Weak Centrality Research Articles

Secure Ring Signature Scheme for Privacy-Preserving Blockchain.

Blockchain integrates peer-to-peer networks, distributed consensus, smart contracts, cryptography, etc. It has the unique advantages of weak centralization, anti-tampering, traceability, openness, transparency, etc., and is widely used in various fields, e.g., finance and healthcare. However, due to its open and transparent nature, attackers can analyze the ledger information through clustering techniques to correlate the identities between anonymous and real users in the blockchain system, posing a serious risk of privacy leakage. The ring signature is one of the digital signatures that achieves the unconditional anonymity of the signer. Therefore, by leveraging Distributed Key Generation (DKG) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), a blockchain-enabled secure ring signature scheme is proposed. Under the same security parameters, the signature constructed on ECC has higher security in comparison to the schemes using bilinear pairing. In addition, the system master key is generated by using the distributed key agreement, which avoids the traditional method of relying on a trusted third authorizer (TA) to distribute the key and prevents the key leakage when the TA is not authentic or suffers from malicious attacks. Moreover, the performance analysis showed the feasibility of the proposed scheme while the security was ensured.

The role of anointing in robust capuchin monkey, Sapajus apella, social dynamics

Anointing is a behaviour in which animals apply pungent-smelling materials over their bodies. It can be done individually or socially in contact with others. Social anointing can provide coverage of body parts inaccessible to the individual, consistent with hypotheses that propose medicinal benefits. However, in highly social capuchin monkeys, Sapajus and Cebus spp., anointing has been suggested to also benefit group members through ‘social bonding’. To test this, we used social network analysis to measure changes in proximity patterns during and shortly after anointing compared to a baseline condition. We presented two capuchin groups with varying quantities of onion, which reliably induces anointing, to create ‘rare resource’ and ‘abundant resource’ conditions. We examined the immediate and overall effects of anointing behaviour on the monkeys' social networks, using patterns of proximity as a measure of social bonds. For one group, proximity increased significantly after anointing over baseline values for both rare and abundant resource conditions, but for the other group proximity only increased following the rare resource condition, suggesting a role in mediating social relationships. Social interactions were affected differently in the two groups, reflecting the complex nature of capuchin social organization. Although peripheral males anointed in proximity to other group members, the weak centrality only changed in one group following anointing bouts, indicating variable social responses to anointing. We suggest in part that anointing in capuchins is analogous to social grooming: both behaviours have an antiparasitic function and can be done individually or socially requiring contact between two or more individuals. We propose that they have evolved a social function within complex repertoires of social behaviours. Our alternative perspective avoids treating medicinal and social explanations as alternative hypotheses and, along with increasing support for the medical explanations for anointing, allows us to conceptualize social anointing in capuchins as ‘social medication’.

Will power company be profitable from non-utility-owned distributed generators planning with peer-to-peer strategy?

With the high penetration of renewable energy integrated into distribution networks, distributed generators (DGs) are encouraged to participate in market competition with a “peer-to-peer” (P2P) strategy. The operation strategy of the distribution network is increasingly characterized by weak centralization and decentralization. The traditional centralized operation strategy of the distribution network is difficult to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of terminal energy consumption calculation and equipment regulation, which increases the complexity of distributed energy interactive operation cost calculation and subsequent planning scheme evaluation. Consequently, to enhance the penetration of DGs in distribution networks and ensure their economic operation, the distribution network planning calls for market-oriented integration reform and theoretical innovation. Hence, this paper investigates whether P2P strategy has a profitable and attractive point for power companies if non-utility-owned DGs are integrated into distribution networks. An investment planning scheme of the distribution network is presented to improve the profit of the power company. Network usage charges (NUC) is introduced to provide charge service for both parties of power transaction and optimize the distribution network planning and operation strategy. The profit of power companies is maximized by NUC while the economic benefit of non-utility-owned DGs is also taken into account. The effectiveness and availability of non-utility-owned DGs planning with P2P strategy on investment planning profit are illustrated by the numerical case studies.

Ordinal Centrality

This paper studies the extent to which centrality measures share a common structure. In contrast with prior work, I take an ordinal approach, defining centrality measures as preorders that satisfy an axiom called recursive monotonicity. From this axiom, I derive two fundamental measures, strong and weak centrality, and I relate these to the equilibria of network games. Any equilibrium in a game of strategic complements implicitly orders the players by their actions. Strong centrality captures comparisons shared across all equilibria in all such games. Weak centrality captures comparisons shared across minimal and maximal equilibria in all such games.

Local Variants of the Dixmier Property and Weak Centrality for C*-algebras

Abstract We study variants of the Dixmier property that apply to elements of a unital C*-algebra, rather than to the C*-algebra itself. By a Dixmier element in a C*-algebra we understand one that can be averaged into a central element by means of a sequence of unitary mixing operators. Examples include all self-commutators and all quasinilpotent elements. We do a parallel study of an element-wise version of weak centrality, where the averaging to the centre is done using unital completely positive elementary operators (as in Magajna’s characterization of weak centrality). We also obtain complete descriptions of more tractable sets of elements, where the corresponding averaging can be done arbitrarily close to the centre. This is achieved through several “spectral conditions”, involving numerical ranges and tracial states.

Correlation of flow harmonics and mean transverse momentum in 5.02 TeV p+Pb and Pb+Pb collisions and event-plane dependence of HBT radii in high-multiplicity p+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector

To assess the properties of the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy ion collisions, correlations between the mean transverse momentum, [pT], and the magnitude of the flow harmonics, νn, are measured by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. The analysis uses data samples of Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 22 μb−1 and 28 nb−1, respectively. The correlations are measured using a modified Pearson coefficient that is independent of multiplicity fluctuations. To suppress any short-range correlations, the [pT] is measured at mid-rapidity and the flow harmonics are measured at forward rapidity. In Pb+Pb collisions, significant (non-zero) values of the correlation coefficients are observed for all studied harmonics, which show a strong centrality dependence but vary only weakly with the charged particle pT range used in the measurement. On the other hand, in p+Pb collisions, the correlation coefficient measured for the 2nd harmonic is found to show only a weak centrality dependence. The predictions of a 3+1D viscous-hydrodynamic model are found to be qualitatively consistent with the data, indicating hydrodynamic origin of these correlations in p+Pb collisions. As an independent test for the hydrodynamic description of collectivity observed in p+Pb collisions, measurements of two-pion HBT correlations as a function of the angle of the pion pair with respect to the second-order event plane angle are presented. The HBT correlation functions, corrected for event plane resolution, are measured as a function of qout, qside and qlong in intervals of pair transverse momentum and second-order flow-vector magnitude. The correlation functions are fit using the Bowler-Sinyukov form with the exponential HBT correlation function. The extracted HBT radii, Rout, Rside and Rlong and a significant out-side cross-term are found to exhibit significant modulation with respect to the second-order event plane, similar to that observed in heavy-ion collisions. Results of the measurements and physics implications of the result, will be discussed.

Energy dependence of longitudinal flow decorrelation from STAR

Measurements of longitudinal flow decorrelations for charged particles are presented in the pseudorapidity range |η| < 1 using a reference detector at 2.1 < |ηref| < 5.1 in Au+Au collisions at sNN=27GeV by STAR. The flow decorrelation for ν2 shows a strong centrality dependence, while a weak centrality dependence for ν3. Results are compared with Au+Au 200 GeV as a function of η scaled by beam-rapidity, i.e. η/ybeam. No energy dependence is observed for ν2 decorrelation, but clear energy dependence for ν3 decorrelation. These results provide new insights into the longitudinal structure of the initial-state geometry in heavy-ion collisions.

Chiral magnetic effect in isobar collisions from stochastic hydrodynamics * * Supported by International Program for Ph.D Candidates, Sun Yat-Sen University, the National Science Foundation (PHY-1913729), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11675274, 11735007), the Shang- hai Pujiang Program (19PJ1401400)

We studied the chiral magnetic effect in AuAu, RuRu, and ZrZr collisions at . The axial charge evolution was modeled with stochastic hydrodynamics, and geometrical quantities were calculated with the Monte Carlo Glauber model. By adjusting the relaxation time of the magnetic field, we found our results are in good agreement with background subtracted data for AuAu collisions at the same energy. We also made predictions for RuRu and ZrZr collisions. We found a weak centrality dependence on initial chiral imbalance, which implies that the centrality dependence of chiral magnetic effect signals results mainly from the effects of the magnetic field and volume factor. Furthermore, our results show an unexpected dependence on system size. While the AuAu system has larger chiral imbalance and magnetic field, it was observed to have a smaller signal for the chiral magnetic effect due to the larger volume suppression factor.

Environmental Scanning Practices and Structure: An Empirical Study of Industrial Tunisian Group

Background/Objectives: The main purpose of the research is to study the influence of the structural specificities on the environmental scanning practices of industrial Tunisian groups. This research presents the direct effect of structural specificity on environment scanning practices and verify the existence of linear relationships between centralization, formalization and complexity of the structure and the variables of the environmental scanning practices.Methods/Statistical. Methodological tools of the research methods were quantitative, a survey based on a questionnaire is conducted with a sample of the relevant population, namely, subsidiaries of Tunisian industrial groups. The number of managers to whom we sent the questionnaire amounted to 283, a total of 120 usable questionnaires were collected. The overall response rate was 42.4%. The collected questionnaires were then processed using specialized SPSS software. With regard to the purification of measuring instruments, exploratory factor analysis.Findings: The results of the hypothesis validation relating structure centralization and the environmental scanning practices mean that a weak centralization, a decentralization of decision-making. The second series of hypotheses concerning the link between structure formalization and environmental scanning practices, we were able to confirm the existence of all the relationships provided for between the formalization and the environmental scanning practices. The hypotheses concerning the relationship between the vertical complexity and the environmental scanning practices were rejected.Improvements/Applications: The contributions of scanning environment practices at the corporate level and at the level of group subsidiaries, and stimulate the efforts made by companies in the field of scanning environment.

The Centre-Quotient Property and Weak Centrality forC*-Algebras

AbstractWe give a number of equivalent conditions (including weak centrality) for a general $C^*$-algebra to have the centre-quotient property. We show that every $C^*$-algebra $A$ has a largest weakly central ideal $J_{wc}(A)$. For an ideal $I$ of a unital $C^*$-algebra $A$, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for a central element of $A/I$ to lift to a central element of $A$. This leads to a characterisation of the set $V_A$ of elements of an arbitrary $C^*$-algebra $A$, which prevent $A$ from having the centre-quotient property. The complement $\textrm{CQ}(A):= A \setminus V_A$ always contains $Z(A)+J_{wc}(A)$ (where $Z(A)$ is the centre of $A$), with equality if and only if $A/J_{wc}(A)$ is abelian. Otherwise, $\textrm{CQ}(A)$ fails spectacularly to be a $C^*$-subalgebra of $A$.

Centrality and transverse momentum dependence of inclusive J/ψ production at midrapidity in Pb–Pb collisions at [formula omitted] TeV

The inclusive J/ψ meson production in Pb–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision of sNN=5.02 TeV at midrapidity (|y|<0.9) is reported by the ALICE Collaboration. The measurements are performed in the dielectron decay channel, as a function of event centrality and J/ψ transverse momentum pT, down to pT=0. The J/ψ mean transverse momentum 〈pT〉 and rAA ratio, defined as 〈pT2〉PbPb/〈pT2〉pp, are evaluated. Both observables show a centrality dependence decreasing towards central (head-on) collisions. The J/ψ nuclear modification factor RAA exhibits a strong pT dependence with a large suppression at high pT and an increase to unity for decreasing pT. When integrating over the measured momentum range pT<10GeV/c, the J/ψRAA shows a weak centrality dependence. Each measurement is compared with results at lower center-of-mass energies and with ALICE measurements at forward rapidity, as well as to theory calculations. All reported features of the J/ψ production at low pT are consistent with a dominant contribution to the J/ψ yield originating from charm quark (re)combination.

Blockchain Technology for Information Security of the Energy Internet: Fundamentals, Features, Strategy and Application

In order to ensure the information security, most of the important information including the data of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in the energy internet is currently transmitted and exchanged through the intranet or the carrier communication. The former increases the cost of network construction, and the latter is susceptible to interference and attacks in the process of information dissemination. The blockchain is an emerging decentralized architecture and distributed computing paradigm. Under the premise that these nodes do not need mutual trust, the blockchain can implement trusted peer-to-peer communication for protecting the important information by adopting distributed consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, point-to-point transmission and smart contracts. In response to the above issues, this paper firstly analyzes the information security problems existing in the energy internet from the four perspectives of system control layer, device access, market transaction and user privacy. Then blockchain technology is introduced, and its working principles and technical characteristics are analyzed. Based on the technical characteristics, we propose the multilevel and multichain information transmission model for the weak centralization of scheduling and the decentralization of transaction. Furthermore, we discuss that the information transmission model helps solve some of the information security issues from the four perspectives of system control, device access, market transaction and user privacy. Application examples are used to illustrate the technical features that benefited from the blockchain for the information security of the energy internet.

Measurement of flow harmonics correlations with mean transverse momentum in lead\u2013lead and proton\u2013lead collisions at\xa0sqrt{s_{mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02~hbox {TeV} with the ATLAS detector

To assess the properties of the quark–gluon plasma formed in ultrarelativistic ion collisions, the ATLAS experiment at the LHC measures a correlation between the mean transverse momentum and the flow harmonics. The analysis uses data samples of lead–lead and proton–lead collisions obtained at the centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.02 TeV, corresponding to total integrated luminosities of 22~upmu text {b}^{-1} and 28~text {nb}^{-1}, respectively. The measurement is performed using a modified Pearson correlation coefficient with the charged-particle tracks on an event-by-event basis. The modified Pearson correlation coefficients for the 2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-order flow harmonics are measured in the lead–lead collisions as a function of event centrality quantified as the number of charged particles or the number of nucleons participating in the collision. The measurements are performed for several intervals of the charged-particle transverse momentum. The correlation coefficients for all studied harmonics exhibit a strong centrality evolution, which only weakly depends on the charged-particle momentum range. In the proton–lead collisions, the modified Pearson correlation coefficient measured for the 2nd-order flow harmonics shows only weak centrality dependence. The lead-lead data is qualitatively described by the predictions based on the hydrodynamical model.

Combining Resource, Structure and Institutional Environment: A Configurational Approach to the Mode Selection of the Integrated Healthcare in County.

Integrated healthcare has received considerable attention and has developed into the highly important health policy known as Integrated Healthcare in County (IHC) against the background of the Grading Diagnosis and Treatment System (GDTS) in rural China. However, the causal conditions under which different integrated health-care modes might be selected are poorly understood, particularly in the context of China’s authoritarian regime. This study aims to identify these causal conditions, and how they shape the mode selection mechanism for Integrated Healthcare in County (IHC). A theoretical framework consisting of resource heterogeneity, governance structure, and institutional normalization was proposed, and a sample of fifteen IHCs was selected, with data for each IHC being collected from news reports, work reports, government documents and field research for Fuzzy-sets Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). This study firstly pointed out that strong governmental control and centralization are necessary conditions for the administration-oriented organization mode (MOA). Additionally, this research found three critical configured paths in the selection of organizational modes. Specifically, we found that the combination of low resource heterogeneity, weak governmental control, centralization, and normalization was sufficient to explain the selection path of the insurance-driven organization mode (MOI); the combination of low resource heterogeneity, strong governmental control, centralization, and normalization was sufficient for selecting MOA; and the combination of weak governmental control, weak centralization, and weak normalization was sufficient for selecting the contractual organization mode (MOC). Our study highlighted the necessity and feasibility of constructing different IHC modes separately and promoting their development gradually, as a result of the complex relationships among the causal conditions described above, thus helping to optimize the distribution of health resources and integrate the healthcare system.

A Weak Centralized Consensus Mechanism with More Incentive Effects

In the blockchain system, the consensus mechanism not only helps the nodes maintain data consistency, but also has certain functions for token issuance and attack prevention. Aiming at the problems of low enthusiasm and weak centralization in Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), this paper proposes a weak centralization consensus mechanism with more incentive effect. We replace the voting link with opportunity verification mechanism, and make the voting link that affects the enthusiasm of nodes become the embodiment of their own rights and interests, so as to strive for the maximization of their own interests. And we also introduce the method of random guess to make the selection of representative nodes more random, so as to achieve the situation of weaker center. At last, combined with the existing problems, the paper analyses the feasible solution with this mechanism.

Large multifunctional suburban centres and the transformation of the suburban realm

ABSTRACTThe paper contributes to the present reflection on the transformation of the suburb by investigating the capacity of large multifunctional suburban centres (LMSCs) to provide public transit- and walking-conducive environments within the suburban realm. To this end, it investigates land-use and commuter journey patterns of the 13 largest suburban multifunctional centres in Canada. The study exposes difficulties in using LMSCs as recentralization instruments meant to “urbanize” the suburb by making it more public transit- and walking-oriented. It points to tensions within LMSCs between playing the role of activity centre and adopting land-use configurations conducive to public-transit use and walking. The stronger is the centrality role of an LMSC, the more it is overtaken by automobiles from its dispersed suburban surroundings. Alternatively, LMSCs can generate weak centrality effects while performing as effective transit-oriented developments. The paper concludes by highlighting difficulties in overcoming suburban transportation and land-use path dependencies.

Measurement of longitudinal decorrelation of anisotropic flow V2 and V3 in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR

Measurements of longitudinal flow decorrelations for charged particles are presented in the pseudorapidity range |η|<1 using a reference detector at 2.5<ηref<4 in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV by STAR. The factorization ratio (rn), which represents the magnitude of decorrelation, shows a strong centrality dependence for the second-order factorization ratio (r2), while a weak centrality dependence for the third-order factorization ratio (r3). Furthermore, the decorrelation measured at RHIC energy is found to be stronger than that at the LHC energies. Current ideal and viscous hydrodynamic models fail to simultaneously describe the longitudinal flow decorrelations measured at RHIC and the LHC energies.

Longitudinal fluctuations and decorrelations of anisotropic flows at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

We perform a systematic study on the decorrelation of anisotropic flows along the pseudorapidity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC energies. The dynamical evolution of the QGP fireball is simulated via the CLVisc (ideal) (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics model, with the fully fluctuating initial condition from A-Multi-Phase-Transport (AMPT) model. Detailed analysis is performed on the longitudinal decorrelations of elliptic, triangular and quadrangular flows in terms of flow vectors, flow magnitudes and flow orientations (event planes). It is found that pure flow magnitudes have smaller longitudinal decorrelation than pure flow orientations, and the decorrelation of flow vectors is a combined effect of both flow magnitudes and orientations. The longitudinal decorrelation of elliptic flow has a strong and non-monotonic centrality dependence due to the initial elliptic collision geometry: smallest decorrelation in mid-central collisions. In contrast, the decorrelations of triangular and quadrangular flows have weak centrality dependence, slightly larger decorrelations in more peripheral collisions. Our numerical results for Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC are in good agreement with the ATLAS data, while our RHIC results predict much larger longitudinal decorrelations as compared to the LHC. We further analyze the longitudinal structures of the AMPT initial conditions and find that the final-state longitudinal decorrelation effects are strongly correlated with the lengths of the initial string structures in the AMPT model. The decorrelation effects are typically larger at lower collision energies and in more peripheral collisions due to shorter lengths of the string structures in the initial states.

Exploration and Exploitation of New Knowledge Emergence to Improve the Collective Intelligent Decision-Making Level of Web-of-Cells With Cyber-Physical-Social Systems Based on Complex Network Modeling

Through exploration and exploitation of new knowledge emergence, the collective intelligent decision-making (CID) level of Web-of-Cells (WoC) proposed by ELECTRA will be dramatically improved. For this purpose, we thoroughly investigate complex network theory and modeling methods for WoC with cyber–physical–social systems (CPSS). WoC is a new intelligent dispatching framework characterized by weak centralization, self-organization coupling, high independence, efficient coordination, and autonomous learning. Based on these characteristics and actual engineering demands, in this paper, we adopt complex network theory, parallel machine learning, and multi-agent stochastic game theory to address three basic scientific issues in WoC dispatching and control: how to build a complex network model for WoC with CPSS to stimulate new knowledge emergence; how to analyze the evolution structure stability and operation stability during this knowledge emergence process; and how to use the emerged new knowledge to achieve cell autonomy and system-wide coordination based on independent and CID, respectively. Finally, we conduct some explorations and make a prospect for WoC. The biggest innovation of this paper lies in thoroughly investigating how to fully stimulate and utilize new knowledge emergence from WoC to greatly improve its CID level of dispatching and control. This will be of great significance to the development of new-generation power system smart dispatching in the future.

Baryon-strangeness correlations in Au+Au collisions at sNN=7.7–200 GeV from the UrQMD model

Fluctuations and correlations of conserved charges are sensitive observables for studying the QCD phase transition and critical point in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. We have studied the centrality and energy dependence of mixed-cumulants (up to fourth order) between net-baryon and net-strangeness in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, 200 GeV from UrQMD model. To compare with other theoretical calculations, we normalize these mixed-cumulants by various order cumulants of net-strangeness distributions. We found that the results obtained from UrQMD calculations are comparable with the results from Lattice QCD at low temperature and hadron resonance gas model. The ratios of mixed-cumulants ($R_{11}^{BS},R_{13}^{BS},R_{22}^{BS}$,~$R_{31}^{BS}$) from UrQMD calculations show weak centrality dependence. However, the mixed-cumulant ratios $R_{11}^{BS}$ and $R_{31}^{BS}$ show strong increase at low energy, while the $R_{13}^{BS}$ snd $R_{22}^{BS}$ are similar at different energies. Furthermore, we have also studied the correlations between different hadron species and their contributions to the net-baryon and net-strangeness correlations. These models studies can provide baselines for searching for the signals of QCD phase transition and critical point in heavy-ion collisions.