Weak Economy Research Articles

The Autocrat-in-Training: The Sisi Regime at 10

Abstract: A decade has passed since General Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi assumed the Egyptian presidency. His reign has been marked by autocratic trial-and-error governance and the prioritization of personal desires and instincts over the needs of the Egyptian people. Sisi's focus on state-led infrastructure projects, such as the building of new cities and a new Suez Canal, initially stimulated economic growth but masked underlying economic weaknesses. His military-centered economic strategy expanded the military's role in the economy, leading to a precarious autocracy heavily reliant on coercion and external support. Sisi's economic policies, marked by heavy borrowing and austerity measures, have disproportionately impacted low- and middle-class citizens, leading to rising poverty and social discontent. Despite attempts at economic reform, Sisi's governance remains characterized by personalist rule, resistance to formal institutions, and a reliance on repression to suppress dissent, leaving Egypt in a precarious economic and political state.

Điều hành chính sách tiền tệ của Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam trong năm 2023: Thực trạng và khuyến nghị chính sách

In responses to unexpectedly adverse developments in the international market and internal economic weaknesses, the State Bank of Viet Nam has proactively deployed a comprehensive package of monetary, credit and foreign exchange measures to curb inflation, and support economic growth in 2023. By employing the qualitative method for secondary data, the research aims to evaluate the monetary policy implemented by the State Bank of Vietnam in 2023. Therefore, the research suggests policy recommendations to enhance effectiveness of transmission mechanism of monetary policy in future

Effectiveness of Student Online Learning in Indonesia

The breakdown of parents' concentration and various new problems in the Lima Rakyat community regarding the teaching and learning process during Covid 19 which was regulated by several schools and madrasas in the Lima Kunci sub-district have raised parents' concerns about their children's education. This research aims to overcome learning problems during the Covid 19 pandemic, especially in the five Batusangkar communities so that ideal education can be achieved by balancing government regulations regarding the pandemic with effective and efficient learning process standards for students. This type of research is descriptive qualitative, describing the learning process during the pandemic, identifying all learning problems in the field by interviewing students and relevant to school policies to maintain the quality of the teaching and learning process. Research findings on the effectiveness of online learning have given rise to a new polemic in five Batusangkar communities where the limited facilities and infrastructure in the technology sector and the weak economy of the community to buy internet quotas and android cellphones as well as a limited signal in rural areas, apart from economic constraints and study concentration, new problems have emerged, namely controlling online learning is difficult for parents to do because parents' lack of technology results in children wandering around playing online games and doing and using android only as a game application that is not useful so that online learning is not carried out well because android is often used for things that are not useful. useful and the occurrence of online gambling, opening adult sites, and creating negative WhatsApp groups. Ideally, school policy is recommended in providing assignments in online learning and increasing parental control in online learning in order to create effective and efficient learning. The research results can be used as initial data for subsequent researchers to study this problem in the context of different issues and findings.

The new EU energy security reality and its impact on the wider Black Sea region

This brief in-depth research “The new EU energy security reality and its impact on the wider Black Sea region” on a security Studies was organized by David Aghmashenebeli National Defence Academy of Georgia, Germany. Its goal is to support the security of the Wider Black Sea Region energy supply chains. The purpose of this project is to answer to the main question: Will EU energy security impact the south-eastern flank of the Euro-Atlantic space. Russia's war in Ukraine has created new problems that are not addressed by outdated security programs and old-fashioned traditional defence approaches. That the war in Ukraine is not the cause of a future conflict against the world order is not a new point of view, furthermore, the war in Ukraine is one of the results of the already existing conflict. It is a real possibility that the Kremlin will continue its aggressive foreign policy towards its neighbours and neighbours of neighbours in order to consolidate global power and "legitimacy". The eternal war in the region exposed the EU’s economic weaknesses in energy exports and supply chains. Military professionals believe that whoever controls the east of the Euro-Atlantic space and/or dominates the Black Sea, can easily project power on the European continent, Central Europe, the Mediterranean, the North/South Caucasus and the Middle East. Russia eternal war has shown us more dependence, weaponization, interference and more vulnerability of the EU Countries; Security is no longer based on the previously established rules. In the near future It’s unlikely that relations between the EU and Russia will be based on beneficial energy relations. The European Union is moving beyond the binary dependency that binds international actors, creating a new reality in which the inclusiveness of energy security extends to several different areas, diversification will be critical for the EU. Supply chains are complicated and messy, it’s implausible to make positive changes overnight. Taking into account Russia sharp growth in military spending, its ability to integrate state resources and masses and it’s "great propensity for risk" makes Russia both a “capable and unpredictable actor”. Russia's blackmail to use nuclear weapons indicates that Kremlin is losing the war due to lack of ammunition and low technological capabilities and in the short term wants to take this war into a protracted or frozen conflict phase. According to the analysis of the processes of the recent past, the stability of the region cannot be successful and effective only with the support of NATO member states on EU's eastern flank. NATO, EU and their partners should have an emergency and long-term assistance strategy for the parties. From the lesson learnt in the last 30+ years on international cooperation issues it is vital that in the next 10-30 years the Euro-Atlantic and regional countries (except Russia) in the region, must counter challenges with collective deterrence of cooperation. Actively promoting stability is possible through the existence of the theory of Russian deterrence. Stability should be achieved by promoting collective deterrence and integration of Russia; a strategy of emergency and long-term assistance not only for alliance members, but also for partners, plus collective deterrence equals fixing and integration of Russia. Speeches and workshops used in editing this paper, Organized by the Research and Policy Analysis Department (RPA) project of Strategic Competition Seminar Series-FY23 SCSS of George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (GCMC) at Workshop I held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 20-24 February 2023 entitled “Alternative Ukrainian Future Trajectories: Implications for Russia and the West” and Workshop II held in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2023“ (A summary of FY23 SCSS#8 hybrid seminar entitled “What if? Russian Variables, Inflection Points and Game Changers?” at SCSS Workshop II) have been very supportive in the preparation of the paper. For the EU and its partners in the region to support the most desirable outcomes and mitigate the worst considering all scenarios discussed in the paper includes following key take-aways: 1. Relationships and cooperation matter 2. Security guarantees matter

A WEAK ECONOMY AND AGE DISCRIMINATION DRIVES JOB UNCERTAINTY AMONG OLDER WORKERS

Abstract Older workers have experienced disruptions in the workplace over the past five years, with recent studies showing that a reduction in hours as the most commonly cited reason. Not surprising, the COVID-19 pandemic was a primary contributor, leading to reduced hours or leaving a job involuntarily (laid off or fired). The AARP Value of Experience survey sought to understand the experiences of 2,000 workers ages 40 and older, weighted to be nationally representative by gender, race/ethnicity, age, income, and other variables. Results showed that a weak economy is the main driver of why older workers anticipate losing their job within a year. Those under 50 (37%) are just as likely as those ages 50+ (34%) to say that they could lose their job due to a weak economy. When asked how confident those in the labor force are in finding a new job within three months, one in four workers say they are not confident while nearly half of those who are looking for a job say the same. Those age 50+ (29%) are more likely than those under age 50 (14%) to report low confidence in finding a similar job within three months. The main reasons for low confidence include age discrimination and a weak economy. Workers ages 50+ (40%) are twice as likely as those under age 50 (19%) to say age discrimination is a factor in not being able to find another similar job. This study highlights the perceived difficulties that older workers face in continued employment.

PRECARITY AND WORK IN LATER LIFE: EXPERIENCES OF OLDER WORKERS IN UNCERTAIN TIMES

Abstract Employees later in their careers often earn the highest income of their lives, enabling them save for retirement while living in relative comfort. Yet many workers do not experience this late-career economic boost and instead face age bias and discrimination, difficulty finding and keeping work, and social and economic inequalities. Using an intersectionality lens, these difficulties often lead to disparities by race, ethnicity, gender, and immigration status, highlighting the varied socioeconomic experiences of older adults. The economic and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have often exacerbated these disparities. This symposium will highlight the varied experiences of late-career workers since the advent of the pandemic, with an emphasis on lower income workers and disparities by race and ethnicity. Dr. Choi-Allum will describe the results from a nationally representative survey of 2,000 workers ages 40 and older by AARP, highlighting how perceived age discrimination and the sense of a weak economy is driving uncertainty in finding and keeping paid work. Dr. Carr will identify racial and ethnic disparities in pandemic-related job disruption and its associated financial setbacks using Health and Retirement Study data. Dr. Halvorsen will describe the experiences of older, lower-income, and often immigrant job seekers within the federally funded Senior Community Service Employment Program in Massachusetts. And Dr. Matz will outline research with older adults who live in public housing on how social resources obtained partly through work may buffer financial strain’s impact on health. To conclude, Dr. Miller will place the four studies into the broader socioeconomic context. This is an Aging Workforce Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.

Strategic Analysis for Advancing Smart Agriculture with the Analytic SWOT/PESTLE Framework: A Case for Turkey

In the contemporary discourse, smart agriculture (SA) stands out as a potent driver for sustainable economic growth. The challenges of navigating SA transition are notably intricate in developing nations. To effectively embark on this transformative journey, strategic approaches are imperative, necessitating a thorough examination of the prevailing agricultural ecosystem. This study seeks to formulate strategies that advance Turkey’s agricultural sector. The primary research questions focus on optimizing the benefits of SA by aligning strengths and opportunities with diverse socio-economic and environmental factors, while also exploring effective strategies to mitigate the impact of weaknesses and threats within the agricultural landscape. To achieve this objective, the utilization of the 2-Tuple linguistic (2TL) model integrated DEMATEL (Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) methodology in conjunction with SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) and PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental) analyses is proposed. The integration of linguistic variables enhances the capacity to delve deeper into system analysis, aligning more closely with human cognitive processes. The research commences with SWOT and PESTLE analyses applied to Turkey’s agricultural sector. Subsequently, the 2TL-DEMATEL approach is employed to investigate interrelationships among analysis components. This inquiry aims to establish causal relations, facilitating the derivation of relevant strategies. The case study centers on Turkey, a developing country, with outcomes indicating that the highest-priority strategies revolve around addressing ‘environmental threats’ and ‘economic weaknesses’. The subsequent evaluation encompasses eight dimensions, resulting in the generation of fifteen distinct strategies, a process facilitated by collaboration with field experts. Importantly, both the results and strategies undergo rigorous validation, drawing upon insights from the recent literature and field experts. Significantly, these findings align seamlessly with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), substantiating the study’s broader significance in fostering a sustainable future for Turkey.

An Afrocentric Reflection on the Role of Civil Society in Developing Economies: Insights from South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic initially witnessed in China (Wuhan) brought unprecedented devastation in China and other countries. No country was immune to the virus, and heads of state and policymakers had to draw up and implement robust domestic policies to contain the spread of the virus. From an Afrocentric perspective, the virus had dire consequences for African states, considering that most are minor and driven by weak economies. Narrowing this down to South Africa, the virus brought significant repercussions. In South Africa's 29 years of democracy, the state still faces major social ills such as unemployment, poverty, and inequality. The virus’s arrival worsened matters for the South African government, which needed new measures for the majority black marginalised population. As the government could not do it alone, the role of third parties, such as civil society, became fundamental as civil society is of the utmost importance globally, particularly for Africa and Developing Economies. Driven by a qualitative research approach, the purpose of this article was to ponder the role of civil society in developing economies with specific reference to South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that the government’s role as a single actor in dealing with the pandemic was deficient, as the pandemic crippled the health system. Civil society was pivotal in South Africa during the pandemic and assisted the government with various socio-economic activities, particularly for the marginalised population. Keywords: Afrocentric, Developing economies; Civil society; COVID-19; South Africa

Dampak dari Penanganan Pandemi COVID-19 Terhadap Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung di Indonesia

Investment is an activity with the aim to seek long-term profits by buying stocks or securities. One of other types of investment is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which focused on investment activity to do business in a country carried out by foreign nationals with foreign capital or in partnership with domestic investors. FDI has many benefits for the host country and as the investing party, in the form of enriching the countries, industrial and technological progress, and increasing economic growth. But behind all benefits, in doing FDI there are risks that can be faced by foreign investors. These risks are triggered by political instability, inconsistency and incompetence of law enforcement, weak economy in a country, and can also be triggered by the spread of a disease on a massive scale. This research uses normative juridicial aapproach method and uses a qualitative approach. The result of this study shows that political, legal, and economic risks in a country have a negative impact on FDI and foreign investors. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic and the handling by the Indonesian Government are in fact inconsistent and unresponsive which cause a domino effect on society, FDI, and also foreign investors.

Strategy of the Amil Zakat Infaq and Sedekah Mitra Ummat Madani Institutions in Implementing the Program of Education

The main problem in this study is regarding the various obstacles to education for the poor, based on social facts through interviews and phenomena encountered in the Padang city community, one of the roots of the education problem lies in the weak community economy so that many dhuafa children are constrained in privately based schools. The educational constraints that often occur among the poor are school debt from tuition/UKT payments, school exam payments, development payments and so on, so that they cannot get a diploma to apply for jobs and continue their education to a higher level. This study aims to find out the strategies of the amil zakat infaq and sedekah Mitra Ummat Madani institutions in implementing educational programs to help the education of the dhuafa, and then find out what are the drivers and obstacles of Lazis Mitra Ummat Madani in delivering educational programs to the dhuafa in Padang City. The type of research that the authors use is a type of field research (Field Research), to obtain data from the problems studied. The data collection technique that the writer uses is through interviews and documentation. Data management was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner, then described and classified aspects of certain problems and explained through effective sentences. The lack of attention in the field of education for dhuafa (non-orphanage) children has led Lazis Mitra Ummat Madani to create an educational program with another name, namely the civil generation scholarship program (Pro Be GEMA). Supporting factors in channeling the program by making donors as foster parents for orphans and dhuafa in terms of supporting their education so that the education of orphans and dhuafa is given more attention. There are 3 taglines for the Madani Generation Scholarship Program, namely fostering generations of Qur'an memorizers by establishing tahfiz houses, having noble character through various kinds of religious activities and achieving achievements in the formal and informal fields.

Research on Shackles of Agricultural Modernization in Northeast China -Taking the Promotion of the Western-style Agricultural Machinery in Northeast China as an Example

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, with the gradual development of social economy, agriculture in Northeast China also gradually began to modernize. In this context, businessmen from western developed countries saw the opportunity to actively promote their advanced agricultural machinery through various marketing strategies. Although they achieved satisfactory results in the initial years, their sales gradually weakened over time. Due to the lagging sales of Western-style agricultural machinery, agricultural production in most areas continues adopted the old method until Japan occupied the northeastern China in 1931. This phenomenon was result of the combination of multiple factors, such as special farming conditions, weak farmers 'economy, low self-organization ability of farmers, low labor cost, and complicated operation of western agricultural machinery. These adverse factors are also the shackles of the modernization of agriculture in Northeast China.

CAUSES OF CHILDREN COMMITTING THEFT CRIMES (Case Study of the Ngawi District Attorney's Office in 2022)

In the future, the child plays an important role in shaping the history, country and way of life of a country. In other words, children are the next generation of the nation. However, the potential for criminal behavior is also inherent in children. One of them is through theft. The factors that underlie children committing theft include family, environment, and even self. This study aims to determine and examine the factors that cause children to commit theft, as well as the efforts made to prevent this occurrence and law enforcement. This legal research uses descriptive analysis techniques by combining sociological or empirical approaches. Based on the results of the study, the main factors that encourage young people to commit theft in the Ngawi region are family, education, and economic factors. Poor education, weak economy, and a less harmonious family environment due to family conditions that are no longer intact due to divorce or death of parents, become additional factors in themselves. As a result, children lose positive role models on how to live their lives. To overcome this, efforts are needed to handle it as early as possible with various approaches and patterns of prevention, repressive, and curative handling.

Entrepreneurship in Morocco: An Empirical Study of Motives, Barriers, and Determinants of Success

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in Morocco’s economy in terms of job creation and GDP. It is therefore essential to better understand how SMEs are created and developed in order to render the economy more resilient. This research attempted to identify Moroccan entrepreneurs’ motives for self-employment, which determinants of success they saw as most important, and which obstacles they identified as major business threats. In that perspective, a questionnaire derived from the literature was administered to a sample of 245 Moroccan entrepreneurs. Results revealed that Moroccan entrepreneurs were primarily motivated by economic, or extrinsic goals, by opposition to intrinsic goals such as a desire for autonomy and independence. Moroccan entrepreneurs were also more likely to favor success variables related to personal characteristics such as business training, field experience and marketing skills, while the lack of reliable personnel, strong competition, and a weak economy were perceived as major barriers to entrepreneurial success.

Eksploitasi Anak Jalanan Sebagai Manusia Silver Di Kota Bandar Lampung

Introduction: Silver man is widespread in big cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, and Lampung, and is expected to breed in 2020.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to describe one form of child exploitation, namely the silver man in the city of Bandar LampungMethods of the Research: The research methodology used is a normative legal research methodology.Results of the Research: Based on the results of the study, several children who became silver humans in Bandar Lampung City were reported to have done it on their own accord. Some claim that silver men have agencies that actively recruit them from various regions and place them in specific locations, usually at urban red lights. There are more silver age people who are children than those who drop out of school because these people cannot continue their education because of the weak economy. Some of them are still in school.

Tindak Pidana Pencurian Dengan Kekerasan

Violent theft is indeed a crime that makes society restless. The person who committed the crime was indeed from the element of coercion against him. The person dares to do so because of the weak economy and always expects a wealth that takes from someone else's. As will be discussed in this journal regarding cases of violent criminal acts decision number 1475 / Pid.B / 2023 / PN Mdn. This study contains its object regarding the crime of theft with violence, using a juridical-normative type of legal research, meaning that the legal research studied only uses secondary data or library materials. The problem that the author wants to study is how the stages of implementing the case process of decision number 1475/pid.b/2023/pn/mdn based on the criminal procedure law and what are the factors that cause a person's desire to commit theft. Thus, the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for 3 years and was required to pay a case fee of Rp 5,000. The judge's judgment in sentencing is based on juridical and non-juridical considerations. Juridical considerations involve valid and convincing evidence showing that the accused clearly fulfilled all elements of the crime of violent theft as stipulated in article 365 paragraph (2) 2e of the Penal Code. Meanwhile, non-juridical considerations involve social values and judgments on the character of the accused, as well as factors that may aggravate or mitigate the sentence to be imposed by the judge.

Spain’s «national character» in «The Economist»

The image of a country conveyed by the international media is increasingly important in a globalised and interdependent world. Some of these international outlets have a special role to play in this process, and the British weekly The Economist is certainly one of them. For more than a century and a half, the publication founded by James Wilson in 1843 has been a reference for politicians, opinion leaders and businessmen around the world. For this reason, it is of particular interest to understand the magazine’s special way of contextualising news events in different latitudes from the perspective of each country’s ‘national character.’ From this perspective, we analyze the image of Spain offered by The Economist throughout its history from the understanding of the interest that has always had for the professionals of the British weekly the interpretation of current affairs in the context of the so-called ‘national character’ of a country. After the thematic analysis of nine supplements on Spain published by the weekly between 1972 and 2018, six features have been highlighted that would consistently configure the ‘national character’ of this country for the weekly. These six traits are: a country in transition; a diverse country; a festive, hospitable and tolerant country; a country with an inefficient administration; a country with a weak economy; and an artistic and unscientific country. A better understanding of these stable features can be of great importance for better managing a country’s international projection.

노후 산업단지 유형화와 유형별 특성 분석

The government has implemented a variety of regeneration projects for old industrial complexes and declined regions. Due to the promotion of policies and projects focused on each target place, however, there is a lack of policy linkages among them. This study intends to categorize old industrial complexes nationwide and analyze the characteristics of each type while considering industrial complexes and surrounding regions. Ten indicators are selected to implement the principal component analysis using data from the national industrial complex status, industrial location information system, and statistical geographic information system. Based on the factor score produced by the principal component analysis, the cluster analysis indicates that there are four types of old industrial complexes: large sustaining and developing complex type, small growing complex type, old declining complex type and region-linked complex type. The old declining industrial complex continues to decline due to weak economy of both the complexes and surrounding areas, and the residential environment. Industrial restructuring and industrial complex regeneration projects are needed to strengthen the competitiveness of the complexes. Regeneration strategies for each type of industrial complex is required in consideration of the physical and economic characteristics of both the complexes and the surrounding areas.

Addressing the Causes of Maternal Mortality in Sierra Leone

This paper explores the root causes of maternal mortality in Sierra Leone, where the maternal mortality rate (MMR) is 1,360 deaths per 100,000 live births. This issue can be traced back to poverty, limited medical resources, and a lack of education on reproductive health. While the country has made some progress in reducing the maternal mortality rate, it is not feasible to reach the global target set by the World Health Organization. Instead, a more attainable target is that of Guinea. Based on current intervention efforts and statisical data from recent surveys, this paper argues that increased efforts focusing on preventing unwanted births through family planning education and increased access to medical services can help reduce the country's MMR. Also highlighted are barriers to a successful intervention, such as a mistrust of modern medicine, cultural beliefs, and the country's weak economy.

Lemah Ekonomi Antara Takdir dan Struktur Sosial (Suatu Kajian Tafsir Tematik)

This research aims to explain the issue of economic weakness from the perspective of al-Qur'anic tafsir by presenting the interpretations of scholars, and provide perspectives on economic empowerment by Islam and the government. The background of this topic is the increasing poverty rate in Indonesia with data from the Central Statistics Agency that in December 2022 increased by 9.57 percent. The economic weakness is divided into two, namely natural and structural. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with thematic interpretation analysis. The results of this study show that the Qur'an is concerned about the economically weak through Zakat, while the government has implemented various support programs for the poor, such as the National Safety Net (JPS), low-interest loans, and others. Weak economic conditions can occur naturally with weak natural resources and physical deficiencies. Structurally, economic weakness is caused by imbalance of power, unavailability of jobs, low education, and abuse of power. The Qur'an provides a solution so that the economy must rotate to all levels of society, it should not rotate only in the environment of the rich and rulers. Suggestions for future research to be able to examine the issue of economic weakness with a broader perspective and to include other terms that lead to the issue.

The Rivalry between Italy and Great Britain to Obtain a Monopolistic Concession on the Albanian Oil

After his return to power in 1924, the problems of the weak Albanian economy made Ahmet Zogu seek quick solutions to stabilize both the state and his regime. Albania started welcoming foreign financial capitals to solve its economic problems, which were also political. Meanwhile, the longtime competitors, Italy and Great Britain, through their powerful companies, tried to invest in strategic sectors of the Albanian economy. In this way, big international companies, such as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, the Standard Oil Company, the powerful Italian company “Ferrovie dello Stato Italiano”, “Le Syndicat Franco-Albanais” representing the French capital etc., emerged in Albania. This created a political scene charged with tensions and ongoing negotiations between all the affected actors, including the Albanian state. In 1925, the aftermath of the international diplomatic efforts put under the spotlight the two main rivals for prevalence in Albania, Italy and Great Britain. While the first was directly and vitally concerned about Albania and the Balkans, the second was merely interested in the stability of the region. Speaking of Albania’s interests, in the achieved agreements with the different foreign companies, there were indeed a series of articles that were disadvantageous for the state and its economy. However, Ahmet Zogu made an utmost effort to play a significant role, above the real possibilities Albania had at that time.