Weapon System Acquisition Research Articles

ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 기반 양산단계 무기체계 부품국산화 체계공학 개발관리 절차 적용 연구

Purpose In this study, we propose that how to approach a effective system engineering and optimize system engineering management process for the mass production weapon system parts localization development process and success in DTaQ. Methods To approach a effective system engineering for the mass production weapon system parts localization, we analyze a weapon system acquisition process and system engineering process of Republic of Korea and DTaQ parts localization business regulations in advance. after results of analysis of them, we implement a optimized parts localization development system engineering based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288. Results In order to apply International Standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 to the mass production weapon system parts localization development process, we compare the mass production weapon system parts localization acquisition environment with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 and analyze them. therefore, It is possible to implement a part of concept stage and development stage of ISO/IEC/IEEE total life cycle stage for the mass production weapon system parts localization development process. To achieve the technical review milestones of DTaQ parts localization business regulations in the selected stages of ISO/IEC/IEEE, the development and management agency perform 2 high rank process and 19 low rank process specified in ISO/IEC/IEEE. Conclusion When the development and management agency perform the mass production weapon system parts localization development using the proposed system engineering approach, they should easily meet milestone through the clarified requirement and simplified System Engineering output documents in limited development period. Key words: ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, System Engineering, Life Cycle, Development Management Process, parts Localization, Mass Production Weapon System

Inflation adjustments for defense acquisition

This paper describes recent research on cost indexes by the Institute for Defense Analyses. It was performed at the request of the Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation directorate in the Office of the Secretary of Defense to assist in meeting the requirement in the 2009 Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act to assess and update the cost deflators the Defense Department uses to adjust for price growth in costing and budgeting major systems. The paper’s focus is on aircraft procurement. The research analyzes deflator algorithms and data to determine the source of the wide differences in aircraft cost growth rates calculated by (a) the Gross Domestic Product deflator for the entire US market basket of goods and services, (b) the national defense index for military aircraft published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, and (c) the Producer Price Index for civilian aircraft published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The study demonstrates an alternative hedonic approach for calculating price indexes by using regression analysis to relate aircraft investment cost to the aircraft’s specific physical and operational design features such as weight and speed.

An Integrated DEA-AHP Model for the Acquisition of a Weapon System: Selection of a Next-Generation Fighter System in Korea

In this paper, we propose a data envelopment analysis (DEA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) integrated model to improve the selection process in the acquisition of a weapon system which is the key component to the success of the project. In particular, we applied DEA in the first stage to choose a frontier group among the candidates in the selection process of the next-generation fighter system (the 3rd FX) in Korea. Then, by using the Delphi technique, we surveyed military experts and applied AHP to determine the best choice among the candidates. The results of the study match the actual decision made by the Korean government in the weapon system acquisition. The results of the proposed DEA-AHP integrated method in the selection of the next-generation fighter systems in Korea demonstrate the usefulness of the method. In this paper, we also discuss the future implications of the proposed model.

DEVS 통합개발환경 기반 모의 어뢰 표적탐지부 연동장비 개발

ABSTRACTIt is necessary for us to undergo trial and error for eliciting the rational requirement of the acquisition of weapon systems, but the M&S is general approach due to costs and risk of the development. In addition to the acquisition of weapon systems, M&S is extensively employed in the analysis and the training of developed weapon systems. The ADD (Agency for Defense Development) has developed DEVS integrated development environment (QUEST) that provides M&S general ground technique composed of simulation model implementation services, simulation result analysis services, and simulation interface services. This paper describes the interface architecture and the implementation of torpedo target detection section interface simulation system using QUEST. The torpedo target detection section interface simulation system is composed of torpedo target detection section which calculates a result of target detection and the QUEST scenario generator which provides simulation scenario for performance test of the torpedo target detection section. The interface architecture of torpedo target detection section interface simulation system is designed to verify the interface and performance of the torpedo target detection section by linking with the QUEST scenario generator.

Notes on Contributors

Notes on Contributors

Military Simulation Big Data: Background, State of the Art, and Challenges

Big data technology has undergone rapid development and attained great success in the business field. Military simulation (MS) is another application domain producing massive datasets created by high-resolution models and large-scale simulations. It is used to study complicated problems such as weapon systems acquisition, combat analysis, and military training. This paper firstly reviewed several large-scale military simulations producing big data (MS big data) for a variety of usages and summarized the main characteristics of result data. Then we looked at the technical details involving the generation, collection, processing, and analysis of MS big data. Two frameworks were also surveyed to trace the development of the underlying software platform. Finally, we identified some key challenges and proposed a framework as a basis for future work. This framework considered both the simulation and big data management at the same time based on layered and service oriented architectures. The objective of this review is to help interested researchers learn the key points of MS big data and provide references for tackling the big data problem and performing further research.

무기체계 개발에서 RAMS 및 위험 관리를 통한 시험평가 프로세스의 개선에 관한 연구

As weapon systems become complex in terms of the scale and functionality, the required time to complete the test and evaluation (T&E) process is inevitably getting longer. However, nowadays the reduction of T&E period becomes one of the core targets in the weapon systems acquisition programs. This is because the reduced time for T&E process can yield the reduction of defense budget and also faster deployment of the weapon systems, thereby having a competitive edge over rival countries. On the other hand, in weapon systems development the management of reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS), and risk is considered important to keep competitiveness and thus has been carried out separately. Thus, the objective of this paper is to study on improving the T&E process by integrating the RAMS and risk management process in it. To do so, the related processes are analyzed and modeled first. Then an integrated process model is developed. The resulting model is equipped with the traceability among the data and interfaces that are generated from the T&E and RAMS/risk processes. As a case study, the model developed is applied in tanks development. The effective use of the traceability is expected to reduce the time and cost required to complete T&E process.

전산유체역학을 이용한 무기체계의 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 적용에 관한 연구

본 연구는 무기체계 획득의 신뢰성과 연구개발의 효과를 증대하기 위한 모델링과 시뮬레이션 방법을 전산유체역학을 이용하여 연구하였다. 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 이용한 시험 평가가 무기체계의 획득에 신뢰성을 줄 수 있고, 시험에 필요한 시간과 비용의 절감, 사전에 예측하고 사후에 검증이 가능한 자료를 제공할 수 있다. 그러나 현재 우리의 무기체계 획득에서는 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 적극적으로 활용하지 않고 있으며 검증을 위한 소프트웨어 사용도 제한되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전산유체역학을 이용한 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 위해 GAMBIT과 FLUENT를 이용하여 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 실시하였다. 그 결과 기존의 연구보다 더 좋은 결과 확인하였고 향후 무기체계의 획득과 연구개발에 많이 활용될 것으로 기대된다. This study, the reliability of weapon systems acquisition and research and development in order to increase the effect of the modeling and simulation method has been studied using computational fluid dynamics. Weapon system acquisition, Test & Evaluation for use in the modeling and simulation can reduce the reliability of the time and cost savings and possible predictions and verification, and can provide useful data. However, the current weapon system acquisition and active use of modeling and simulation and verification do not even use the software are restricted. In this study, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation using the GAMBIT and FLUENT modeling and simulation was performed. The result is better than previous research results were confirmed in future weapon systems acquisition and research and development are expected to be actively used.

무기체계 개발에서 시스템 안전성을 고려한 시험평가 프로세스의 개선에 관한 연구

With the recent changes in the environment of weapon systems acquisition, the systems development is becoming more susceptible to a variety of risks. To cope with this situation, US DoD has been emphasizing the importance of constantly applying the test and evaluation (T&E) process throughout the whole life cycle of the weapon systems. In particular, the safety requirements are called for attention while dealing with system risks. To this end, the present paper is aimed at studying the T&E process which incorporates the systems safety in weapon systems development. Analyzing and modeling the relevant processes has made it possible to achieve the objective. As a case study, the model results were applied to the development of unmanned aerial vehicles.

Reforming Weapon Systems Acquisition in the Department of Defense: The Case of the U.S. Army’s Advanced Attack Helicopter

Reforming Weapon Systems Acquisition in the Department of Defense: The Case of the U.S. Army’s Advanced Attack Helicopter

야전운용제원을 활용한 RAM분석 사례: 해군함정을 중심으로

야전운용제원을 이용한 RAM분석은 무기체계 도입과 운용에 유용한 중요 분석이다. 하지만 해군함정의 경우 분석에 핵심적인 고장정보가 없어 분석이 제대로 수행되지 못하는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 정비실적과 자재소비실적을 사용하여 고장을 추적하는 프로세스를 새롭게 제안하고, 제안한 방법으로 분석이 가능하다는 것을 입증하였다. 제안한 분석방법으로 함정 9척에 대해 분석한 결과, 실제 장비운용자들의 경험치와 상당히 부합하는 것으로 확인되어 그 타당성이 확보되었다. 국내 운용환경과 다양한 변수들의 영향이 반영된 연구결과는 기존의 RAM예측값 보정과 검증에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 자료가 충분히 누적된다면 한국 고유의 RAM분석DB로 활용이 가능할 것으로 예상한다. RAM analysis using field data is important and useful for acquisition and operation of weapon systems. But this kind of analysis didn't conducted due to the absence of weapon system's failure data in case of warship. This study suggest failure tracking process based on maintenance and repair parts consumption data and proves suggested method enables conducting RAM analysis. This method obtains validity through field operator's reviews. The results on 9 warships in this study significantly correspond with weapon system operator's experiences. Because the result of this study contains effects of various operational environments in field, it will useful for correction and verification on existing another weapon system's RAM estimates. If this kind of RAM data are sufficiently accumulated, it will be used to DB of korean unique RAM analysis.

Francouzská vojenská modernizace na konci prezidentství Nicolase Sarkozyho. Jsou cíle Bílé knihy dosažitelné?

This article aims to assess the fulfilment of goals of the White Paper on Defense in the areas of financing of the French Armed Forces and modernization of their equipment under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. Three indicators for this assessment are defined: the military budget of the French Armed Forces, the acquisition of modern weapon systems and assorted equipment, and extraordinary revenues and expenses of the French defense budget. The article comes to the conclusion that almost from the beginning there were serious difficulties in attaining the projected goals of the White Paper on Defense. In addition, it is concluded that we can expect a reduction of original goals in the course of the ongoing revision of the White Paper on Defense.

모의실험 기반의 해양무기체계 전투실험 프로세스 표준화 방안연구

Modeling & simulation-based battle experiments(BEx) is being used extensively as an efficient, scientific and rational verification methodology for maritime weapon system acquisition. However, research of definition and concept of BEx and standardized rules and process for the BEx are insufficient in recent military field of BEx. In this study, we discussed the definition and process of BEx based on the role of MND(including JCS), Navy and ADD and proposed the standardized process of BEx for maritime weapon system. Secondly suggested a evaluation methods of modeling and simulation-based BEx with MOP, MOF, MOE in linkage of engineering, engagement, mission and constructive model. Finally presented validate result that applied to the Torpedo using standardized process based on our proposed methodology.

수상함 개발에서 기술성숙도, 난이도 및 중요도 기반의 위험도 평가 방안

The objective of this paper is to propose a method of how to perform risk assessment in the early stage of defense research and development for the acquisition of weapon systems. An advanced method for risk assessment and its associated objective functions are developed first based on the concept of systems engineering. The developed method is then applied to carry out the analysis of alternatives in the trade-off environments. As a case study, the multi-purpose training ship is considered, where it is performed using the notions of technology readiness levels, degrees of difficulty, and technology need values to facilitate design space visualization and decision maker interaction. It is noted that decision makers can benefit from our approach as an improved risk assessment method in the context of multi-criteria decision making.

CER 선형결합을 통한 비용추정 모델 개발

The acquisition cost of defense weapon system has been continuously increasing because of art-of-technology of it. This phenomenon requires efficiency and transparency in the weapon system acquisition process through cost estimation. Therefore cost estimation is very important to the government acquisition programs to support decisions about funding and to evaluate resource requirement as a key decision point. The Commercial parametric cost estimating models have been using extensively to obtain appropriate cost estimates in early acquisition phase. These models have many restrictions to ensure the cost estimating result in Korean defense environment because they are developed based on foreign R&D data. Also estimation results are different from Korean defense industry accounting system. So, some studies have been tried to develop a CER (Cost Estimation Relationship) based on the Korean historical data. However, there are some restrictions to improve the predictability and ensure the stability of the developed singular CERs which consider the following data characteristics individually. The the abnormal conditions of data that is multicollinearity, outlier and heteroscedasticity under rack of the number of observations. In this paper, a CER's Linear Combining Model is proposed to overcome those limitations which guarantee more accurate estimation (25.42% higher precision) than other singular CERs. At least, this study is meaningful as a first attempt to improve the predictability of CER with insufficient data. The methodology suggested in this study will be useful to develop a complex Korean version cost estimating model development in future.

Enhanced Scenario-Based Method for Cost Risk Analysis: Theory, Application, and Implementation

In 2006, the scenario-based method was introduced as an alternative to advanced statistical methods for generating measures of cost risk. Since then, enhancements to the scenario-based method have been made. These include integrating historical cost performance data into the scenario-based method's algorithms and providing a context for applying the scenario-based method from the perspective of the 2009 Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act. Together, these improvements define the enhanced the scenario-based method. The enhanced scenario-based method is a historical data-driven application of scenario-based method. This article presents enhanced scenario-based method theory, application, and implementation. With today's emphasis on affordability-based decision-making, the enhanced scenario-based method promotes realism in estimating program costs by providing an analytically traceable and defensible basis behind data-derived measures of risk and cost estimate confidence. In memory of Dr. Steve Book, nulli...

Designed Experiments for the Defense Community

ABSTRACT The areas of application for design of experiments principles have evolved, mimicking the growth of U.S. industries over the last century, from agriculture to manufacturing to chemical and process industries to the services and government sectors. In addition, statistically based quality programs adopted by businesses morphed from total quality management to Six Sigma and, most recently, statistical engineering (see Hoerl and Snee 2010). The good news about these transformations is that each evolution contains more technical substance, embedding the methodologies as core competencies, and is less of a “program.” Design of experiments is fundamental to statistical engineering and is receiving increased attention within large government agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Department of Defense. Because test policy is intended to shape test programs, numerous test agencies have experimented with policy wording since about 2001. The Director of Operational Test & Evaluation has recently (2010) published guidelines to mold test programs into a sequence of well-designed and statistically defensible experiments. Specifically, the guidelines require, for the first time, that test programs report statistical power as one proof of sound test design. This article presents the underlying tenents of design of experiments, as applied in the Department of Defense, focusing on factorial, fractional factorial, and response surface design and analyses. The concepts of statistical modeling and sequential experimentation are also emphasized. Military applications are presented for testing and evaluation of weapon system acquisition, including force-on-force tactics, weapons employment and maritime search, identification, and intercept.

비용과 일정의 결합확률 분포를 적용한 위험비용추정에 관한 연구

The risk analysis plays an important role in weapon system acquisition project due to uncertainties in the acquisition process. But in domestic, studies on risk analysis are insufficient and risk cost is not included in acquisition budget in policy. Therefore, in this study, we suggest a method that measures risk or success probability of project using the stochastic model. In particular, in order to calculate the success probability, we apply the joint probability distribution model of cost and schedule that are critical factors influencing the project risk. And also we verify the applicability of this model in Korean defence industry environment through case studies.

무기체계의 효과적인 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 구현을 위한 전산유체역학 활용 연구

우리나라의 국방 분야에서 모델링 및 시뮬레이션의 수준은 외국에 비해 상당히 저조하며, 무기체계의 연구 개발과 획득에서 신뢰성 부분을 해결하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전산유체역학을 이용하여 M&S를 공학적인 차원에서 모델링과 시뮬레이션의 적용 가능성을 제시하고, 향후 효과적인 무기체계의 연구개발과 획득에 적극 활용하고자 한다. In Korea Defence in the field of modeling and simulation quite low compared to international levels, and Research & Development and acquisition of weapon systems do not address the reliability in the area is a Free. Thus, in this study using computational fluid dynamics engineering in terms of M & S and the applicability of the present, Future research and development of an effective weapons system acquisition would like to take advantage.

Cost of ownership model for spare engines purchase for the Korean navy acquisition program

Major weapon system acquisition programmes often require high initial purchase cost which can be a burden for the procurement of a highly reliable system. In order to avoid the tendency of acquiring a less expensive weapon system with lower performance, a cost of ownership (COO) model can be applied to assess the lifetime cost of the weapon system. In many existing cost estimation models for weapon systems, the failure rate of the system is assumed to be constant and the functional relationship between the initial purchase cost and maintenance cost is not well defined. In this paper, we propose a revised COO model where random effects models are employed to accommodate the variations of the system failure frequency and repair time. It is expected that our model can contribute to the cost-effective procurement of spare engines for the Korean Navy acquisition programme within the limited national defence budget.