massive areas. The Riau province has experienced serious peatland fire disasters from the period of 2014 to 2016. The evaluation of WMT in this article was focused on four regions within Riau encompassing Indragiri Hilir regency, Meranti Island, Pelalawan, and Siak. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data were used to calculate the precipitation rates. The method applied to evaluating the effectiveness of WMT was the Target Only Method (TOM). This method calculated the precipitation rates during the WMT period, which is compared to the historical precipitation data in a similar period. The total duration of a 3-year WMT implementation was 380 days, and the results were considered successful as an increase of precipitation rate (PCH) = 2.09 > 1.00. Hence, there was an increase in the average of precipitation rate during WMT period of 2014-2016 in Riau.

Overview of ground-based generator towers as cloud seeding facilities to optimize water resources in the Larona Basin

The Larona River Basin which cover an area of 2477 km2, including the three cascading lakes: Matano, Mahalona, and Towuti Lakes, is a strategic watershed which acts as the water resource for three hydropower plants that supply 420 Megawatt of electricity to power a nickel processing plant and its supporting facilities and electricity need of the surrounding communities. The maximum and minimum operating levels of Towuti Lake are 319.6 meters (asl) and 317.45 meters (asl) respectively. Total live storage between these two elevations is 1,231,500 m3. Currently, the operation average outflow from Towuti Lake to the power plants is 130.1 m3/second which is resulting in a total annual outflow volume of 4,103,000 m3. By comparing the outflow volume with the live storage volume, it is obvious that present live storage has a limited capability to carry over the capacity from wet to dry years. During a dry year, the outflow drops to 100 m3/second. Thus, the optimization of water resources management in the Larona Basin is important to fulfil the need to produce the energy sources. To deal with the decrease of the Lakes water level, the Weather Modification Technology in the form of cloud seeding is needed to produce rain that will increase the water volume in the Lakes. The dispersion of cloud seeding material into the targeted clouds can be done by surface seeding using the Ground-Based Generator (GBG) which utilize towers to release cloud seeding materials. The tower locations should be in certain altitude or higher locations and amounts in order to operate effectively with optimum results. The water discharges generated from the process is expected in accordance with the planning. The weather modification process is inefficient when the discharge is overflow the spillway channel. Cost incurred is in approximate of US$ $11,133,258.36 if the company is utilizing Diesel Power Plant and Steam Power Plant instead of the weather modification technology.